apresentação - switchsync f236

SWG/BTA 2000-03-27 Switchsync.PPT

SWITCHSYNCTM

Strategies and Function

for

CONTROLLED SWITCHING


PROBLEM

SWITCHING INTRODUCES TRANSIENTS.

SWITCHINGINSTANT


Cap. bank energising at voltage peak

TRANSIENT AT HV SIDE TRANSIENT AT 220 V OUTLET


Cap. Bank energising at voltage zero

HV SIDE 220 V OUTLET


PROBLEMS WITH TRANSIENTS AND HOW TO REDUCE THEM

PROBLEM:These transients may cause:- dielectric stresses in the network- electromechanical stresses on equipment- disturbances

SOLUTION:Instead of treating the symptoms by means of pre-insertion resistors, damping reactors, upgraded insulation or surge arresters controlled switching treats the root of the problem by controlling the switching instants.

The transients are to a large extentdepending on the switching instant. POSSIBILITIES:


REFERENCE FOR CONTROLLED SWITCHING

Signal from a bus bar voltage transformer in one (any) phase(R-0, S-0, T-0 or R-S, S-T, T-R or any voltage with known phase shift)

Bus bar voltage

Reference point:u = 0

du/dt >0


BASIC PRINCIPLE FOR CONTROLLED SWITCHING

TOTALLY COMPENSATED SYSTEM

CONTROLLED SWITCHING OF REACTORS, CAP. BANKS AND TRANSFORMERS IN ADAPTIVE MODE ANDWITH EXTERNAL COMPENSATIONS

SWITCHSYNCrelay

Sensor fortemperature

Sensor foraux. voltage

Trip or closecommand

(SENSORS OPTIONAL)

Delayed trip or close

command, after TF + TV

TB (TOPEN or TCLOSE)

+ TARC or TPREARC

CBcharacteristics

TB vs temp.

CBcharacteristics

TB vs aux. volt.

Feed-back foradaptivity

Referenceinformation

NETWORKCircuit-breaker

BusVT

CT orVT


REQUIREMENTS ON CIRCUIT-BREAKERS

What circuit-breaker properties/conditions must be fulfilled to make it work?

1) RDDS, Rate of Decrease of Dielectric Strength at closing2) RRDS, Rate of Rise of Dielectric Strength at opening

Circuit-breaker with relatively constant mechanical functioning times, from time to time and with known variation with respect to:

1) dependence on auxiliary voltage variation2) dependence on ambient temperature variation3) dependence on idle time (inactivity)

Dynamic voltage withstand properties in the contact gap must be known and suitable so to match the characteristics of the applied and/or recovery voltage across the contact gap:


FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT

SYSTEMCONDITIONS:

- du/dt- APPLICATION

CIRCUIT-BREAKER

PROPERTIES:- RDDS/RRDS- STABILITY

- TARC- TPREARC

HAS TOMATCH

EACH OTHER


RRDS Rate of Rise of Dielectric Strength at opening

Voltage withstand as a function of contact gap at opening, RRDS, versus recovery voltage at inductive load interruption (reactor de-energising)

Typical: TARCMIN 4 ms(Shorter arcing times will result in re-ignition)

RRDS at min. arcing time

SAFE contact parting area


RRDS Rate of Rise of Dielectric Strength at opening

Voltage withstand as a function of contact gap at opening, RRDS, versus recovery voltage at interruption of capacitive current (de-energising of capacitive load)

TARCMIN = 0 ms(re-ignition and re-strike free for any arcing time)

RRDS at min. arcing time

RRDS at average arcing time

Smallest margin for re-strike free performance


RDDS FOR TARGET AT VOLTAGE ZERO

Range ofacceptable

RDDS



Mechanicalscatter

Pre-strikingvoltage



Dielectric andmechanical

scatter

Pre-strikingvoltage



Dielectric andmechanical

scatter

Max. pre-strikingvoltage at delayed

target


RDDS Rate of Decrease of Dielectric Strength at closing

Voltage withstand as a function of contact gap at closing, RDDS, versus the applied voltage at energising of capacitive load (aimed for making at voltage zero)

Mechanical spread

Statistical RDDS spread

Max. pre-striking voltage,taking spread into account

Target UO, takingspread into account


HOW DOES IT WORK?

The relay is programmed with known circuit-breaker parameters (for example closing time, pre-arc) and preferred ideal switching instantdepending on actual load case

This is what the SWITCHSYNC does:

Analyses, during time TF, and finds reference

Adapts a waiting time, TV, from accepted referenceTV + TOPEN from reference means programmed contact parting

TV + TCLOSE TPREARC means current start in pre-determined point

Gives command at the end of the waiting time, TV


SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

STARTINPUT

CHECK INPUT40 ms

CHECK VOLTAGE ZEROS


SINGLE-PHASE CAPACITOR BANK ENERGISING

For making at voltage zero TF = Time to detect reference (signal frombus VT). Rapid or Secure mode

TV = Waiting time from first accepted

reference voltage zero (internally created in SWITCHSYNC)

TM = Make time = TB TPREARC (in SWITCHSYNC called switching time)

TB = Circuit-breaker closing time

TD3 = Pre-arcing time, green, mechanical

target red line

(TV adopted so that TV + TM matches the

time between reference point and

electrical target blue line)

REFERENCEVOLTAGE

ZERO

TM = TB - TD3TVTF

TD3Voltage

time

OUTPUT

COMMANDINPUT

COMMAND

Pre-programmedEL. TARGET POINTbased on reference

CONTACTTOUCH


THREE-PHASE CAPACITOR BANK ENERGISING

MAKETIMES:

TMRTMSTMT

WAITINGTIMES:

TVRTVSTVT

GROUNDED CAPACITOR BANK, REFERENCE VOLTAGE: PHASE R 0

PHASE VOLTAGES R 0, S 0 AND T 0 = GAP VOLTAGES

T MRTVR

TVS TM S

TM TT VT


SEQUENCE OF ZERO GAP VOLTAGES IN GROUNDED AND UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS

TR S

Ungrounded bankRed voltage = Yellow voltageBlue voltage = zero (90o later)

Grounded bankEach pole closes atphase voltage zero

60o between the poles


SINGLE-PHASE REACTOR BANK DE-ENERGISING

For breaking with safe arcing time TF = Time to detect reference (signal frombus VT). Rapid or Secure mode

TV = Waiting time from first accepted

reference voltage zero (created internally in SWITCHSYNC)

TB = Circuit-breaker opening time

TA = Arcing time, blue (not evaluated bySWITCHSYNC)

(TM = TB + TA, break time)

(TV Adopted so that TV + TB matches the

time between reference point and

mechanical target, red line)

REFERENCEVOLTAGE

ZERO

time

TBTVTFTA

CurrentVoltage TM

Pre-programmedTARGET POINT

based on reference(Contact separation)

OUTPUT

COMMANDINPUT

COMMAND INTERRUPTION


DELAY TIMES: TD1, TD2 AND TD3 FOR ENERGISING

Example of delay times for single-phase capacitor bank energising at voltage zero. TD1 = defines the Phase shift, TD2 = defines Electrical target, TD3 = defines Mechanical target (touch). TD3 = Pre-arcing time.

time

Voltagesignal

TD2

TD1

TD3


THREE-PHASE CAPACITOR BANK ENERGISING

TD1 = Time to each voltage zero from closest reference voltage zero, here phase R

TD2 = Security delay taking mechanical spread into account

TD3 = Pre-arcing time

Example of delay times for ener-gising a grounded Y-connected capacitor bank:

Energising slightly after voltage zeroReferences to ua (phase R)ug = applied voltageubd = voltage withstand capability


THREE-PHASE UN-GROUNDED CAPACITOR BANK ENERGISING

DELAY TIMES, TD1,FOR PHASE SHIFT

DEFINITION:

TD1 = TD1TD1

UN-GROUNDED CAPACITOR BANK, REFERENCE VOLTAGE: PHASE R 0

PHASE VOLTAGES R 0, S 0 AND T 0

TD1 for T

TD1 for R and S

Voltagesignal

Phase R


DELAY TIMES: TD1 AND TD2 FOR DE-ENERGISING

Example of delay times for single-phase reactor de-energisingTD1 = defines the Phase shift, TD2 = defines Mechanical target, contactseparation, TD3 = 0. Arcing time for re-ignition free interruption

time

Voltagesignal

TD2

TD1

Current


THREE-PHASE REACTOR BANK DE-ENERGISING

TD1 = Time to each current zero from closest reference voltage zero, here phase Rdifference in TD1 can be mechanically build-in

TD2 = Security delay taking mechanical spread into account

Example of delay times for de-energising of grounded reactor bank:

Arcing times, set long enough for re-ignition free interruption (for 50 Hz 7 ms) in every phase

References to ua = uref (phase R)

ug = recovery voltage

ubd = voltage withstand capability


THREE-PHASE GROUNDED REACTOR BANK DE-ENERGISING

DELAY TIMES, TD1,FOR PHASE SHIFT

DEFINITION:

TD1TD1TD1

GROUNDED REACTOR BANK, REFERENCE VOLTAGE: PHASE R 0

time

Phase-to-ground voltages

Currents inductive case

TD1 for RTD1 for T

TD1 for S

PHASE CURRENTS R, S AND T

PHASE VOLTAGES R - 0, S - 0 AND T - 0


WHAT APPLICATIONS ARE SUITABLE?

CE, Capacitor bank Energising. Making at zero voltage across contacts.

CD, Capacitor bank De-energising. Contact separation far before currentzero.

RE, Reactor Energising. Making at steady-state flux level.

RD, Reactor De-energising (50 MVAr). Contact separation far beforecurrent zero. (Chopping over-voltages increases with smaller reactors andreduces the re-ignition free window).

TE, Transformer Energising. Making at steady-state flux level.

(TD, Transformer De-energising. Lock remnant flux.)

STRATEGIES: Frequent planned switchings like:


WHAT IS ACHIEVED?

CE, Smooth energising with low transients and reduced over-voltages

CD, Safe re-strike-free interruption lowers the risk for re-strikes

RE, Low inrush currents

RD, Minimised over-voltages by safe re-ignition-free interruption

TE, Low inrush currents

TD, Well defined interruption with fixed remnant flux (needed only to fix theconditions before next energising)

In general: Extended life of circuit-breakers and other equipment because of reduced wear and less stresses.Increased power quality by reduction of voltage transients and inrush currents.


WHAT ARE THE SOURCES FOR ERRORS?

For the relay: Inaccuracy, from detection of reference to output command


COMPENSATIONS

What are the compensations for CB variations?

In addition to the adaptation control the client can order:

Temperature compensation (external, optional)

Operating voltage compensation (external, optional)

The external compensations are mainly meant for opening without adaptation

Adaptation control (internal)- Controls the performed switching and measures the switching time, TM- Adjusts waiting time TV, if necessary, for next switching and expects a next

switching time, TG- Takes care of systematic but not random variations (wear)- Is used for closing where making instant easily can be detected- For opening it is difficult to detect arcing time


FUNCTIONING PRINCIPLE OF ADAPTATION CONTROL

In the network existing current- or voltage transformers are used to detect executed operation. For three-pole operation, the CT feed-back ought to be from the first closing pole (to eliminate risk for cross-talking)

The SWITCHSYNC checks in adaptive mode the switching timeafter each operation:

The waiting time for next adaptive operation is given by:

TGNEW = (TGOLD + TM)/2 where:

TGNEW = expected next switching time

TGOLD = expected last switching time

TM = measured last switching time


FUNCTIONING PRINCIPLE OF ADAPTATION CONTROL

TV: Waiting timeTB: Operating time of CBE: ErrorTV - E/2: New automatic setting of controller

First time all the error is adjusted


CB VARIATIONS

5657585960616263

80 90 100 110

Coil voltage U (%)

Clo

sin

g t

ime

(ms)

-50 C

+20 C

+70 C

Variations in closing and opening times as a function of coil voltage and temperature (tests on a single-pole operated 245 kV circuit-breaker with spring drive):

1515,5

1616,5

1717,5

1818,5

19

70 80 90 100 110

Coil voltage U (%)

Ope

ning

tim

e (m

s)

-50 C

+20 C

+70 C


CB VARIATIONS

Variations in closing and opening times as a function of idle time:

Closing time vs idle time

59,9

60

60,1

60,2

60,3

60,4

60,5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Idle time (days)

Clo

sing

tim

e (m

s)

Closing time

Opening time vs idle time

16,3

16,35

16,4

16,45

16,5

16,55

16,6

16,65

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

Idle time (days)

Ope

ning

tim

e (m

s)

Opening time

BLG, spring-drive(0.4 ms spread during 65 days) (0.2 ms spread during 65 days)


COMPENSATIONS OF NETWORK PARAMETERS

Frequency control:

- The relay controls the frequency by measuring the time between 3consecutive voltage zeros with positive derivative (3 cycles) beforecommand is given (in Secure mode)(in Rapid mode (for 16,7 Hz) command is given after first detectedvoltage zero)

Select Secure mode!

- If necessary the waiting time will be corrected and adopted to theactual cycle time T, (frequency 15 to 66 Hz)


WHAT OTHER COMPENSATIONS MAY BE NEEDED?

Detection delay (TD2 ):Delay of current onset detection, subtract detection delay from pre-arcing time. When to compensate?

Detection delay (depends on the current) = 3.2 x arccos(1-0.1/ipeak) msthe angle to be expressed in radiansipeak = secondary current from CT expressed in Ampere

Compensation is done for:reactor energising and forenergising of capacitor bankswith damping reactor (when thecurrent starts smooth andsinusoidal with the systemfrequency).

Detected start

Real start

Current onsetsignal

TD2


STAGGERED CIRCUIT-BREAKERS

Staggered circuit-breakers, mechanically coupled three-pole operated circuit-breakers are most often adopted for controlled closing. The staggering corresponds to the phase shift expressed by TD1

HPL: Closing speed is about 60 % of the opening speedThis means that the non-simultaneity at opening is acceptablefor non-controlled de-energising of ungrounded capacitor banks

LTB-D: Closing- and opening speeds are about the same which meansthat controlled opening most often is required for ungroundedcapacitor banks (the critical phase is then given an arcing timeof about 5 ms).

Reversed phase order is used to minimise the mechanical time spread needed.

Example for controlled making of grounded capacitor bank:- One pole is given fast start (slow finish) of the motion- One pole remains standard- One pole is given slow start (fast finish) of the motion


STAGGERED CIRCUIT-BREAKERS

HPL

LTB-D

STANDARDFAST START

INNER ARMCLOSED POS.

OUTER ARMOPEN POS.

CLOSING

OPENING

CONTACTTOUCH

OPEN POSITION

CONTACTSEP.


MONITORING

Which information does the SWITCHSYNC give?

- F-model stores the switching times, TM, (max. 545 operations)- It always stores the 10 first (as a reference)- Monitoring function, trend in TM is shown

F-model has PC-connection possibilities (via modem or directly)for programming or de-loading

WARNING: If time deviation versus target >2 ms and 3.5 ms


SWITCHSYNCTM Model F236

DISPLAY

INTERNAL JUMPERS TO BE CHECKED(depending on type of detection)

MODEM connectionon backside

RESET button

ALARM SIGNAL

SELECT POSITIONon display

ON/OFF(position off when

programming)

PC-connection

ENTER button(press after eachcomplete input)

SELECT VALUE


TYPE OF CONTROLLERS

Name interpretation of controllers:

SWITCHSYNCTM Axyz

A = Generation letter E or Fx = Number of input commandsy = Number of adaptive inputsz = Number of output commands

F model has, in addition to the E model, following possibilities:

External parameter compensation: For temperature and auxiliary voltagevariation by means of sensors

Data storage: Maximum 545 operations

PC communication: For programming and data transfer


E113

1 input command1 independent adaptive input for first making pole (2 dependent)

3 output commands

Suitable for:controlled opening of single- or three-pole operated circuit-breakers or controlled closing of three-pole operated circuit-breakers.

Or controlled closing of single-pole operated circuit-breakers if dependence of contact wear on closing time can be judged equal for all poles.


F236

2 input commands

3 independent adaptive inputs

6 output commands

Suitable for:controlled opening and closing of single-pole operated circuit-breakers and with individual adaptation for every pole (at closing).


SWITCH2X

Software for F-model

Password from factory: LUDVIG MENU

LUDVIG


CONNECTIONS AND TECHNICAL DATA FOR SWITCHSYNC

Supply voltage: 48 - 250 V a.c./d.c.

Operating command: 48 - 250 V d.c., duration 0.15 - 1 s

Reference voltage: 35 - 150 V a.c., 15 - 66 Hz

Current start detection: 0.5 - 5 A a.c.

Voltage start detection: 48 - 250 V a.c./d.c.

Output relays: 10 A interrupting capability at 250 V d.c. t = 40 ms20 ms closing time

Ambient temperature: -5 to +55 oC (normally installed indoor)


CONNECTION OF SWITCHSYNC E113

For closing or opening of three-pole operated circuit-breakers

CONTROLLED CLOSING WITH E113

1 SWITCHSYNC relay E113

2 Reference voltage from any phase

3 CT for detection of current start (1)

4 Closing order (1 input command)

5 Delayed output from SWITCHSYNC(1 adaptive output command, 3possible outputs)

6 Three-pole operated circuit-breaker

7 Mechanical lagging

E113

1


CONNECTION OF SWITCHSYNC F236

For closing and opening of single-pole operated circuit-breakers

CONTROLLED CLOSING AND OPENING WITH F236

1 SWITCHSYNC relay F236

2 - 3 Input commands, close and open (2)

4 Reference voltage from any phase

5 - 7 Adaptive output commands (3, 3)

8 - 10 Non-adaptive output commands (3)

11 - 13 Current onset signals from CT (3)

14 - 16 Voltage onset detector signals

17 - 18 External parameter sensor inputs

19 Application control input (for changed

load connection)

20 Alarm output

21 Local PC connection

22 Modem PC connection

23 Power supply

24 Circuit-breaker (single-pole operated)

F236

Single-poleoperated CB

1


REFERENCES SINCE 1984

Totally in service more than 1000 units

Intended for:

Capacitor bank switching 60 %

Reactor switching 25 %

Transformer switching 15 %

Line re-closing Some few


FUTURE

ABB Switchgears new L-model (L183) for line re-closing, replaces pre-insertion resistors. The working principle is that the polarity and amplitude of the line voltage is given as a feed-back to the SWITCHSYNC before next closing. Making will then, at auto re-closing, occur at an instant minimising the voltage transients at the far end of the line. If the time to closing is long the SWITCHSYNC will set the target for making at voltage zero (unloaded line), time condition. The model detects when the d.c. level of the trapped charge begins.

New T-model (T183) is available for transformer energising. Reads the remnant flux by integration of the load side voltage and adapts the making instant based on that.

CIGRE has started looking at synchronised short-circuit interruption, to optimise the circuit-breaker life time


NON-COUPLED PHASES

No magnetic coupling

Transformer banks, reactor banks and five-limbedreactors/transformers:- no common magnetic flux since voltage in one phase does notcause flux in other phases

No electrical coupling

Grounded, Y-connected loads since neutral point fixed Loads without delta-connection

For these cases all phases can be programmed independent of each other


COUPLED PHASES

Magnetic coupling

Three-limbed reactors/transformers:- the phases are not independent of each other due to commonmagnetic flux

Electrical coupling

Ungrounded loads due to floating neutral ?-connected loads since the sum of the voltages must be zero Transformers with at least one delta-winding:

- electrical coupling that causes magnetic coupling

The phases are not independent of each other which has to be taken into account when programming


TO BE AWARE OF:

Pre-insertion resistors and controlled closing does normally not match:- the RDDS characteristics of the resistor contact gap most often too bad- either one or the other, not both together

Disturbances:- High secondary currents from CT, in non-shielded or non-twisted cables, may give false feed-back of

current onset for the last closing poles due to cross-talking

Current change detection:- Detection threshold may sometimes need be adjusted

(too low means detection already before making, too high means no detection at all)

Voltage start detection:- Induced voltage may be enough for detection = ALREADY ON

Mechanically staggered circuit-breakers:- Make sure that the pole order (A-B-C) fits the phase sequence

Check the connections and the load conditions:- The client does not always know the type of load

Check the phase sequence:- FURNAS sequence is C-B-A

Check the connections:- Does the phase order fit the pole order?


FACTORY TESTING:


COMMISSIONING TESTS:


COMMISSIONING TESTS:

Computer

SWITCHSYNC

TM1600

Voltage dividers


COMMISSIONING TESTS, CLOSING (3-POLE OP.):

REFERENCEVOLTAGE

MAKINGCURRENTS

OUTPUTCOMMAND FROM

CONTROLLER

MAKING OF GROUNDED DOUBLE Y-CONNECTED CAPACITOR BANK


COMMISSIONING TESTS, OPENING (3-POLE OP.):

AT COMMISSIONING FOLLOWING TRACES SHOULD BE RECORDED:- ALL BUS VOLTAGES (OR AT LEAST THE REFERENCE VOLTAGE)- ALL PHASE CURRENTS (FOR MAKING AND/OR BREAKING)- OUTPUT COMMAND FROM THE CONTROLLER

BUS VOLTAGES

BREAKING CURRENTS

OUTPUT COMMANDFROM E113

OUTPUT COMMAND

CONTACT PARTING, FIRST POLE TO OPENRESULTING ARCING TIMES FOR THE OTHERPOLES GIVEN BY MECHANICAL STAGGERING

INTERRUPTION FIRST POLE

INTERRUPTION OF 3-LIMBEDIRON CORE REACTOR


COMMISSIONING TESTS, CLOSING (1-POLE OP.):

FOR REACTOR ENERGISING: CHECK THE ASYMMETRY OF THE CURRENT

MAKING OF GROUNDED Y-CONNECTED 5-LIMBED IRON CORE REACTOR



CHECK THE ARCING TIMES

CONTACT PARTING, POLE A RESULTING ARCING TIME, POLE A

OUTPUT TO POLE A

INTERRUPTION, POLE A

KNOWN OPENING TIME, POLE A

INTERRUPTION OF GROUNDED Y-CONNECTED 5-LIMBED IRON CORE REACTOR



CHECK THE ARCING TIMESCONTACT PARTING, POLE A

OPENING TIME FROM NO-LOAD TEST, POLE A

INTERRUPTION OF GROUNDED Y-CONNECTED 5-LIMBED IRON CORE REACTOR

apresentação - switchsync f236

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