APUSHAPUSH

The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American colonies.

The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American colonies.

African ProverbAfrican Proverb

“At first we had the land the white man had the Bible. Now we have the Bible and they have the land”

Be able to compare differing Native American - White relations.

Pick one 1662 Powhatan uprising Roger Williams 1637 Pequot War 1675 King Phillips/Metacom War 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion Iroquois nation

“At first we had the land the white man had the Bible. Now we have the Bible and they have the land”

Be able to compare differing Native American - White relations.

Pick one 1662 Powhatan uprising Roger Williams 1637 Pequot War 1675 King Phillips/Metacom War 1676 Bacon’s Rebellion Iroquois nation

Make sure you have a clear, concise main idea.

Make sure you have Specific Factual Information to support your claim

The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American

colonies.

The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American

colonies.

Remember The Organizing Principal:

Between 1607 and 1763, the British North American

colonies developed experience in, and the expectation

of self-government in the political, religious, economic,

and social aspects of life.

Religion, Politics, EconomicsReligion, Politics, Economics Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation

John Calvin - predestination - Calvinism

Henry VIII of England - Anglican Church of England

Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation

John Calvin - predestination - Calvinism

Henry VIII of England - Anglican Church of England

Beer and the MayflowerBeer and the Mayflower

The Mayflower is headed for Virginia…but ends up putting ashore at Plymouth rock.

One Pilgrim’s diary explains why: “We could not take time for further search or consideration, our victuals being much spent, especially our beer.”

Once ashore, they promptly erected a brew-house…. They needed to make a beer run!

The Mayflower is headed for Virginia…but ends up putting ashore at Plymouth rock.

One Pilgrim’s diary explains why: “We could not take time for further search or consideration, our victuals being much spent, especially our beer.”

Once ashore, they promptly erected a brew-house…. They needed to make a beer run!

Puritans/Separatists -Plymouth 1621Puritans/Separatists -Plymouth 1621

Va. Company - Mayflower Compact (squatters submitting to will of majority)

Wm Bradford

1691 merge w/ Mass. Bay colony

Va. Company - Mayflower Compact (squatters submitting to will of majority)

Wm Bradford

1691 merge w/ Mass. Bay colony

Keeps the rabble from rebelling

City Upon a hillCity Upon a hill

Covenant TheologyCovenant Theology

““Covenant of Grace”:Covenant of Grace”:

between Puritan communities and God.between Puritan communities and God.

““Social Covenant”:Social Covenant”:

Between members of Puritan communities with each Between members of Puritan communities with each other.other.

Required mutual watchfulness.Required mutual watchfulness.

No toleration of deviance or disorder.No toleration of deviance or disorder.

No privacy.No privacy.

““Covenant of Grace”:Covenant of Grace”:

between Puritan communities and God.between Puritan communities and God.

““Social Covenant”:Social Covenant”:

Between members of Puritan communities with each Between members of Puritan communities with each other.other.

Required mutual watchfulness.Required mutual watchfulness.

No toleration of deviance or disorder.No toleration of deviance or disorder.

No privacy.No privacy.

Puritans - Mass. Bay Colony 1629Puritans - Mass. Bay Colony 1629

Successful. John Winthrop - City on a Hill - holy society Covenant w/ God - “freedmen” of congregation - Congregational Church.

Larger voting pop. of males than in England. Still not a “democracy” “visible saints” only eligible for church membership and they = freedmen Purpose of gov’t was to enforce God’s laws to all ppl Everyone paid taxes to gov’t supported church BIBLE COMMONWEALTH John Cotton - defending duty of gov’t to enforce religious rules Power of preachers not absolute - hired/fired by congregation Can’t hold political office (historical fear) separation of church and state Protestant work ethic

Successful. John Winthrop - City on a Hill - holy society Covenant w/ God - “freedmen” of congregation - Congregational Church.

Larger voting pop. of males than in England. Still not a “democracy” “visible saints” only eligible for church membership and they = freedmen Purpose of gov’t was to enforce God’s laws to all ppl Everyone paid taxes to gov’t supported church BIBLE COMMONWEALTH John Cotton - defending duty of gov’t to enforce religious rules Power of preachers not absolute - hired/fired by congregation Can’t hold political office (historical fear) separation of church and state Protestant work ethic

We shall be as a city on a hill. The eyes of all people are upon

us.

We shall be as a city on a hill. The eyes of all people are upon

us.

Colonizing New EnglandColonizing New England

Puritan “Rebels” & Rhode IslandPuritan “Rebels” & Rhode Island

Rhode Island - sewer. No religious compulsory oaths. No compulsory attendance at church, no taxes to support state church - manhood suffrage. - traditional home of the other wise minded. Royal Charter 1644.

Rhode Island - sewer. No religious compulsory oaths. No compulsory attendance at church, no taxes to support state church - manhood suffrage. - traditional home of the other wise minded. Royal Charter 1644.Threatens patriararchal

society If holy life no sure sign of salvation then truly saved shouldn’t even bother to obey law of God and man - antinomianism -

Religious toleration.Religious toleration.

civil gov’t has no authority to regulate religious behavior..

Connecticut 1630Connecticut 1630

Dutch and English Puritans led by Rev. Thomas Hooker 1639 Fundamental Orders

Dutch and English Puritans led by Rev. Thomas Hooker 1639 Fundamental Orders

Puritans vs. IndiansPuritans vs. Indians

1621 Plymouth befriended by Wampanoag Indians - Squanto & Massasoit

1637 Pequot War English vs. Pequot tribe - Connecticut River

Puritans criticized in Europe - conversion pushed

1675 Metacom aka King Philip War - alliance among diff. tribes. Metacom captured - head displayed. He did slow the western march of settlers but natives no longer posed a threat

1621 Plymouth befriended by Wampanoag Indians - Squanto & Massasoit

1637 Pequot War English vs. Pequot tribe - Connecticut River

Puritans criticized in Europe - conversion pushed

1675 Metacom aka King Philip War - alliance among diff. tribes. Metacom captured - head displayed. He did slow the western march of settlers but natives no longer posed a threat

Southern New EnglandIndian Tribes, 1636

Southern New EnglandIndian Tribes, 1636

A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637The Pequot Wars: 1636-

1637The Pequot Wars: 1636-

1637

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

New England Colonies, 1650

New England Colonies, 1650

Unity?Unity?

1643 New England Confederation. England in civil war Purpose to band against natives, French, Dutch; also

intercolonial runaways Each member (regardless of size) 2 votes (populous

Mass. didn’t like this) Puritan club

Mass. Bay Plymouth Connecticut New Haven Connecticut valley settlements No Rhode Island No Maine settlements

1643 New England Confederation. England in civil war Purpose to band against natives, French, Dutch; also

intercolonial runaways Each member (regardless of size) 2 votes (populous

Mass. didn’t like this) Puritan club

Mass. Bay Plymouth Connecticut New Haven Connecticut valley settlements No Rhode Island No Maine settlements

Unity Gone?Unity Gone?

1660 English crown restored under Charles II, James II, Wm and Mary

Colonial defiance 1662 Charles II gave rival Connecticut sea-to-

sea charter 1663 Rhode Island sanctioned 1684 Mass Bay Colony’s charter revoked

1660 English crown restored under Charles II, James II, Wm and Mary

Colonial defiance 1662 Charles II gave rival Connecticut sea-to-

sea charter 1663 Rhode Island sanctioned 1684 Mass Bay Colony’s charter revoked

First American Revolution?First American Revolution?

1686 Dominion of New England Not homegrown NE Confederation - this is royal All NE plus NY as well as E and W Jersey England did it to bolster defense ag. Indians England did it to make efficient administration of

Navigation Laws Colonial rivalries; stitch colonies to motherland; no trade

with non-English countries Smuggling becomes honorable

Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros Open affiliation with despised Church of England

1686 Dominion of New England Not homegrown NE Confederation - this is royal All NE plus NY as well as E and W Jersey England did it to bolster defense ag. Indians England did it to make efficient administration of

Navigation Laws Colonial rivalries; stitch colonies to motherland; no trade

with non-English countries Smuggling becomes honorable

Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros Open affiliation with despised Church of England

Dominion of New EnglandDominion of New England

Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros Curbed town meetings Restricted court, press, schools Revoked land titles No popular assembly - tax w/out representation Surpress smuggling

1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England Wm and Mary Dominion of New England collapses

Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros Curbed town meetings Restricted court, press, schools Revoked land titles No popular assembly - tax w/out representation Surpress smuggling

1688-1689 Glorious Revolution in England Wm and Mary Dominion of New England collapses

New Mass.?New Mass.?

Glorious Revolution didn’t mean much besides Andros leaving

1691 new royal charter again - new permanent royal gov’t Loss ancient charter Now voting not just church members but all

male property owners

Glorious Revolution didn’t mean much besides Andros leaving

1691 new royal charter again - new permanent royal gov’t Loss ancient charter Now voting not just church members but all

male property owners

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

Wm and Mary meant “salutory neglect” But

More English officials remain due to Charles II) They were often corrupt and loyal to England Not locally elected

Wm and Mary meant “salutory neglect” But

More English officials remain due to Charles II) They were often corrupt and loyal to England Not locally elected

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies[or “Restoration”] Colonies

Settling the Middle Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies[or “Restoration”] Colonies

Founded in the 1660s by:

Friends of British King Charles II.

Land speculators.

Middle class farmers & craftsmen.

Founded in the 1660s by:

Friends of British King Charles II.

Land speculators.

Middle class farmers & craftsmen.

More Like Later America Than More Like Later America Than Other Regions!Other Regions!

More Like Later America Than More Like Later America Than Other Regions!Other Regions!

Economic diversity.

Large cities à more cosmopolitan culture.

Some slavery [6%-12% of the population].

Ethnic and religious diversity.

Religious toleration.

“Bread Colonies.”

Chattel SlaveryChattel Slavery Virginia and Maryland – 1660s

Legally defined chattel slavery The status of the child would be determined

based on the MOTHER and not the FATHER

Ran contradictory to English law Children born to slave owners and slave

mothers were automatically slaves

Virginia and Maryland – 1660s Legally defined chattel slavery The status of the child would be determined

based on the MOTHER and not the FATHER

Ran contradictory to English law Children born to slave owners and slave

mothers were automatically slaves

Spain’s Tribute ColoniesSpain’s Tribute Colonies A New American World:

Encomienda System – Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor Very harsh, yet profitable

Spanish social classes: Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged

Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians The Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and Americas New crops were introduced to Europe – potato, maize Horse had large impact on Indian life

In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased The Protestant Challenge to Spain

England began to build up its navy in the 16th century Mercantilism – purpose was to benefit the Mother Country

(England) by exporting more goods than importing

A New American World: Encomienda System – Spanish conquistadors received land from

the crown Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor Very harsh, yet profitable

Spanish social classes: Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged

Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians The Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and Americas New crops were introduced to Europe – potato, maize Horse had large impact on Indian life

In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased The Protestant Challenge to Spain

England began to build up its navy in the 16th century Mercantilism – purpose was to benefit the Mother Country

(England) by exporting more goods than importing

Plantation ColoniesPlantation Colonies Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for

sugar and tobacco Brazil’s Sugar Plantations:

Very arduous labor, milling was done on site As Indian populations declined, African slave labor was introduced

England’s Tobacco Colonies: Jamestown: (1607)

Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony) Originally all men, hoped to gain gold Eventually, tobacco became a major cash crop, but exhausted the land ->

encroach on Indian land House of Burgesses – first representative government in US (1619)

The Indian War of 1622: 1/3 of Jamestown population was killed by Indian attacks, English retaliated Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624 – colonists had to pay taxes to

support the Church of England Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland:

Proprietor colony – royal grant of land granted by the King Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649) – granted religious freedom to CHRISTIANS

only, particularly Catholics Maryland relied heavily on tobacco, like the other Chesapeake colony, Virginia

Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for sugar and tobacco

Brazil’s Sugar Plantations: Very arduous labor, milling was done on site As Indian populations declined, African slave labor was introduced

England’s Tobacco Colonies: Jamestown: (1607)

Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony) Originally all men, hoped to gain gold Eventually, tobacco became a major cash crop, but exhausted the land ->

encroach on Indian land House of Burgesses – first representative government in US (1619)

The Indian War of 1622: 1/3 of Jamestown population was killed by Indian attacks, English retaliated Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624 – colonists had to pay taxes to

support the Church of England Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland:

Proprietor colony – royal grant of land granted by the King Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649) – granted religious freedom to CHRISTIANS

only, particularly Catholics Maryland relied heavily on tobacco, like the other Chesapeake colony, Virginia

Plantation Colonies Cont.Plantation Colonies Cont. The Caribbean Islands:

Like Brazil, these colonies focused on sugar production Plantation Life:

Planation's grew in part, due to the Headright System: Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant’s

passage – benefited the rich Indentured Servitude:

In return for passage, individuals would work 4-5 years, then could be free

½ of all servants died before they became free Used extensively in the Chesapeake colonies in 17th century

African Laborers: Used more heavily in the Caribbean originally (sugar) Used more in the Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it

was cheaper than indentured servants Strict laws developed that promoted racism and regulated

behavior of blacks

The Caribbean Islands: Like Brazil, these colonies focused on sugar production

Plantation Life: Planation's grew in part, due to the Headright System:

Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant’s passage – benefited the rich

Indentured Servitude: In return for passage, individuals would work 4-5 years, then

could be free ½ of all servants died before they became free

Used extensively in the Chesapeake colonies in 17th century African Laborers:

Used more heavily in the Caribbean originally (sugar) Used more in the Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it

was cheaper than indentured servants Strict laws developed that promoted racism and regulated

behavior of blacks

New Netherland - New YorkNew Netherland - New York

Dutch East India company in East

Asia Henry Hudson Dutch West India

company in New Netherland New Amsterdam was

company town Don’t care for religious,

political tolerance Strongly aristocratic

Dutch East India company in East

Asia Henry Hudson Dutch West India

company in New Netherland New Amsterdam was

company town Don’t care for religious,

political tolerance Strongly aristocratic

New-European ColoniesNew-European Colonies New France:

Expanded into the North American interior (Canada) Quebec was established as a trading post (fur) Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians Coureurs de bois – French fur traders

New Netherland: New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony, but

engaged in significant commerce Like the French, the Dutch traded furs

The Rise of the Iroquois: Located in central and Western NY Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and French Remained a strong force in NY

New France: Expanded into the North American interior (Canada) Quebec was established as a trading post (fur) Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians Coureurs de bois – French fur traders

New Netherland: New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony, but

engaged in significant commerce Like the French, the Dutch traded furs

The Rise of the Iroquois: Located in central and Western NY Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and French Remained a strong force in NY

New-European Colonies Cont.New-European Colonies Cont. New England:

The Pilgrims Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of

England Plymouth’s climate was not as harsh as the Chesapeake

Representative self-government was established Puritans – wanted to purify the English Church, NOT

separate from it John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay:

Sought to establish a “City Upon a Hill” Believed in predestination Church members had tremendous power – only ones that

could vote; not religiously tolerant Roger Williams and Rhode Island:

Advocated separation of church and state, religious toleration, and friendly relations with Indians

Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop No legally established church in RI

New England: The Pilgrims

Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England

Plymouth’s climate was not as harsh as the Chesapeake Representative self-government was established

Puritans – wanted to purify the English Church, NOT separate from it

John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay: Sought to establish a “City Upon a Hill” Believed in predestination Church members had tremendous power – only ones that

could vote; not religiously tolerant Roger Williams and Rhode Island:

Advocated separation of church and state, religious toleration, and friendly relations with Indians

Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop No legally established church in RI

New Netherland and NeighborsNew Netherland and Neighbors

Hostile natives Hostile New England esp

Connecticut New Sweden on Delaware River

trespassed on New Netherland land

1655 Dutch wiped out New Sweden led by Peter Stuyvesant

1664 Stuyvesant surrender to Duke of York

New Amsterdam becomes New York

Hostile natives Hostile New England esp

Connecticut New Sweden on Delaware River

trespassed on New Netherland land

1655 Dutch wiped out New Sweden led by Peter Stuyvesant

1664 Stuyvesant surrender to Duke of York

New Amsterdam becomes New York

New-European Colonies Cont.New-European Colonies Cont. Anne Hutchinson:

Seen as a major threat to Puritans Challenged gender roles in Church Claimed to have direct revelations with God Banished from MBC

Puritanism and Witchcraft: Salem Witch Trials:

Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th century Accused tended to be wealthier, widowed, and middle-ages Reflected religious and social tensions

Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan society

After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined

Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the Enlightenment

Anne Hutchinson: Seen as a major threat to Puritans Challenged gender roles in Church Claimed to have direct revelations with God Banished from MBC

Puritanism and Witchcraft: Salem Witch Trials:

Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th century Accused tended to be wealthier, widowed, and middle-ages Reflected religious and social tensions

Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan society

After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined

Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the Enlightenment

Instability, War, and RebellionInstability, War, and Rebellion New England’s Indian Wars:

Puritan-Pequot War: Pequots were allied with the Dutch, had conflicts with

English settlers 500 men, women, and children were massacred by

Indians, New England retaliated harshly and gained land

Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John Winthrop)

Metacom’s War, 1675 – 1676: Metacom (King Philip) was a leader of the

Wampanoags Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were

rarely a threat in New England after

New England’s Indian Wars: Puritan-Pequot War:

Pequots were allied with the Dutch, had conflicts with English settlers

500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, New England retaliated harshly and gained land

Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John Winthrop)

Metacom’s War, 1675 – 1676: Metacom (King Philip) was a leader of the

Wampanoags Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were

rarely a threat in New England after

Instability, War, and Rebellion Cont.

Instability, War, and Rebellion Cont. Bacon’s Rebellion:

Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line In the “west” many famers were underrepresented

in the House of Burgesses Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like

Bacon Bacon almost took control, died suddenly Significance?

Movement towards slaves for labor Shows tensions between rich and poor, East and West

Bacon’s Rebellion: Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line In the “west” many famers were underrepresented

in the House of Burgesses Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like

Bacon Bacon almost took control, died suddenly Significance?

Movement towards slaves for labor Shows tensions between rich and poor, East and West

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Dissenters - Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) - dissent against religious and civil authority Use “thees and thous” rather

than titles All children of God Abhorred strife

Dissenters - Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) - dissent against religious and civil authority Use “thees and thous” rather

than titles All children of God Abhorred strife

The “Holy Experiment”The “Holy Experiment”

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania 1681 William Penn granted immense territory by

King Best advertised colony Liberal land policy Traded and treated Indians fairly. Liberal regime Representative assembly elected by landowners No tax supported state church drained coffers Freedom of worship was guaranteed to all (except

Jews/Catholics)

1681 William Penn granted immense territory by King

Best advertised colony Liberal land policy Traded and treated Indians fairly. Liberal regime Representative assembly elected by landowners No tax supported state church drained coffers Freedom of worship was guaranteed to all (except

Jews/Catholics)

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

No provision for military defense No restrictions on immigrations Did have “blue laws” Rich ethnic mix Fast growing colony LEGACY: new commonwealth. Based on civil

and religious liberty. Based on freedom fo conscience and worship

No provision for military defense No restrictions on immigrations Did have “blue laws” Rich ethnic mix Fast growing colony LEGACY: new commonwealth. Based on civil

and religious liberty. Based on freedom fo conscience and worship

Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Groups

1670-1680 Crisis1670-1680 Crisis1670-1680 Crisis1670-1680 Crisis

Iroquois Lands & European Trade CentersIroquois Lands & European Trade CentersIroquois Lands & European Trade CentersIroquois Lands & European Trade Centers

King Philip’s War,King Philip’s War,1675 – 1676)1675 – 1676)

King Philip’s War,King Philip’s War,1675 – 1676)1675 – 1676)

Quick RecapQuick Recap Columbian Exchange included diseases as well as

goods (potatoes, maize, horses) MD Acts of Toleration applied to ONLY Christians Headright System and indentured servants Chesapeake focused on indentured servants and

tobacco -> expansion on Indian land New France traded and had friendly relations with

Indians No religious toleration in MBC: Roger Williams and

Anne Hutchinson Bacon’s Rebellion showed tensions between “east

and west” or “rich v. poor” and led to an increase in slavery

Columbian Exchange included diseases as well as goods (potatoes, maize, horses)

MD Acts of Toleration applied to ONLY Christians Headright System and indentured servants Chesapeake focused on indentured servants and

tobacco -> expansion on Indian land New France traded and had friendly relations with

Indians No religious toleration in MBC: Roger Williams and

Anne Hutchinson Bacon’s Rebellion showed tensions between “east

and west” or “rich v. poor” and led to an increase in slavery