APPENDIX

On colour photographs:

In discussion, the suggestion was made by Dr. Ramlrez that colour photographs of type cultures accompany type speci­mens, and that copies of negatives be distributed with the culture when it is sent to the major culture collections. It was felt that colour reproduction is not yet sufficiently accurate and stable to allow this procedure to be useful.

On living ~:

Prof. Hawksworth asked the participants if they were of the opinion that living types should be accepted or whether the Code as amended in 1981 met their requirements for Asper­gillus and Penicillium species. The general feeling was that dried types were necessary and that the rules were now satis­factory, but that carefully preserved living cultures are also highly desirable and should be preserved wherever possible (see also Recommendation 3b).

On single spore cultures:

Some participants would recommend that authors of new species consider use of single spore cultures in view of the heterokaryotic nature of mycelia in cultures of Aspergillus and Penicillium. However, a number of participants were uncon­vinced of the necessity of single spore techniques for the taxonomy of these genera.

On the naming of chemical races

Dr. Pitt questioned the desirability of naming chemically distinguished races formally. This met with general approbation and recommendations are embodied in the contribution in chap­ter 2 by Pitt and Hawksworth, which was prepared during the workshop to address the particular problem.

469

LIST OF THE WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

Dr. J. ANNE Rega instituut, Microbiologische afdeling. Minderbroederstraat 10, B-2000 Leuven, Belgie

Dr. N. ARAN Dept. Food Science, TUBITAK, Marmara Scientific and Industrial Research Institute, Gebze/Istanbul, Turkey.

Dr. L. R. BEUCHAT Dept. of Food Science, University of Georgia, College of Agriculture, Experiment Station, Georgia 30212, USA

Dr. P. D. BRIDGE Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, KEW, Surrey TW9 3AF, UK

Prof. Dr. M. CHRISTENSEN Dept. of Botany, Aven Nelson Building. University of wyoming, LARAMIE, Wyoming 82071, U.S.A.

Mll. Joelle DUPONT Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Rue de Buffon 5, 75005 Paris, France

Dr. O. FASSATIOVA Dept. of cryptogamic Botany, Benatska 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czechoslovakia

Dr. J. C. ~~ISVAD

The Technical University of Denmark, Food Technologu Lab., Building 221, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark

Prof. Dr. K. W. GAMS Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P. O. Box 273, 3740 AG BAARN, the Netherlands

Dr. S. GOCHENAUR Dept. of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, Long Island, NY 11530, USA

471

Prof. Dr. D. L HAWKSWORTH Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, KEW, Surrey TW9 3AF, UK

Prof. Dr. G. L. HENNEBERT Laboratoire de Mycologie systematic et appliquee Universite Catholique de Louvain,Place de Croix du Sud 3 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique

Dr. R. A. HILL Ruakura Soil and Plant Research Station Ministry of Agriculture and Fischeries, Private Bag, Hamilton, New Zealand

Dr. Maren KLICH USDA Southern Regional Research Center, P. O. Box 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179, USA

Dr. Z. KOZAKIEWICZ Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, KEW, Surrey TW9 3AF, UK

Dr. D. MALLOCH Department of Botany, University of Toronto, TORONTO, Onto M5S 1A1, Canada

Dr. J. MOUCHACCA Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Rue de Buffon 5, 75005 Paris, France

Dr. Helgard I. NIRENBERG Institut fur Mikrobiologie, Biologische Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Konigin Luise Str. 19, D-1000 Berlin 33, FRG.

Dr. A. H. S. ONIONS Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, KEW, Surrey TW9 3AF, UK

Dr. R. R. PATTERSON Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Ferry Lane, KEW, Surrey TW9 3AF, UK

Dott. L. POLONELLI Istituto di Microbiologia, Universita Cattolica del Sacre Cuore, Via delle Pineta Sacchetti, 00168 ROMA, Italy

Dr. J. I. PITT C.S.I.R.O., Division of Food Research, P.O. Box 52, North RYDE, N.S.W. 2113, Australia.

Prof. Dr. C. RAMIREZ Instituto "Jaime Ferran" de Microbiologia, Joaquin Costa 32, MADRID-10, Spain.

Dr. M-F. ROQUEBERT Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Rue de Buffon 5, 75005 Paris, France

472

Dr. R. A. SAMSON Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P. O. Box 273, 3740 AG BAARN, the Netherlands

Dr. K. A. SEIFERT Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P. O. Box 273, 3740 AG BAARN, the Netherlands

Drs. A. C. STOLK Wittelaan 19, BAARN, the Netherlands

Drs. E. S. VAN REENEN- HOEKSTRA Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P. O. Box 273, 3740 AG BAARN, the Netherlands

Dr. Shun-ichi UDAGAWA National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Laboratory of Mycology, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.

Dr. D. T. WICKLOW United States Department of Agriculture, NRRL 1815 North University Street, PEORIA, Illinois 61604, U.S.A.

Mr. A. P. WILLIAMS Leatherhead Food Research Association. Randalls Road, Leatherhead, Surrey KT 22 7RY, UK

473

INDEX

Absorbance ratio, 235 Adsorption of antisera, 271 Aflatoxin, 242 Ahasverus advena, 260 A11odip1oid, 338, 438 Ametulate, 87 Amylase, lIS, 234 Antisera, 267, 270 Appendix, 469 Ascogonium, 378 Ascoma, 221, 369, 378 Ascostromata, 368, 378, 403, 410 Ascus structure, 370 Aspergillus (see also p.31-50)

section ASPERGILLUS, 56 CANDIDI, 61 CERVINI, 56 CIRCUMDATI, 60 CLAVATI, 57 CREME I , 61 FLAVI, 60 FLAVIPEDES, 59 FUMIGATI, 56 NIDULANTES, 58 NIGRI, 60 RESTRICTI, 56 S PARS I , 61 TERREI, 59 USTI, 58 VERSICOLORES, 58

subgenus ASPERGILLUS, 55 CIRCUMDATI, 59 CLAVATI, 57 FUMIGATI, 56 NIDULANTES, 57 ORNATI, 57 STILBOTHAMNIUM, 420-426

acanthosporus, 33, 203 aculeatus, 203 aeneus, 33, 203, 440 allahabadii, 33 alliaceus, 33, 201, 414 alutaceus, 33, 59, 60

Aspergillus (continued) amazonensis, 397, 399, 414, 418,

419, 422 ambiguus, 33 amstelodami, 33, 201, 386, 387,

392 anthodesmis, 33, 203 apicalis, 203 appendiculatus, 34 arenarius, 34, 203 asperescens, 34, 360 atheciellus, 34 aureolatus, 34, 440 aureoluteus, 34 bicolor, 35, 201, 205 biplanus, 35, 203 bridgeri, 35, 201, 205 brunneo-uniseriatus, 35, 259 campestris, 35, 205 candidus, 35, 61, 198, 201, 205 carneus, 36, 201 cervinus, 56, 57, 197, 202 chevalieri, 201, 384, 387 chryseides, 36 chrysellus, 203 clavato-flavus, 36, 203, 225 clavatus, 37, 57, 197, 201, 205 compatabilis, 42 conjunctus. 37, 203 coremiiformis, 37, 203, 225,

419, 422 corrugatus, 37, 203 cremeoflavus, 37, 61 cremeus, 61, 199, 203 cristatus, 37, 302, 391, 392 crustosus, 37, 440 crystallinus, 38, 203 deflectus, 38, 203 dimorphicus, 38, 203 diversus, 38, 203 dybowskii, 399, 414, 422. 423 eburneocremeus, 38, 440 egyptiacus, 38, 203, 439, 440

475

Aspergillus (continued) ellipticus, 39, 42, 203 elongatus, 39, 203 equitis, 36 erythrocephalus, 398, 414, 415 fenne1liae, 360, 432 fischerianus, 39 flaschentraegeri, 39, 203, 259 flavipes, 39, 59, 199, 201 flavus, 40, 60, 96, 198-201,

205, 211-219, 225, 242, 267, 277, 351-354, 441

flavus var. columnaris, 40, 211, 212, 214, 217, 218, 267, 277

fresenii, 28, 40, 51 fruticans, 40 fumigatus, 41, 56,197,198,

200, 201, 205, 225, 267, 275-277, 431, 433

funiculosus, 41, 203 glaucoaffinis, 47 glauconiveus, 45 glaucus, 23, 25-28, 41, 48, 56,

150, 197, 205, 384, 390 gorakhpurensis, 41, 203 helicothrix, 42, 203 hollandicus, 33 insulicola, 42, 203 ivoriensis, 42, 203 janus, 42, 203 japonicus, 43, 201 kanagawaensis, 43, 202 kassunensis, 440, 441 lanosus, 43, 203 leporis, 201, 205, 243, 257 longivesica, 43, 203 lucknowensis, 203, 353 malodoratus, 43, 203 mangini, 26, 390 maritimus, 43 melleus, 43, 201, 351, 357, 358 microcysticus, 44, 360 microthecius, 46 montevidensis, 386, 387 multicolor, 44, 437, 439, 440 navahoensis, 44, 201, 205 nidulans, 44, 58, 199, 201, 340,

434, 439, 442 nidulellus, 44, 58 niger, 24, 45, 60, 96, 198-201,

267, 275, 276, 359 niveus, 45, 201, 205 nutans, 45, 202 ochraceoroseus, 45, 203 ochraceus, 33, 45, 60, 96, 198,

201, 225, 414 ornatulus, 45 ornatus, 45, 57, 195, 198

476

Aspergillus (continued) oryzae, 45, 114, 198-201, 211,

212, 214, 216, 219, 242, 256, 267, 277, 351, 352, 354

paleaceus, 50 panamensis, 46, 203 parasiticus, 46, 199-201, 205,

211-215, 213, 214, 215, 217-219, 242, 267, 277, 351, 352, 354

parvulus, 47, 202 penicil1opsis, 223, 425 petrakii, 47, 351, 357, 358 peyronelii, 47, 203 phoenicis, 47, 201, 267, 275 pseudodeflectus, 47, 203 pulverulentus, 48, 267, 275 pulvinus, 48, 203 puniceus, 48, 203 purpureus, 203 quercinus, 351, 357, 358 raperi, 48, 203, 259 recurvatus, 48, 437, 439, 440 repens, 48, 201, 388, 394 reptans, 48 restrictus, 48, 56, 164, 197,

201 robustus, 48, 203 ruber, 49, 201, 389 rubrobrunneus, 49 rugulosus, 201, 340 rugulovalvus, 49 scheelei, 387 sclerotiorum, 49, 201 sejunctus, 389, 390 silvaticus, 49, 203 sojae, 199, 200, 211, 214, 218,

219, 242, 256, 351, 352, 354 sparsus, 49, 61, 199 spectabilis, 49, 201 spiculosus, 391, 392 stellifer, 52 striatulus, 50 subsessilis. 50, 440, 441 sulphureus, 27, 40, 51 sydowii, 51, 201 tamarii, 51, 199, 201, 211, 212,

216-218, 221, 223, 225, 243, 246, 414

terreus, 51. 59, 199, 210, 205 tetrazonus, 48 thomii, 199 togoense, 397, 399, 414, 418-

420, 422 toxicarius, 51, 199, 200, 211.

212, 214, 218, 219 tubingensis, 267, 275 ustus, 52, 58, 199, 201, 442 versicolor, 53, 58, 199, 201,

354, 442

Aspergillus (continued) violaceo-brunneus, 53 vitellinus, 397, 399, 414, 417,

418 warcupii, 50 wentii, 53, 59, 60, 195, 198,

201, 246 xerophilus, 203 zonatus, 53, 203

Asperthecin, 437-439, 442 Asymmetrica, 20, 105, 106 Autolysis, 234

Basal part, 77, 78 Biseriate, 74, 77, 85 Bivertici1Iata-symmetrica, 20 Biverticillium, 20, 85, 98 Bovetia diospyri, 403, 407 Branches, 65, 67, 107 Briosia ampelophaga, 152 Bulbil, 86 Bulliardium, 20 Buoyant density, 235

Capitulum, 87 Carcinogenic mycotoxin, 437 Cell wall breakage, 234 Cell wall breakage, lytic, 234 Cell wall breakage, mechanical,

234 Cephalotricum leucocephalum, 152 Cesium chloride gradient, 235 Chaetosartorya, 25, 50, 59, 61 Chaetosartorya chrysella, 25, 36 Chemical analysis, 235 Chemotype, 89, 90, 127 Chemovar, 90 Citric acid, 116, 287, 318 Cleistothecia, 368, 370, 378 Cleistothecial centrum, 368

initials, 366, 368, 369, 378 peridium, 369

Collulum, 68 Conidiophore branching, 144, 146,

148 Conidium, 72, 73, 77, 78, 155 Conidium ontogeny, 358 Coniothecium syphiliticum, 153 Corallodendron, 408 Corallodendron cervinum, 408, 410

leucocephalum, 408 Coremium, 17, 78, 222 Coremium album, 149

alphitopus, 149 arbuscula, 149 aureum, 149 bicolor, 149 borzianum, 149 breve, 149 briardii, 149

Coremium (continued) candidum, 149, 150, 153 cinereo-album, 150 cinereum, 150 citrinum, 150 claviforme, 144, 150 coccineum, 150 compressum, 150 concentricum, 150 coprophilum, 145-147, 151 cordyceps, 151 elasticae, 151 fimetarium, 151 flavo-virens, 151 flavum, 151 fragariastri, 151 fruticu1osum, 151 fuscum, 151 glandico1a, 147-149, 151 glaucum, 143, 144, 148, 152, 153 glaucum var. fimico1a, 152, 153 gracile, 149, 152 hiema1e, 152 incanum, 152 leucocephalum, 152 leucopus, 152 1uteolum, 152 necans, 152 nigrescens, 152 niveum, 153 pulcherrimum, 153 rhopalinum, 153 silvaticum, 144, 153 stysanoides, 150, 153 subicula tum, 153 swantonii, 153 syphiliticum, 153 triostei, 153 tuberculosum, 153 vulgare, 153 vulgare var. fimicola, 152, 153 vulgare var. linkii, 152, 153 vulpinum, 144, 145, 153

Cyclopenin, 317 Cyc1opiazonic acid, 90, 329 Czapek agar, 94, lOS, 106, 110, 195 Czapek agar with 20% sucrose, 97 Czapek yeast extract agar, 95, 96,

98

DAPI, 239 Denaturation, 235 Dendrosphaera eberhardtii, 371, 376 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindo1e

(DAPI), 239 Dichlaena, 25, 55, 370, 377 Dich1aena 1entisci, 25, 43 Dichloran, 316 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroanaline, 316 Diethyl pyrocarbonate, 235

477

Dikaryotization, 366 Diospyros macrophylla, 222, 397, 404 Diploidization, 337 Discriminant analysis, 216 DNA base composition, 235 DNA isolation, 234 DNA purification, 234 DNA relatedness, 236

Edyuillia, 55, 56 Edyuillia athecia, 34 Emericella, 25, 58 Emericella aurantiobrunnea, 439,

440 bicolor, 35, 437, 439-441 cleistominuta, 437, 439-441 corrugata, 437, 439-441 desertorum, 28, 203, 439, 440 foeniculicola, 40, 439, 440 foveolata, 40, 437, 439-441 fruticulosa, 40, 437, 439, 440 heterothallica, 42, 437, 439-441 navahoensis, 44, 437, 439, 440 nidulans, 437-439, 441 nidulans var. acristata, 44,

439, 440 nidulans var. dentata, 44, 437-440 nidulans var. echinulata, 44,

437-441 nidulans var. lata, 44, 437,'

439, 440 nidulans var. nidulans, 44, 58,

438-440 parvathecia, 46, 440 purpurea, 439, 440 quadrilineata, 48, 437-441 rugulosa, 49, 437-441 spectabilis, 49, 437, 439-441 striata, 50, 434, 439, 440 sublata, 441 unguis, 52, 439-441 variecolor, 25, 50, 52, 441 variecolor var. astellata, 3,

437, 439, 440 variecolor var. variecolor, 437,

439, 440 violacea, 53, 437-441

Endonuclease, 245 Enteroblastic, 76 Epithets, 32 Ethyl-2-methylbutyrate, 114 Eu-Stilbothamnium, 223 Eupenicillium abidjanum, 177

baarnense, 184 catenatum, 170, 171, 180 cinnamopurpureum, 170, 445 crustaceum, 183, 446 euglaucum, 172, 173, 261 inusitatum, 176 javanicum, 176

478

Eupenicillium (continued) lapidosum, 164, 170 lassenii, 172, 173 limoneum, 169 meridianum, 170 ochrosalmoneum, 177, 260 osmophilum, 180 parvum, 170 pinetorum, 66, 173 senticosum, 173 shearii, 180 sinaicum, 184 stolkiae, 175 terrenum, 170 tularense, 171

Eurotium acutum, 385, 430 amstelodami, 33, 356, 384-387,

392, 394 appendiculatum, 34, 385, 392,

393 aspergillus-glaucus, 25, 26 athecium, 34 chevalieri, 387, 392 chevalieri var. intermedium,

385, 391 cristatum, 37, 50, 385, 391, 392 echinulatum, 35, 38, 385, 392,

393, 430 glabrum, 41, 385, 394 halophilicum, 41, 385 herbariorum, 23, 25-27, 42, 354-

356, 383-385, 390, 391, 430 heterokaryoticum, 42, 356, 385,

394 intermedium, 385, 391 javanicum, 384 leucocarpum, 43, 385 medium, 43, 385 montevidense, 385, 386 niveoglaucum, 45, 385 pseudoglaucum, 47, 385, 394 repens, 25, 48, 384, 385, 387-

389, 391, 430 rubrum, 49, 354, 355, 385, 389 spiculosum, 385, 391 tonophilum, 52, 385 umbrosum, 354, 355, 385, 390, 391 xerophilum, 385, 429

Exoantigens, 268

Fasciculata, 164, 281, 344 Fennellia, 26, 58, 59 Fermentation, 113, 114 Floccaria glauca, 144, lSI, 152 Foot cell, 72, 74 Fractional penicillus, 86

G + C content, 236 Gas liquid chromatography (GLC),

312

General recommendations, 455 Genus EUPENICILLIUM, 461 Genus PENICILLIUM, 461 Genus TALAROMYCES, 463 Geosmithia, 141, 165, 190 GLC, 312 Glossary of terms, 465 Gluculase, 234 25% glycerol nitrate, 98 Griseofulvin, 328 Gymneurotium athecium, 34

Harpezomyces, 25, 446 Hasskarlindia, 408 Helix, 368 Hemicarpenteles, 26, 57, 373 Hemicarpenteles acanthosporus, 33 Hemisartorya, 59, 61 Heterokaryon formation, 337 High pressure liquid

chromatography (HPLC), 235 Holoblastic, 76 Holomorph, 32 HPLC (high pressure liquid chroma-

tography), 235 Hybrid, 338 Hybridization, 116, 239, 337 Hydroxylapatite fractionation, 235 Hyphae of stipe, 144, 146, 148

Immunodiffusion test, 267 Incompatibility, 337 Incubation, 98, 460 Incubation time, 99 International Code of Botanical

Nomenclature, 24, 31, 383 Interspecific pairings, 433 Interspecific somatic hybrides, 339

KOH/lactic acid reaction, 400

Laccaria, 200 Lectotypes, 32

Malt extract agar, 95-97, 124 Media and cultivation, 455 Median part, 77, 78 2-mercaptoethanol, 234 Merimbla ingelheimense, 165 Metula, 55, 61, 65-67, 72-74, 78,

79, 107, 125, 132, 134, 145, 146, 168, 197, 215

Metulate, 87 Mitochondrial DNA relatedness,

200, 245 Monilia glauca, 24, 27 Mucor caespitosus, 24

crustaceus, 3, 5 fruticulosum, 151 glaucus, 24

Mucor (continued) herbariorum, 23, 25, 26, 390 leprosus, 24

N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguani­dine mutagenesis, 240

Neosartorya, 26, 51, 56 Neosartorya fennelliae, 429, 431-

434 fischeri, 39, 102, 433 spathulata, 429, 431, 432 stramenia, 50, 360

Neotype, 4, 16 Nephrotoxic naphtoquinone, 317 Nephrotoxin, 323 Nucleic acid, 233

Ornamentation, 69, 170, 282, 352, 434, 440

Paecilomyces amoeneroseus, 153 farinosus, 149, 152, 153

Pancreatic RNase, 234 Partial least square analysis

(PLS), 312 Penicillic acid, 317 Penicilliopsis, 221, 222, 226, 228 Penicilliopsis africana, 397, 398,

408, 411 bambusae, 425 brasiliensis, 403, 407 clavariaeformis, 222, 223, 398,

399, 402-404, 407, 408, 411 dichotomus, 403, 405, 407 dybowskii, 222, 223, 422, 424 jurensis, 403, 407 ledermannii, 403 longissima, 403, 407 microsequoia, 403, 405, 407 pa1micola, 407 togoense, 425

Penicillium Section ASPERGILLOIDES, 163,

167, 168, 170, 171 BIVERTICILLATUM-SYMMETRICA,

187 BIVERTICILLIUM, 163, 167,

168, 187 COREMIGENUM, 163, 167, 169,

180, 186 DIVARICATUM, 163, 165, 167,

168, 173, 174, 175, 178, 182, 461

ELADIA, 163, 164, 167, 168, 171, 175, 179

EUPENICILLIUM, 171 FURCATUM, 462 GEOSMITHIA, 163, 167, 169,

190

479

Penicillium (continued) Section INORDINATE, 163, 167,

169, 178 LAPIDOSA, 171 MONOVERTICILLATA, 20, 170 PENICILLIUM, 163, 167, 169,

181, 462 RAMOSUM, 163, 167, 168, 169,

179, 187 TORULOMYCES, 163, 167, 169 WENTII, 59

Series ATROVENETA, 167, 174, 175 BREVICOMPACTUM, 185 CANESCENTIA, 139, 167, 171,

172 CHRYSOGENA, 167, 179, 180 CITREONIGRA, 172 CITRINA, 139, 172 DIGITATA, 167, 181, 182, 183 DUPONTII, 167, 174, 175, 177 EXPANSA, 131, 167, 181, 182,

184 GLADIOLII, 167, 181, 182,

183, 187 INFLATA, 167, 172, 173 ISLANDICUM, 188 ITALICA, 123, 130, 167, 171,

181, 182, 184 JANTHINELLA, 167, 174, 175,

176, 182 LANOSA, 167, 179, 180 MINIOLUTEA, 167, 187, 188 OCHROSALMONEA, 167, 174, 175,

177 OLSONII, 130, 167, 181, 182,

185, 186 OXALICA, 137, 140, 167, 174,

177, 182 PURPUREA, 167, 174, 175, 176 RESTRICTA, 172 URTICAE, 181 URTICICOLA, 130, 132, 167,

179, 180, 181 VERRUCULOSA, 167, 187, 188,

189 abidjanum, 177 aeruginosum, 13, 15 albocinerascens, 447 album, 185, 340 arbuscula, 149 arenicola, 130, 178, 330 argillaceum, 190 assiutense, 189 atramentosum, 123, 131, 330 atrovenetum, 175 atroviride, 12, 15 aurantiacum, 188 aurantiobrunneum, 14, 20, 170 aurantiocandidum, 15, 19

480

Penicillium (continued) aurantiogriseum, 15, 121, 123-

126, 129, 131-133, 185, 260, 311, 312, 316-319, 330

avellaneum, 165 baarnense, 346 bicolor, 149 bilaii, 156 biourgei, 11, 12, 15 brevicompactum, IS, 16, 19, 124-

126, 132, 185, 330 briardi, 149 brunneorubrum, 15 brunneum, 188 caerulescens, 135, 136, 141 camemberti, 106, 107, 110, 123,

130, 185, 316-318, 320, 330, 339

candidofulvum, 14, 19 canescens, 106, 107, 137, 140,

141, 173 carminoviolaceum, 14 casei, 262 caseicola, 340 castellae, 135, 136, 141 catenatum, 170, 171 chalybeum, 135 chrysogenum, 67, 123, 124, 126,

127, 131, 159, 180, 181, 330, 339, 340, 346

cieglerii, 135, 136, 141 cinereoatrum, 447 citreonigrum, 14, 19, 141, 142,

172, 173, 447 citreoroseum, 12, 14 citrinum, 123, ISO, 173, 341 claviforme, 110, 143, 144, 149,

150, 153, 157, 294, 330 clavigerum, 186 coalescens, 135, 136, 141 commune, 185, 330 concentricum, 143, 144, 146,

147, 158, 330 congolense, 11, 12, 15, 18 coprophilum, 143, 145-147, 186,

187 coralligerum, 180 corylophilum, 14, 170 corymbiferum, 283, 284, 441 corynephorum, 135, 136 costantini, 149 crustaceum, 3, 5 crustosum, 121, 123-126, 132,

185, 262, 284, 316, 320, 330 cyaneofulvum, 126, 340, 342 cyaneum, 170 cyclopium, 126, 141, 283, 284,

296, 311, 312, 318, 339 cylindrosporum, 190 da1eae, 176

Penicillium (continued) dangeardii, 189 decumbens, 170 dendriticum, 136, 141, 187 dierckxii, 170 digitatum, 130, 150, 183, 321,

330 diversum, 188 donkii, 170 duclauxii, 11, 15, 16, 19, 149,

186 dupontii, 175, 177, 178 echinulatum, 125, 126, 131, 185,

311, 312, 316, 317, 319, 330 elongatum, 12, 13, 15 emersonii, 190 emmonsii, 189 erythromellis, 188 euglaucum, 163 expansum, 3-5, 106, 123, 124,

131, 133, 149, 150-153, 181, 185, 267, 274, 284, 294, 311, 316, 320

fagi, 136 fennelliae, 130, 177 fimicola, 152 flavido-stipitatum, 135-138 flavoglaucum, 126 frequentans, 66, 137, 170 funiculosum, 68, 188 fuscum, 173 galapagense, 189 giganteum, 447 glabrum, 20, 157, 164, 170 gladioli, 183 glandicola, 143, 147, 148, 183 glandicolum, 187 glaucum, 4, 10, 15, 18 granulatum, 125, 133, 143, 147,

149, 330 griseobrunneum, 15 griseofulvum, 13, 15, 106, 107,

123, 132, 179, 181, 187, 330, 344

griseoroseum, 9, 11, 15, 19, 124, 131

herquei, 185, 186 hiema1e, 152 hirsutum, 13, 15, 125, 131, 132,

185, 316, 317, 320, 329, 330 hordei, 158, 183, 187, 316, 321,

330, 441 humuli, 177 inflatum, 173 inge1heimense, 165 intermedium, 189 inusitatum, 176 isariiforme, 186, 187, 330 islandicum, 188

Penicillium (continued) ita li cum , 12, 13, 130, 144, 146,

147, 150, 184, 187, 321, 330 janczewskii, 172, 173 janthinellum, 68, 157, 174 jensenii, 173 jugoslavicum, 135-138 k1oeckeri, 189 lagena, 169, 170 1anosum, 179, 180 1apatayae, 135-138 1apidosum, 170 1assenii, 172, 173 1avendulum, 190 lehmanii, 189 leucopus, 12, 152 lignorum, 188 lineatum, 165 lividum var. lividum, 170 1ividum var. thomii, 170 loliense, 189 luteum, 189 madritii, 140 mali, 126, 135-138, 316, 317,

320, 329 manginii, 180 mariaecrucis, 136, 137, 141 martensii, 126 mclennaniae, 135-138 medio1anensis, 136, 139, 141 megasporum, 173 melanochlorum, 126, 185, 330,

331 meleagrinum, 126 melinii, 173 michaelis, 136, 139, 141 miczynskii, 140, 157 mimosinum, 189 minioluteum, 15, 187, 188 mo1davicum, 447 nalgiovense, 106, 107 namys1owskii, 190 necans, 152 nigrescens, 152 nigricans, 139, 173 ni1ense, 183 niveum, 153 nordicum, 135, 136, 138, 139 notatum, 126, 340 novae-ca1edoniae, 136, 141 novae-zee1andiae, 140, 163, 180,

447 ochraceum, 311, 312 ochroch1oron, 157, 175, 176 ochroch1oron var. paraherquei,

176 ochrosa1moneum, 175, 177 ohiensis, 189 olivaceum, 12

481

Penicillium (continued) olivicolor, 123, 132, 185, 316,

323 olsonii, 126, 130, 185, 330 osmophilum, 180 oxalicum, 177 palitans, 126, 262, 330, 331 pallidum, 141, 190 panasenkoii, 189 papuanum, 170 patens, 135, 136 paxilli, 106, 107, 157 piceum, 188 pinophilum, 188 primulinum, 188 pseudostromaticum, 187, 188 puberulum, 124, 126, 132, 341,

344 purpurescens, 137, 170 purpureum, 175, 176 purpurogenum, 188, 441 putterillii, 190 raciborskii, 136, 141, 142, 158,

173 radiatolobatum, 135, 136, 139 resinae, 135, 136, 189 resticulosum, 130, 316 roqueforti, 27, 67, 121, 124,

125, 127, 132, 185, 321, 330, 342

roseopurpureum, 14 roseum, 12 rubefaciens, 135, 136, 139, rubicundum, 447 rubropunctatum, 12, 14, 18, rubrum, 441 rugulosum, 151, 188 sacculum, 171, 172, 173 sajarovii, 136, 140, 141 sclerotiorum, 163, 170 senticosum, 173 severskii, 136, 141, 142 silvaticum, 144 simplicissimum, 174, 176 sinaicum, 184 smithii, 136, 141, 142 solitum, 15 soppii, 105-107, 110, 137,

180 sphaerum, 189 spinulosum, 157, 170 spirrillum, 189 steckii, 106, 107

140

19

141,

stoloniferum, 139, 141, 342, 343 striatisporum, 172, 173 striatum, 165 subcinereum, 14, 19 swiftii, 190 tardum, 188 tarraconense, 447

482

Penicillium (continued) thomii, 137, 170 trichocomae, 189 tularense, 171, 180 turbatum, 137, 184 turrispainensis, 135, 136, 141 udagawae, 189 urticae, 181 vaccaeorum, 136, 141, 142 variabile, 151, 188, 447 varians, 164, 188 velutinum, 175 verrucosum, 15, 106, 124-126,

133, 149, 165, 183, 185, 267, 274, 277, 316, 330

verrucosum var. cyclopium, 106, 126, 139, 267, 274

verrucosum var. melanochlorum, 126, 127, 267, 274

verruculosum, 68, 151, 189 viridicatum, 123-126, 132, 133,

283, 284, 296, 299, 311, 312, 316, 318, 319, 320, 328, 329

viridobrunneum, 173 vulpinum, 143-147, 149, 150,

153, 186 Penicillus, 65, 66, 79, 105, 106,

107, 124, 125, 126 Percurrent, 76 Periconia monilifera, 418 Peridium, 368, 369, 377 Perithecia, 368, 370 Petromyces, 26, 59, 60, 226, 228,

370 Petromyces alliaceus, 33, 372,

373, 377 Phase contrast microscopy, 354 Phialide, 20, 56, 57, 65, 67-69,

72, 73, 78, 83, 105, 107, 122, 125, 132, 134, 145, 146, 148, 197

Phialostele scytopetali, 401, 412 PLS (partial least square analy-

sis), 312 Polyglotta, 122 Polyols, 312, 318 Pritzeliella caerulea, 145, 146 Pronase, 234 Pseudo-Aspergillus, 223, 225 Pseudocordyceps seminicola, 399,

412 Pyrolysis, 319

Ramulus, 65, 79, 80, 222 Ramus, 65, 79, 80, 124, 130, 134 Recombinant, 338 Recommendations, 455 Reverse phase high performance

liquid chromatography, 267, 268, 271

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), 246 Ribosomal RNA relatedness, 246 RPHPLC, 268, 271, 275, 277

Saitoa. 60, 370 Saline EDTA, 234 Sarcosate, 234 Sarophorum ledermannii, 402, 403

palmicola, 397, 399. 405, 406, 408, 425, 426

Sclerocleista, 26, 45, 51, 57 Sclerotium, 17, 86, 96, 170, 221,

222, 378 Secondary metabolite, 89, 90, 113.

127, 157. 282, 285, 287, 291, 299, 311, 317, 320, 329, 437-439, 442

Seminicolous, 221, 222 Sodium lauryl sulfate, 234 Sodium perchlorate, 234 Spermine-spermidine-sucrose

buffer, 235 Spheroplast, 235 Sporophormis, 26, 50 Stalk, 84 Starting point date, 4 Stem, 84 Sterigma, 72~74, 78 Sterigmatocystin, 437-439 Sterigmatocystis, 24, 28, 32, 51,

222 Sterigmatocystis antacustica, 24,

27, 28 monilifera, 418 sulphurea, 24, 40 vitellina, 417

Stilbodendron camerunense, 408, 411

cervinum, 397, 399, 408, 411, 424, 425

congoense, 408, 411 Stilbothamnium, 221-229 Stilbothamnium amazonense, 223,

225, 418 dybowskii, 223, 422, 424 dybowskii var. laevispora, 422,

424 dybowskii var. macrospora, 422,

424 javanicum. 223. 425 novoguineense. 223. 225. 419,

421 nudipes. 221-228. 419. 422 penicillopsis. 223. 425, 426 togoense. 222. 223. 422. 424 usneoides, 223. 225. 422. 424 usneoides var. verrucosum. 422,

424 Stilbum compressum, 150

coprogenum, 144, 145, 147

Stilbum (continued) humanum. 145. 146 villosum. 145

Stroma. 369. 370, 378 Stromatic structure. 370 Supporting cell. 77. 78, 80. 83 Swollen apex. 77. 78 Sympodial. 76 Syncleistostroma. 26 Syncleistostroma alliaceum, 33 Synnema. 78. 144. 146, 222, 224.

400 Synthetic nutrient agar. lOS, 106.

110

T1 RNase, 234 Talaromyces assiutensis. 189

bacillisporus. 446 emersonii. 190 flavus. 189. 446 galapagensis, 189 helicus, 189 intermedius, 189 luteus. 189. 446 mimosinum. 189 ohiense. 189 panasenkoii, 189 purpureus, 176 rotundus, 189 stipitatus. 189. 446 thermophilus, 178 trachyspermus, 189, 446 udagawae. 189 vermiculatus. 368 wortmannii. 189. 368. 446

TDIE. 268, 271. 275 Terverticillate, 85, 106. 121.

123-125. 131. 132 Textura angularis, 369. 431 Textura epidermoidea. 369. 431 Thermal denaturation profiles, 235 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC),

90. 291. 293 Torulomyces lagena, 169 Trichocoma paradoxa, 189 Trichocomaceae. 365-368, 370. 447 Two-dimensional immunoelectropho-

resis. 267. 268. 271 Typification. 31

Vesicle. 55-61, 72, 74. 221, 224 Viomelein. 287. 317 Viridicatin, 317

Warcupiella. 26. 50. 57. 373 Whorls. 79. 80. 110. 145. 167

Xanthomegnin. 317

Zymo1yase. 234

483