appendix k: hydrocensus report - zitholele · 100.00 120.00 140.00 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug...

ZITHOLELE CONSULTING

Appendix K: Hydrocensus Report

DUVHA POWER STATION

HYDROCENSUS REPORT MAY 2009

DRAFT REPORT

for

DUVHA POWER STATION

by

GHT CONSULTING SCIENTISTS

PROJECT TEAM L.J. van Niekerk Adrie van Wyk Jolene Roodt

M. Smit Alré Malan Jana Brits

Divan Stroebel Shaun Staats

Project no.: 202-18-Mon.552 Start Date: May 2009 Current Phase: Hydrocensus 2009 Start Date: May 2009 Report no.: RVN 552.1/958 Report Date: July 2009

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05 August 2009 Our ref.: RVN 552.1/958 The Employer’s Agent P O Box 1091 Johannesburg 2000 FOR ATTENTION: Mr.Tobile Bokwe Dear Sir,

Hydrocensus May 2009

It is our pleasure in enclosing one electronic copy and three hard copies of the report RVN 552.1/958 “, HYDROCENSUS 2009 – DUVHA POWER STATION”

We trust that the report will fulfil the expectations of the Megawatt Park and we will supply any additional information if needed.

Yours sincerely,

Louis J van Niekerk (Pr.Sci.Nat.)

Cell: 082 6522992 E-mail: [email protected] Although Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. exercises due care and diligence in rendering services and preparing documents, Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. accepts no liability, and the client, by receiving this document, indemnifies Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and its directors, managers, agents and employees against all action, claims, demands, losses, liabilities, costs, damages and expenses arising from or in connection with services rendered, directly or indirectly by Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and by the use of the information contained in this document.

______________________________

This document contains confidential and proprietary information of Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and is protected by copyright in favour of Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd. and may not be reproduced, or used without the written consent of Geo-Hydro Technologies (Pty) Ltd., which has been obtained beforehand. This document is prepared exclusively for ESKOM Megawatt Park and is subjected to all confidentiality, copyright and trade secret rules, intellectual property law and practices of SOUTH AFRICA.

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GHT CONSULTING SCIENTISTS DUVHA POWER STATION MAY 2009 – HYDROCENSUS RVN 552.1/958

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 GENERAL 1 1.2 APPROACH TO STUDY 1

1.2.1 Desktop study 1 1.2.2 Fieldwork investigation 1 1.2.3 Data processing 1 1.2.4 Data evaluation and report. 1

1.3 IDENTIFICATION, CONSOLIDATION AND NUMBERING OF MONITORING SITES 1 2 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE 3

2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE 3 2.2 RAINFALL DATA 3 2.3 EVAPORATION DATA 4 2.4 SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE 6

2.4.1 Impacts upon Receiving Water Bodies 6 2.4.2 Sub-catchments 6

2.4.2.1 Sub catchment B11G - A 7 2.4.2.2 Sub catchment B11G - B 7

2.5 GEOLOGY 7 2.6 GEOHYDROLOGY 1

2.6.1 Aquifer characteristics 1 3 PHYSICAL INVESTIGATION 3

3.1 CURRENT MONITORING SYSTEM 3 3.2 FIELDWORK 3 3.3 GROUNDWATER 3

3.3.1 Groundwater use 3 3.3.2 Water level measurements 4 3.3.3 Equipment 4

3.4 SURFACE WATER 4 3.4.1 Surface water use 4

4 SURFACE- AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY – INORGANIC PARAMETERS 5 4.1 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS RELIABILITY 5 4.2 CHEMICAL DATA PRESENTATION FORMATS 5

4.2.1 Data Tables, Water Quality Tables and Pollution Index Tables 5 4.3 EVALUATION OF SURFACE- AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY – INORGANIC PARAMETERS 8

4.3.1 Water Quality Table 8 4.3.1.1 Discussion–Groundwater and Surface water monitoring sites 11 4.3.1.2 Discussion––Hydrocensus sites 13

5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 14 5.1 INTRODUCTION 14 5.2 APPROACH 14

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS 16 6.1 RECOMMENDATIONS 16

7 REFERNCES 17

APPENDICES APPENDIX A Groundwater and Surface Water Monitoring Maps

APPENDIX B

1. Regional Topography & Locality Map

2. 3D Topography Map

3. Drainage Regions & Receiving Water Bodies Map

4. Geology Map

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5. Historical and Current Study Combined Data

6. Groundwater Use Map

7. Surface and Groundwater Usage Map

8. Sample Locations within Available Chemistry Map

9. SO4 Contour Map

10. EC Contour Map

APPENDIX C Sites Assessment Tables

APPENDIX D Sites Photos

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General This report summarises the findings of an in-depth Hydrocensus that was conducted during May 2009 to identify the water users and usage within the possible impact zone of the Power Station. The information contained in this document will assist the Power Station management to assess the risks and possible liabilities to Duvha Power Station and Eskom.

1.2 Approach to study A detailed project of this nature requires the correct desktop planning in advance before conducting the fieldwork. The project was therefore divided into four phases, namely:

• A desktop study;

• A fieldwork investigation;

• Data processing comprising the compilation of GIS MAPS and the capturing of the field information and chemical analyses into the database; and

• Lastly evaluating the data and compiling everything into a report format.

1.2.1 Desktop study

In order to ensure the effective gathering of data during the fieldwork phase, it is important to identify the sub-catchment areas containing the complete Power Station infrastructure as well as the possible zones of impacts within these sub-catchment areas. Supporting information such as geography, topography, climate etc. can be obtained during this phase.

1.2.2 Fieldwork investigation

The aim of the fieldwork phase is to locate and record the water users and type utilisation within the identified sub-catchment areas. This phase also entails the measuring of water levels at boreholes and the collection of samples for chemical analyses.

1.2.3 Data processing

Once the fieldwork has been completed, all the data has to be evaluated and compared with the current information in the database and GIS mapping system to ensure the integrity of both the data and the database. Correctness of the database entails that the database does not contain duplicate sites or entries. The location of sites recorded during the fieldwork phase has to be verified and plotted on the GIS mapping system to ensure that duplication of sites do not occur.

1.2.4 Data evaluation and report.

This final phase entails the compilation of all the information into a manageable report, summarising the finding and identifying key areas of risk and liabilities to Duvha Power Station and Eskom.

1.3 Identification, consolidation and numbering of monitoring sites As in previous monitoring reports, the sites at Duvha Power Station are classified according to their location relative to the infrastructure and natural streams. Four different monitoring areas are identified at the Power Station, namely:

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• the Power Station Area,

• the Coal Stockyard Area,

• the Ashing Area, and

• the Sewage Plant.

These four monitoring areas, as well as the surface- and groundwater monitoring sites, are shown in the site maps of Duvha Power Station attached in Appendix A.

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2 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

2.1 Geography and Climate Duvha Power Station is located in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa, approximately 13 km south-east of Witbank and 23 km south-west of Middelburg. The Power Station is located east of the Witbank Dam with the Ash Dam at a minimum distance of 1.7 km from the Witbank Dam.

The Power Station is located in the Highveld Climatic Region. The average precipitation in the Highveld Region varies between 650 and 900 mm. Rainfall is almost exclusively in the form of showers and thunderstorms and falls mainly in the summer months from October to March. The maximum rainfall usually occurs in January. The winter months are usually dry with approximately 85% of the annual rainfall occurring in the summer months.

The annual average number of thunderstorms in the highveld region varies between 75 and 100. These storms are often violent with heavy lightning and strong winds and are sometimes accompanied by hail. Between four and seven hail occurrences can be expected annually. The hailstones sometimes attain the sizes of hens’ eggs or tennis balls and can cause a great deal of damage. In general winds are light, except during thunderstorms. Very occasional tornadoes do occur.

The average daily maximum temperature is roughly 27oC in January and 17oC in July. In extreme cases these temperatures may rise to 38oCand 26oC, respectively. The average daily minima range from 13oC in January to 0oC in July. Temperatures as low as 1oC in January and -13oC in July have been recorded in extreme conditions. The period in which frost may occur usually lasts approximately 120 days from May to September. Sunshine duration is approximately 60% of the possible in summer and 80% in winter.

2.2 Rainfall Data Duvha Power Station lies within quaternary sub-catchment B11G of rainfall zone B1C. To evaluate the local weather conditions, weather information recorded at the Landau (515 386), Witbank-Mag (515 382) and Witbank-Mun (515 412) weather station will be used. These weather stations are situated at distances of approximately 11.3 to 14.3 km from the Power Station. The mean annual precipitation at theses weather stations are 689.2, 704.9 and 715.9 mm, respectively.

The average monthly rainfall for weather stations within rainfall zone B1C is summarised in Table 1. The average monthly rainfall recorded at the Landau weather station, situated the closest to Duvha Power Station, is displayed graphically in Figure 1. Data from the measurements taken during 70 years (1920 - 1989) were obtained. From the data listed in Table 1 it can be seen that the wettest months (on average) are January, November and December, whilst the driest months are August, July and June.

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Table 1. Average monthly rainfall recorded at weather stations within rainfall zone B1C (1920 – 1989).

Landau (515 386) Witbank-Mag (515 382) Witbank-Mun (515 412)Jan 118.92 121.68 123.58Feb 90.95 93.06 94.51Mar 78.82 80.65 81.91Apr 45.13 46.18 46.90May 17.29 17.70 17.97Jun 8.27 8.46 8.59Jul 7.17 7.33 7.45

Aug 7.03 7.19 7.30Sep 23.56 24.11 24.49Oct 66.83 68.39 69.45Nov 115.75 118.44 120.29Dec 109.28 111.81 113.56

Month Average monthly rainfall (mm)

Landau (515 386)

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Rain

fall

(mm

)

Figure 1. Average rainfall recorded at the Landau weather station (1920-1989) (Over a period of

70 years)

2.3 Evaporation Data Two evaporation stations are located near the western banks of the Witbank Dam. Evaporation stations B1E001 and B1E005 are situated approximately 6.6 and 5.0 km away from the activities at Duvha Power Station and fall within Evaporation Zone 4A. Evaporation data are, however, only available from station B1E001. The mean annual S-pan evaporation from station B1E001 is 1 621 mm.

The average monthly evaporation for the B1E001 evaporation station within Evaporation Zone 4A is summarised in Table 2 and displayed graphically in Figure 2. Data from the measurements taken during 15 years (1964 - 1979) were obtained. From the data listed in Table 1 and Table 2 it can be seen that the months of high evaporation correspond well with the months of high rainfall with the highest evaporation recorded during the rainy months.

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Table 2. Average monthly evaporation at weather stations within Evaporation Zone 4A (1964 – 1979).

Average monthly evaporation (mm)B1E001

Jan 178.31Feb 148.65Mar 146.70Apr 112.82May 94.99Jun 77.16Jul 84.45

Aug 111.85Sep 144.92Oct 174.74Nov 164.86Dec 181.55

Month

B1E001

0.0020.0040.0060.0080.00

100.00120.00140.00160.00180.00200.00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Evap

orat

ion

(mm

)

Figure 2. Average monthly evaporation at the B1E001 evaporation station (1964-1979) (Over a

period of 70 years)

The average effective monthly evaporation (evaporation – rainfall) for the area near Duvha Power Station is listed in

Table 3. Also listed in

Table 3 are the average monthly evaporation losses estimated for the dam systems at Duvha Power Station. The evaporation losses from the Ash Dam were estimated by assuming that the evaporation from the unsaturated ash amounts to 10% the evaporation that can be expected from an open water body such as the pool area.

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Table 3. Average effective monthly evaporation and estimated evaporation losses from the dam systems at Duvha Power Station.

MonthAverage effective

monthly (mm) Ash Dam LLAWRD Raw Water Dam HLAWRD Maturation Ponds Emergency Pan

Jan 59.39 45.73 16.63 8.49 1.66 0.45 15.04Feb 57.70 44.43 16.16 8.25 1.62 0.43 14.61Mar 67.88 52.27 19.01 9.71 1.90 0.51 17.19Apr 67.69 52.12 18.95 9.68 1.90 0.51 17.15May 77.70 59.83 21.76 11.11 2.18 0.58 19.68Jun 68.89 53.05 19.29 9.85 1.93 0.52 17.45Jul 77.29 59.51 21.64 11.05 2.16 0.58 19.58

Aug 104.82 80.71 29.35 14.99 2.93 0.79 26.55Sep 121.35 93.44 33.98 17.35 3.40 0.91 30.74Oct 107.91 83.09 30.22 15.43 3.02 0.81 27.33Nov 49.10 37.81 13.75 7.02 1.37 0.37 12.44Dec 72.28 55.65 20.24 10.34 2.02 0.54 18.31

Estimated monthly evaporation losses from dam systems (Ml)

2.4 Surface Topography and Drainage The Power Station is located south-west of the Witbank Dam at a minimum distance of 1.7 km from the dam. The natural surface topography is characterised by gently undulating hills with the Witbank Dam located in a valley formed where the topography display steeper gradients. The Raw Water Dam is located at a position where the natural topography forms a local maximum. From the Raw Water Dam surface runoff drains in all directions, but predominantly to the west and south-west.

Drainage in the vicinity of the Ash Dam occurs to the north, north-east and north-west where a number of non-perennial rivers originate in local topographic depressions. These non-perennial rivers all flow into the Witbank Dam.

The Emergency Pan is situated to the east of the Power Station in a local topographic low. Surface runoff drains from all directions towards this perennial pan, which is also fed by a spring that occurs near its western boundary. Another non-perennial pan occurs in a local depression north of the Emergency Pan.

The natural drainage to the west of the Power Station is in a westerly direction.

The current surface topography and drainage directions at Duvha Power Station are shown in Map 3. Although the construction of the various dam systems at the Power Station has altered the local drainage patterns in vicinities of these dams, the regional drainage is very similar to the natural drainage that occurred prior to the construction of the Power Station.

2.4.1 Impacts upon Receiving Water Bodies

The affected watercourses are the perennial, non-perennial streams and pans in the area as well as the Witbank Dam.

2.4.2 Sub-catchments

One sub-catchment was identified for the area under investigation to determine the drainage of water across the area. (Refer to Map 3 for a map of the sub-catchments and for the local drainage of the area).

During a rainstorm the Ashing Area, Power Station Area, and the Coal Stockyard, etc can impact on the groundwater regime and the streams that is located down-gradient from the site. The recharge to the underlying rock formations will mainly occur along preferential pathways in the form of vertical or sub-vertical fracture zones, thereby feeding the aquifers that occur in the area.

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2.4.2.1 Sub catchment B11G - A

Sub-catchment B11G - A forms part of Drainage region B11G. The local water drainage occurs from the east, across the area and in a north and north-western direction and flows into the Witbank Dam.

2.4.2.2 Sub catchment B11G - B

Sub-catchment B11G- B forms part of Drainage region B11G. The local water drainage occurs from the north and east, across the area and in a south and south-western direction and flows into the Witbank Dam.

2.5 Geology A regional geological map of the area surrounding Duvha Power Station is presented in Map 4. Duvha Power Station is located near the contact between sedimentary rocks of the Karoo Supergroup and older extrusive volcanic rocks of Vaalian age in the form of porphyritic rhyolites.

The Karoo rocks that occur in the vicinity of the Power Station predominantly belong to the Vryheid formation of the Ecca Group, and minor sediments of the Dwyka formation. The sediments consist of shales, sandstones, conglomerates and coal deposits. Combinations of these rock types are often found in the form of interbedded siltstone, mudstone and coarse-grained sandstone. The sediments of the Vryheid Formation were deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment where swamps and marshes existed, in which peat accumulate. The Dwyka Formation is essentially comprised of a succession of glacial deposits characterized by angular to rounded clasts of basement within a silt and clay matrix that were emplaced from the Late Permian, although varved shales, sandstone, and conglomerates typical of a fluvio-glacial environment also occur (Botha et al., 1998).

Vaalian aged rocks occurring at the Power Station belongs to the Bushveld Complex as well as the Transvaal Supergroup. Rhyolite intrusives belonging to the Selonsriver formation, of the Transvaal Supergroup, intruded into weathered material belonging to the Loskop formation of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. The Loskop formation sediments predominantly consist of shales, sandstones and conglomerates. The Selonsriver formation rhyolites exhibit a porphyritic texture.

The Ash Dam and Low Level Ash Water Return Dam are almost completely underlain by rhyolites, with the contact between the rhyolites and the Karoo rocks running approximately parallel to the south-western border of the Ash Dam. Drilling results have shown that the contact occurs more to the south and that it in fact runs underneath the Raw Water Dam. The Power Station itself, as well as the High Level Ash Water Return Dams, Sewage Plant and Emergency Pan, occurs on Karoo sedimentary rocks.

A large intrusive diabase, Mogolian in age, body occurs to the north of the Low Level Ash Water Return Dam and partially underlies the return water dam. No outcrop of this body is, however, visible at surface. Three boreholes that are located north of the Low Level Ash Water Return Dam intersect the diabase body.

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Table 4. Table showing local lithological make up with chronological time constraints

Age Sequence Group Subgroup Formation Symbol Rocktypes (Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks)

Rocktypes (Intrusive Rocks)

Ecca Vryheid Pe Sandstone, shale, coalDwyka Pd Tillite, shale

Mogolian di Diabase

Bushveld Complex Loskop Vls

Shale, sandstone, conglomerate, volcanic

rocks

Transvaal Rooiberg Selons Rivier VsVolcanic rocks, porphyritic

rhyolite

Vaalian

Permian Karoo

2.6 Geohydrology The main water bearing aquifers in the vicinity of the Power Station are fractured rock aquifers. The term fracture refers to cracks, fissures, joints and faults, which are caused by (i) geological and environmental processes, e.g. tectonic movement; secondary stresses; release fractures; shrinkage cracks; weathering; chemical action; thermal action and (ii) petrological factors like mineral composition, internal pressure, grain size, etc.

From a hydrogeological point of view, a fractured rock mass can be considered a double porosity aquifer medium, conceptually consisting of two major components: matrix rock blocks and fractures. Fractures serve as higher conductivity conduits for flow if the apertures are large enough, whereas the matrix blocks may be permeable or impermeable, with most of the storage usually contained within the matrix. Actually, a rock mass may contain many fractures of different scales. The permeability of the matrix blocks is in most cases of practical interest a function of the presence of micro-fractures. A rock mass which consists only of large fractures and some matrix blocks with no micro-fissures (or smaller fractures) lead to a term called purely fractured rocks. In this case, the domain takes the form of an interconnected network of fractures and the rock matrix, comprising the blocks surrounded by fractures, is impervious to flow. However, there may still be porosity. In the case where the domain is a porous medium (or a micro-scaled fractured medium) intersected by a network of interconnected fractures, the rock is termed a fractured porous rock and the domain is therefore characterized by at least two subsystems, each having a different scale of inhomogeneity (called scale effect).

2.6.1 Aquifer characteristics

Drilling data and work undertaken during previous investigations suggests that multiple aquifer types are represented at the site. These include:

• Unconfined aquifers present within soil horizons that have developed within colluvial and alluvial environments and the weathered upper levels of Ecca Formation sediments. These aquifers are generally perched on less permeable underlying in situ sediments;

• Unconfined aquifers along the trend of dolerite dykes. These may also act as recharge points for confined aquifers within the Ecca Formation at depth;

• Semi-confined aquifers within the Ecca Formation. These aquifers are commonly confined along essentially horizontal bedding interfaces between different lithologies, but can be locally unconfined along the trend of fractures zones, which allows the aquifers to recharge seasonally. The aquifers can therefore be regarded as a semi-confined, or leaky confined, aquifer on a regional scale if the definition of Fetter (1994) is considered;

• Deeper confined aquifers within basement lithologies.

From a pollution management viewpoint, the presence of a perched shallow aquifer is problematic due to resulting localised decreases in the bearing capacity of site profiles, and the increased

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potential for pollutant transport. In this instance, site aquifers are generally seasonal, which suggests that they either drain quickly (i.e. they are relatively permeable), have a low storage potential, or that stored water can be lost via evapo-transpiration processes. Contaminant movement away from pollution point sources can be reduced, or prevented entirely, through the construction of cut-off trenches and sub-soil drains to the confining layer at the base of the aquifer. This is generally not an option at sites where this layer occurs at significant depths, or when pollutants enter underlying regional aquifers.

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3 PHYSICAL INVESTIGATION

The currently installed monitoring system not only covers the immediate area of the Power Station, but is distributed even further than 100 metres from the infrastructures. It is therefore imperative that any data gathered during the hydrocensus work has to be incorporated into the existing database that contains all the historical data.

As some of the boreholes and surface water sites which form part of the monitoring system occur on neighbouring farms, the monitoring data will also be incorporated and classified according to usage together with the additional hydrocensus sites.

A short discussing of the currently installed monitoring network is therefore provided.

3.1 Current monitoring system The monitoring network of the power station comprises a total number of 93 sites (44 surface water monitoring sites, 34 groundwater sites) installed in and around the power station. The location of these sites can be classified as follows:

• the Power Station Area

• the Coal Stockyard Area

• the Ashing Area

• the Sewage Plant

• River and streams

These five monitoring areas are shown in the location plans of the Power Station attached in Appendix A and Appendix C.

3.2 Fieldwork During the hydrocensus a total number of 29 additional sites were identified from which only 27 sites were sampled and analysed. These extra sites were incorporated into the database of the Power Station. Fifteen of the sampled sites are groundwater sites. The other 12 sampled sites are surface water sites.

Together with the existing 78 monitoring sites in and around the vicinity of the power station, this brings the total number of sites at the power station to 107.

The relevant information of the combined hydrocensus and monitoring sites (107 in total) regarding the site location and description, usage (if in use or not, domestic or agricultural use), site type (groundwater or surface water), type of equipment and condition etc. is shown in Appendix B and Appendix C and discussed below.

3.3 Groundwater There are in total 51 groundwater sites of which 48 (40 boreholes and 8 fountains) are sampled and analysed. Seventeen sites (10 boreholes and 7 fountains) were identified and investigated during the hydrocensus. Refer to Appendix B – Map 5 and Map 8.

3.3.1 Groundwater use

Five boreholes are being used for domestic purposes. A total of 2 boreholes are being used for both agricultural (livestock) and domestic purposes. Refer to Appendix B – Map 7.

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3.3.2 Water level measurements

During the hydrocensus water levels could be measured at 4 boreholes. Limited access to borehole water levels are because of installed equipment in the boreholes. Historical data exists for the monitoring boreholes from the Power Station.

3.3.3 Equipment

A variety of equipment is installed in various boreholes that were inspected. One borehole is equipped with a hand pump. Submersible pumps were found at 7 sites with all of the pumps in working condition.

A total of 35 boreholes were recorded without any equipment. Refer to Appendix B – Map 6.

3.4 Surface water There are in total 56 surface water sites of which 39 (14 rivers, 8 dams, 13 canals, 3 seepage sites and one discharging pipe) are sampled and analysed.

Eighteen sites (13 streams, 3 dams, one canal and 1 seepage sites) were identified and investigated during the hydrocensus. Refer to Appendix B – Map 5 and Map 8.

3.4.1 Surface water use

A total of 22 sites are used for livestock purposes and five sites are used for livestock and monitoring. Refer to Appendix B – Map 7.

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4 SURFACE- AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY – INORGANIC PARAMETERS

Surface- and groundwater samples taken during this study were submitted to the laboratory of the Institute for Groundwater Studies. The results of the analyses are presented in this section by various graphical means and tabled formats regarding the contamination status of the surface- and groundwater are made.

Although the concentrations of more than 20 inorganic chemical parameters in the water samples were determined during the chemical analyses, only six parameters are used as indicators of contamination in the monitoring of the pollution potential in this system. These six parameters are: the electrical conductivity (EC), the major ions Ca, Na, Cl and SO4 and the minor ion Fe. The suitability of these parameters to act as indicator elements in the evaluation of water contamination was determined by GHT during a previous investigation. The additional information on the concentrations of the other elements is required to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the chemical analyses.

4.1 Chemical Analysis Reliability The most common way to evaluate the reliability of an analysis is to perform an ion balance calculation. For any water analysis, the total cation and anion concentrations should balance. The difference between these concentrations is referred to as the ion balance error. A negative value indicates that anions predominate in the analysis, whereas a positive value shows that cations are more abundant. For the analysis to be considered reliable, the ion balance error should not be greater than 5% or less than -5 % of the total ion concentration. A value greater than this figure indicates that some major constituents have not been analysed for or that there is an analytical error. Some trace elements are not included in the ion balance calculation. However, these may still be important as pollution indicators and may be used to identify point sources of pollution.

4.2 Chemical Data Presentation Formats The results of the inorganic chemical analyses are presented in various formats in this report. These formats include Data Tables, Pollution Index Tables and Bar Charts. The formats used are not exhaustive and any special requirements could be incorporated if suggested by the client or if shown necessary as the monitoring program progresses. The formats of data presentation used in this report are discussed below.

4.2.1 Data Tables, Water Quality Tables and Pollution Index Tables

Data Tables

The results of all the inorganic chemical analyses that have been performed on water samples from Duvha Power Station during the previous monitoring program as well as the analyses taken during the Hydrocensus is available in an electronic database for review. The results of the chemical analyses are given in table format in Table 7 to Table 8.

Water Quality Tables

In these tables the water samples from each monitoring and hydrocensus site are classified according to the “South Africa Water Quality Guidelines, Volume 1: Domestic Use, DWA&F, First Edition 1993” and the “South Africa Water Quality Guidelines, Volume 1: Domestic Use, DWA&F, Second Edition 1996”, as well as according to the publication “Quality of Domestic Water Supplies, DWA&F, Second Edition 1998”. A description of the various classes is given in

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Table 4 while the health and aesthetic effects associated with the use of water from the different classes are described in Table 5.

Table 4. Classification system used to evaluate water quality classes. Quality of Domestic Water Supplies, DWA&F, Second Edition 1998

- Ideal water quality - Suitable for lifetime use. - Good water quality - Suitable for use, rare instances of negative effects. - Marginal water quality - Conditionally acceptable. Negative effects may occur in some sensitive groups - Poor water quality - Unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur. - Dangerous water quality - Totally unsuitable for use. Acute effects may occur.

South Africa Water Quality Guidelines, Volume 1: Domestic Use, DWA&F, First Edition 1993 & Second Edition 1996 - Target water quality range - No risk. - Good water quality - Insignificant risk. Suitable for use, rare instances of negative effects. - Marginal water quality - Allowable low risk. Negative effects may occur in some sensitive groups - Poor water quality - Unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur.

Class 0Class 1Class 2Class 3

HR

Class 4

NRIRLR

Table 5. Health and aesthetic effects associated with the water quality classes.

CLASS DESCRIPTION EFFECTS

Drinking Health: No effects, suitable for many generations.

Drinking Aesthetic: Water is pleasing.

Food preparation: No effects.

Bathing: No effects.

Laundry: No effects.

Drinking Health: Suitable for lifetime use. Rare instances of sub-clinical effects.

Drinking Aesthetic: Some aesthetic effects may be apparent.

Food Preparation: Suitable for lifetime use

Bathing: Minor effects on bathing or on bath fixtures.

Laundry: Minor effects on laundry or on fixtures.Drinking Health: May be used without health effects by the majority of individuals of all ages, but may cause effects in some individuals in sensitive groups. Some effects possible after lifetime use.Drinking Aesthetic: Poor taste and appearance are noticeable.

Food preparation: May be used without health or aesthetic effects by the majority of individuals.

Bathing: Slight effects on bathing or on bath fixtures.

Laundry: Slight effects on laundry or on fixtures.

Drinking Health: Poses a risk of chronic health effects, especially in babies, children and the elderly.

Drinking Aesthetic: Bad taste and appearance may lead to rejection of the water.

Food preparation: Poses a risk of chronic health effects, especially in children and the elderly.

Bathing: Significant effects on bathing or on bath fixtures.

Laundry: Significant effects on laundry or on fixtures.

Drinking Health: Severe acute health effects, even with short-term use.

Drinking Aesthetic: Taste and appearance will lead to rejection of the water.

Food preparation: Severe acute health effects, even with short-term use.

Bathing: Serious effects on bathing or on bath fixtures.

Laundry: Serious effects on laundry or on fixtures.

CLASS 0Ideal

water quality

CLASS 1Good

water quality

CLASS 4Unacceptablewater quality

CLASS 2Marginal

water quality

CLASS 3Poor

water quality

Pollution Index Tables

Pollution Index Tables are used to obtain a first estimate of the probability that contaminants are impacting on the surface- and groundwater of a site. For groundwater sites the Pollution Index (PI) for a specific indicator element is calculated by relating the current concentration to the concentrations recorded at a number of background sites, and by assuming that the indicator element concentrations of the background samples follow a normal distribution. The background sites must all occur upstream from the Power Station activities. The PI for each indicator element under consideration is calculated by taking the difference between the current concentration and the

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average concentration obtained for the background samples. This difference is then divided by the standard deviation of the background samples, as explained in the Eq.1:

( )( )

( ) Aelementindicator

AelementindicatorAelementindicator concbackgroundofdevSt

concbackgroundAveconcCurrentPI

.... −

= (Eq.1)

To interpret the PI’s, the following should be noted:

• Negative PI’s imply that the current indicator element concentration is lower than the average background concentration and that contaminant impacts are therefore not visible.

• PI’s greater than 0.5 imply that the current sample concentration is more than half a standard deviation larger than the average concentration measured at the background sampling sites. The likelihood of obtaining a concentration of this magnitude in an uncontaminated sample is <30.9%. The sample could possibly be contaminated.

• PI’s greater than unity imply that the current sample concentration is more than one standard deviation larger than the average concentration measured at the background sampling sites. The likelihood of obtaining a concentration of this magnitude in an uncontaminated sample is <15.9%. There is therefore a high probability that the sample is contaminated.

• PI’s greater than two imply that the current sample concentration is more than two standard deviations larger than the average concentration measured at the background sampling sites. The likelihood of obtaining a concentration of this magnitude in an uncontaminated sample is <2.3%. There is therefore a very high probability that the sample is contaminated.

For stream sites the PI’s are calculated by comparing the concentrations at sites that could be under the influence of contaminant impacts with the concentration recorded at a position upstream from the Power Station activities. It should be understood that the upstream sample may already be contaminated due to the activities of other polluters situated upstream from the Power Station. The PI’s calculated for the stream sites therefore only reflect the impacts of Power Station activities on the stream. The PI for a specific indicator element at a specific stream site is calculated by simply dividing the indicator element concentration by the indicator element concentration recorded at the upstream site, as explained in Eq.2:

Stream sites: ( )( )( ) Aelementindicator

AelementindicatorAelementindicator concUpstream

concCurrentPI

..

= (Eq.2)

To interpret the PI’s of the stream sites, the following should be noted:

• PI’s between 1.0 and 1.5 imply that the current indicator element concentration is between 0% and 50% higher that the concentration at the upstream site. The site could possibly be affected by contaminant impacts from the Power Station.

• PI’s between 1.5 and 2.0 imply that the current indicator element concentration is between 50% and 100% higher that the concentration at the upstream site. The site is probably affected by contaminant impacts from the Power Station.

• PI’s higher than 2.0 imply that the current indicator element concentration is more than 100% higher that the concentration at the upstream site. There is a very high probability that the site is affected by contaminant impacts from the Power Station.

With the newly gathered data, a reference can now be calculated for future use in calculating the pollution index at different groundwater sites.

The sites as well as the chemical results used to create the new Pollution Index References are given in Table 6.

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Table 6. Pollution Index References.

Site No. Date pH EC Na Ca Cl SO4 Mg K F NO2-N NO3-N PO4 Mn B Cr

FBB34 30-Apr-09 6.56 9.54 7.8882752 5.97032 8.6538 1.3361 2.5892941 1.39205 0.0957 0.01 2.1081 0.1 0.0121298 0.0193 0.005FBB36 30-Apr-09 7.26 12.8 11.174247 8.035 2.0883 0.9473 4.3274135 1.39619 0.1962 0.01 0.045 0.1 0.0138693 0.0196 0.005FBB37 01-May-09 6.4 5.19 4.4672542 2.9244 4.2259 0.9319 1.4890723 0.91944 0.0116 0.01 1.1806 0.1 0.0151122 0.0167 0.005FBB38 01-May-09 7.53 19.9 18.250776 12.7864 6.6504 6.0139 7.1312452 1.27359 0.2538 0.01 0.207 0.1 0.0218394 0.0248 0.005FBB39 01-May-09 6.51 4.49 4.8637432 2.00977 3.4879 0.7979 0.7501819 1.08343 0.0562 0.01 0.9325 0.1 0.0069055 0.0144 0.005FBB40 01-May-09 6.78 7.96 6.1456514 5.48637 7.9153 0.7008 2.259994 1.19759 0.0745 0.01 0.045 0.1 0.0234425 0.0179 0.005FBB41 01-May-09 6.05 3.77 4.7727192 1.06957 8.6141 0.5327 0.4826085 0.94916 0.0378 0.01 0.045 0.1 0.0113567 0.0304 0.005FBB43 01-May-09 6.47 5.78 6.4876678 1.83191 8.321 1.2934 0.7628032 1.43148 0.0617 0.01 0.045 0.1 0.1411334 0.013 0.005FBF02 30-Apr-09 6.72 10.4 17.142636 2.50068 6.0317 15.9366 1.2915015 1.47886 0.1096 0.01 0.045 0.1 0.0091944 0.0199 0.005FBF03 01-May-09 6.84 4.61 5.9154033 1.76184 2.4358 4.1046 0.3428786 1.7236 0.0767 0.01 0.4198 0.1 0.0087248 0.0174 0.005

6.71 8.44 8.71 4.44 5.84 3.26 2.14 1.28 0.10 0.01 0.51 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.0050.43 5.00 5.13 3.70 2.59 4.80 2.13 0.25 0.07 0.00 0.70 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.000

6.93 10.95 11.27 6.29 7.14 5.66 3.21 1.41 0.13 0.01 0.86 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.0057.14 13.45 13.84 8.14 8.44 8.06 4.27 1.54 0.17 0.01 1.20 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.0057.57 18.45 18.96 11.84 11.03 12.86 6.40 1.79 0.25 0.01 1.90 0.10 0.11 0.03 0.005Ave + (2 × StDev)

AverageStDev

Ave + (½ × StDev)Ave + StDev

4.3 Evaluation of Surface- and Groundwater Quality – Inorganic parameters The results of the chemical analyses of the water samples taken during this investigation are discussed in Section 4.3.1.1 and 4.3.1.2.

4.3.1 Water Quality Table

The water quality of the surface- and groundwater samples collected at Duvha Power Station and the surrounding area is summarised in this section in table format. The data in the are colour-coded according to the “South Africa Water Quality Guidelines, Volume 1: Domestic Use, DWA&F, First Edition 1993” and the “South Africa Water Quality Guidelines, Volume 1: Domestic Use, DWA&F, Second Edition 1996”, as well as according to the publication “Quality of Domestic Water Supplies, DWA&F, Second Edition 1998” (see Table 4).

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Table 7. Water quality –Groundwater and Surface water monitoring sites.

pH EC Na Ca Mg K Cl SO4 F NO2-N NO3-N NH4-N PO4 Fe Mn B Al Cu Cr Pb Hg Zn IonbalmS/m mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L %

AB01 23-Jul-08 6.58 22 40 4 3 3 29 5 0.25 0.01 0.15 0.43 0.1 0.123 0.049 4.06AB02 22-Jul-08 5.96 51 89 7 6 2 146 2 0.08 0.01 0.13 0.04 0.1 0.201 0.037 1.44AB03 22-Jul-08 6.62 25 32 20 4 2 3 1 1.61 0.09 0.16 0.70 0.1 0.446 0.044 3.64AB04 22-Jul-08 6.48 80 79 53 34 4 64 166 0.06 0.01 0.15 0.04 0.1 0.479 0.049 3.98AB05 23-Jul-08 6.63 29 49 10 3 4 25 2 1.66 0.01 0.18 2.09 0.1 0.190 0.047 4.93AB27 22-Jul-08 6.08 79 100 22 21 17 77 218 0.06 0.01 0.15 0.47 0.1 0.169 0.204 1.69AB28 22-Jul-08 5.93 119 109 92 15 27 84 458 0.03 0.01 0.16 1.34 0.1 3.645 0.240 1.57AB29 22-Jul-08 7.93 71 115 13 10 20 108 106 0.17 0.01 0.13 0.03 0.1 0.190 0.259 2.38AB30 22-Jul-08 7.09 38 14 34 18 3 57 16 0.06 0.01 0.17 0.05 0.1 0.382 0.027 1.93AB31 22-Jul-08 6.74 49 14 45 24 3 65 57 0.04 0.01 0.14 0.04 0.1 0.281 0.024 1.19AB32 22-Jul-08 6.16 137 247 8 9 15 333 114 0.09 0.01 0.14 0.06 0.1 0.466 0.029 3.01AB33 22-Jul-08 6.03 30 39 6 8 7 48 42 0.10 0.01 0.12 0.21 0.1 0.147 0.020 0.31AC01 22-Jul-08 6.39 107 130 52 19 26 95 365 0.09 0.01 0.56 0.17 0.1 0.773 0.274 4.71AC02 22-Jul-08 6.13 22 33 13 2 2 42 14 0.07 0.01 0.13 0.06 0.1 0.116 0.019 3.63AC03 23-Jul-08 6.28 18 13 14 6 3 14 34 0.07 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.1 0.064 0.023 1.62AP06 22-Jul-08 6.66 100 162 18 13 22 168 135 0.44 0.01 0.32 0.19 0.1 0.420 0.068 0.027 0.006 0.006 0.010 0.0001 0.0120 0.68AP07 22-Jul-08 6.11 52 93 5 4 6 116 53 0.17 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.1 1.315 0.028 2.62AP14 22-Jul-08 5.35 20 32 4 2 3 35 24 0.18 0.01 0.36 0.15 0.1 7.448 0.040 4.97AP15 22-Jul-08 6.18 44 45 10 6 9 64 43 0.25 0.01 0.73 0.18 0.1 33.919 0.129 0.028 0.002 0.006 0.012 0.0001 0.0230 4.18AS02 23-Jul-08 5.12 189 255 52 53 21 162 627 0.38 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.254 0.111 0.273 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.0001 0.028 2.77AS03 22-Jul-08 6.97 157 237 45 43 19 154 429 0.27 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.1 0.311 0.070 2.44AS04 23-Jul-08 7.05 54 19 50 30 2 63 75 0.15 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.1 0.093 0.008 3.50AS05 22-Jul-08 6.08 114 123 68 23 25 92 404 0.15 0.01 0.17 0.76 0.1 0.052 0.137 1.55AZ01 23-Jul-08 6.58 11 7 5 5 3 7 11 0.04 0.01 0.37 0.23 0.1 0.045 0.004 1.96CB06 22-Jul-08 6.32 8 4 5 3 3 4 3 0.24 0.01 0.06 0.18 0.1 0.456 0.005 4.64CB07 22-Jul-08 6.50 13 8 11 5 3 4 8 0.09 0.01 0.13 0.05 0.1 0.106 0.004 1.33PB09 22-Jul-08 5.86 6 8 1 1 1 9 3 0.04 0.01 0.13 0.11 0.1 0.181 0.004 1.05PB10 22-Jul-08 5.98 4 5 2 1 1 5 2 0.03 0.01 0.19 0.19 0.1 0.119 0.006 0.84PB12 22-Jul-08 6.28 22 18 5 3 4 26 4 0.03 0.02 0.56 9.56 0.1 0.190 0.004 4.75PB13 22-Jul-08 6.88 19 18 13 7 5 21 3 0.38 0.01 0.22 0.06 0.1 0.237 0.004 1.43

DateNr

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Table 4. Water quality –Groundwater and Surface water monitoring sites continues.

pH EC Na Ca Mg K Cl SO4 F NO2-N NO3-N NH4-N PO4 Fe Mn B Al Cu Cr Pb Hg Zn IonbalmS/m mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L %

PB14 22-Jul-08 5.96 7 7 2 2 2 9 1 0.09 0.01 0.14 0.16 0.1 0.150 0.004 0.18PB15 22-Jul-08 6.06 11 11 4 4 6 6 9 0.09 0.01 0.14 0.57 0.1 0.123 0.004 1.97PB16 22-Jul-08 5.62 12 19 1 0 0 28 1 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.1 5.373 0.014 1.37PB17 22-Jul-08 6.12 14 15 3 2 3 21 3 0.09 0.01 0.47 3.27 0.1 3.197 0.009 2.31PB18 22-Jul-08 6.21 10 8 7 3 2 14 3 0.04 0.01 0.15 0.08 0.1 0.114 0.004 1.00PB19 22-Jul-08 6.58 14 8 12 5 4 12 9 0.17 0.01 0.43 0.06 0.1 0.072 0.004 0.02PB20 22-Jul-08 6.43 65 98 24 11 4 47 194 0.11 0.01 0.16 0.55 0.1 0.070 0.004 3.26PB21 22-Jul-08 6.56 56 105 10 8 4 42 127 0.19 0.01 0.46 0.13 0.1 0.184 0.004 3.09PB22 22-Jul-08 6.05 42 84 2 1 1 76 69 0.11 0.01 0.29 0.44 0.1 0.289 0.004 0.31PB23 23-Jul-08 5.99 39 34 17 13 4 33 97 0.08 0.01 0.14 0.05 0.1 7.888 0.017 1.39PB25 23-Jul-08 6.51 11 13 5 3 1 10 2 0.12 0.01 0.15 0.33 0.1 0.067 0.004 0.29PC04 22-Jul-08 10.40 139 84 217 2 24 67 590 1.68 0.09 1.46 0.26 0.1 0.008 0.435 0.66PC07 22-Jul-08 11.10 189 120 298 0 33 70 693 2.11 0.04 1.26 0.59 0.1 0.001 0.438 2.08PP01 23-Jul-08 7.48 719 1673 114 103 42 206 3642 1.59 0.01 0.04 0.28 0.1 0.685 0.048 1.47PP02 22-Jul-08 6.72 38 22 36 11 9 27 58 1.17 0.01 0.21 0.30 0.1 0.326 0.008 3.89PP03 23-Jul-08 6.94 141 115 182 3 28 87 527 1.28 0.01 0.17 0.15 0.1 0.178 0.204 0.79PP05 23-Jul-08 10.50 139 84 216 2 24 65 586 1.71 0.08 1.47 0.29 0.1 0.006 0.472 0.89PP11 23-Jul-08 5.89 12 14 4 3 3 22 14 0.60 0.01 0.19 0.30 0.1 0.052 0.004 0.36PP12 23-Jul-08 5.33 22 39 2 1 1 33 46 0.13 0.01 0.33 0.21 0.1 7.688 0.019 0.040 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.0001 0.0150 1.96R01 22-Jul-08 5.83 39 65 4 3 4 94 28 0.05 0.01 0.16 0.06 0.1 0.058 0.004 1.12R03 22-Jul-08 6.67 60 38 54 18 7 49 141 0.32 0.01 0.46 1.00 0.1 2.157 0.039 0.96

Quality of Domestic Water Supplies, DWA&F, Second Edition 1998Class 0 - Ideal water quality - Suitable for lifetime use.Class 1 - Good water quality - Suitable for use, rare instances of negative effects.Class 2 - Marginal water quality - Conditionally acceptable. Negative effects may occur in some sensitive groupsClass 3 - Poor water quality - Unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur.Class 4 - Dangerous water quality - Totally unsuitable for use. Acute effects may occur.

South Africa Water Quality Guidelines, Volume 1: Domestic Use, DWA&F, First Edition 1993 & Second Edition 1996NR - Target water quality range - No risk.IR - Good water quality - Insignificant risk. Suitable for use, rare instances of negative effects.LR - Marginal water quality - Allowable low risk. Negative effects may occur in some sensitive groupsHR - Poor water quality - Unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur.

Nr Date

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4.3.1.1 Discussion–Groundwater and Surface water monitoring sites

In this section the impact of activities at Duvha Power Station on the surface- and groundwater resources is discussed. Table 7 list the inorganic chemical parameters as observed at these sites. In these tables the site numbers are also colour-coded according to the colour of the parameter that exceeds the drinking water quality guidelines by the largest margin.

The following observations may be made with respect to the results of the chemical analyses performed on the groundwater and surface water monitoring samples taken at Duvha Power Station. (Table 7):

Power Station Area

• Based on the inorganic parameter concentrations, the groundwater quality in the Power Station Area may be classified as ideal, although high iron concentrations are observed at PB16, PB17 and PB23.

• The surface water quality of the Power Station is of a poor quality. The water quality of the southern station drain dam (PP01) is of a dangerous quality with extremely high concentrations of sodium, sulphate and fluoride.

• The surface water quality of the sites PP05, PP12 PC04 and PC07 is of a poor quality. PP05, P04 and PC07 have high concentrations of fluoride. High concentrations of iron were detected at PP12.

Coal Stockyard Area

• Based on the inorganic parameter concentrations, the groundwater quality in the Coal Stockyard Area may be classified as ideal. No evidence for contaminant impacts is apparent.

• No information on the surface water quality in the Coal Stockyard Area is available.

Ashing Area

• Based on the inorganic parameter concentrations, the groundwater quality in the Ashing Area may be classified as ideal to good. High fluoride concentrations have, however, been recorded at sites AB03 and AB05. The high concentration of F at these sites are unknown and should be determined.

• The surface water quality in the Ashing Area ranges from ideal to marginal. Very high iron concentrations have, however, been recorded at sites AP14 and AP15.

Sewage Plant area

• Based on the inorganic parameter concentrations, the groundwater quality in the Sewage Plant Area may be classified as ideal. No evidence of contaminant impacts (as far as inorganic parameters are concerned) is apparent.

Non-perennial streams

• Only two stream sites (R01 and R03) have been sampled. The water quality at this site is generally ideal. However, moderate concentrations of iron were measured at R03.

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Table 8. Water quality –Hydrocensus sites.

pH EC Na Ca Mg K Cl SO4 F NO2-N NO3-N Fe Mn PO4 NH4-N B Al Cr IonbalmS/m mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L %

FBR06 30-Apr-09 6.77 70 27.8 60.0 38.41 7.4 19.0 222.0 0.54 0.01 0.05 0.16 0.14 0.10 1.02 0.05 0.02 0.01 4.53R05 30-Apr-09 7.19 26 14.6 18.3 14.85 1.4 5.5 78.0 0.21 0.01 0.05 0.23 0.03 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 3.92

FBR07 30-Apr-09 6.88 13 17.6 5.0 2.30 3.7 7.6 6.0 0.50 0.05 0.19 0.25 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.10FBR08 30-Apr-09 6.70 15 24.8 4.4 1.65 1.8 10.8 21.8 0.29 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.02 0.10 0.15 0.02 0.05 0.01 1.19FBB34 30-Apr-09 6.56 10 7.9 6.0 2.59 1.4 8.7 1.3 0.10 0.01 2.11 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 4.08FBF02 30-Apr-09 6.72 10 17.1 2.5 1.29 1.5 6.0 15.9 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.96FBB36 30-Apr-09 7.26 13 11.2 8.0 4.33 1.4 2.1 0.9 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.73AP14 30-Apr-09 6.57 19 27.7 4.9 2.22 3.2 40.5 9.8 0.11 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.06 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.20PP11 30-Apr-09 6.10 7 8.0 2.5 1.11 2.6 12.3 7.4 0.21 0.01 0.05 0.16 0.02 0.10 0.30 0.03 0.14 0.01 1.07

FBR09 01-May-09 7.32 149 37.7 157.1 119.97 11.9 12.3 788.0 0.55 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.03 2.69 0.14 0.06 0.02 0.01 2.16FBR10 01-May-09 6.81 8 9.3 2.7 1.43 2.3 6.9 10.1 0.05 0.01 0.42 0.19 0.01 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.01 2.66FBR11 01-May-09 7.64 170 51.9 139.8 135.75 34.0 86.0 619.0 1.49 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.02 0.10 0.28 0.03 0.03 0.01 2.42FBB37 01-May-09 6.40 5 4.5 2.9 1.49 0.9 4.2 0.9 0.01 0.01 1.18 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.01 4.73FBB38 01-May-09 7.53 20 18.3 12.8 7.13 1.3 6.7 6.0 0.25 0.01 0.21 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.01 1.92FBR12 01-May-09 6.14 8 6.5 5.1 1.97 1.2 4.0 23.1 0.10 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.53FBB39 01-May-09 6.51 4 4.9 2.0 0.75 1.1 3.5 0.8 0.06 0.01 0.93 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 4.00FBF03 01-May-09 6.84 5 5.9 1.8 0.34 1.7 2.4 4.1 0.08 0.01 0.42 0.24 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.15 0.01 2.52FBB40 01-May-09 6.78 8 6.1 5.5 2.26 1.2 7.9 0.7 0.07 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.01 4.91FBB41 01-May-09 6.05 4 4.8 1.1 0.48 0.9 8.6 0.5 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.01 4.40FBR13 01-May-09 6.67 10 8.8 3.8 3.96 2.5 7.3 13.3 0.05 0.01 0.20 0.03 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.89AS03 01-May-09 7.62 104 70.5 94.8 29.62 10.9 87.0 293.0 0.38 0.01 0.05 0.41 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.01 1.52

FBR14 01-May-09 6.87 7 10.5 1.7 0.78 1.4 4.2 6.1 0.26 0.01 0.07 0.34 0.01 0.10 0.15 0.02 0.23 0.01 4.56FBF04 01-May-09 6.95 8 12.6 1.9 0.99 1.3 4.7 6.0 0.26 0.01 0.05 0.38 0.01 0.10 0.11 0.02 0.29 0.01 3.15FBC17 01-May-09 7.54 61 42.9 68.0 12.49 5.7 43.1 143.0 0.37 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.08 0.11 0.02 0.01 2.57PP03 01-May-09 7.05 25 9.7 33.3 2.30 2.1 12.6 19.0 0.16 0.01 0.05 0.45 0.07 0.10 0.51 0.02 0.06 0.01 4.16PP12 01-May-09 6.29 6 7.1 1.5 0.38 4.1 9.3 5.6 0.19 0.01 0.05 3.78 0.02 0.10 0.37 0.02 0.08 0.01 1.55

FBB43 01-May-09 6.47 6 6.5 1.8 0.76 1.4 8.3 1.3 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.01 1.10FBR15 01-May-09 8.25 34 13.9 35.5 10.98 1.7 4.5 56.5 0.30 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.01 3.83FBF05 01-May-09 6.66 70 26.6 25.4 11.93 22.0 26.3 0.5 0.11 0.01 0.13 31.68 2.45 1.68 5.32 0.09 0.01 0.01 3.68FBR16 01-May-09 6.59 109 125.1 49.8 22.64 24.8 94.0 355.0 0.12 0.01 0.05 0.21 5.02 0.10 0.57 0.39 0.03 0.01 0.32FBF06 01-May-09 6.29 38 58.9 4.3 2.12 4.1 86.0 32.0 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.23 0.10 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.01 4.01FBF07 01-May-09 6.37 25 38.3 5.8 1.66 4.4 45.6 33.3 0.15 0.01 0.05 4.11 0.05 0.10 0.53 0.03 0.08 0.01 1.61FBF08 01-May-09 6.83 48 58.8 12.4 5.64 12.7 91.0 0.5 1.14 0.01 0.05 19.39 1.70 0.10 3.08 0.06 0.05 0.01 4.42

Duvha Power Station - Hydrocensus

NrOnMap Date

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4.3.1.2 Discussion––Hydrocensus sites

In this section the impact of activities at Duvha Power Station on the surrounding surface- and groundwater resources is discussed. Table 8 list the inorganic chemical parameters as observed at these sites. In these tables the site numbers are also colour-coded according to the colour of the parameter that exceeds the drinking water quality guidelines by the largest margin.

The following observations may be made with respect to the results of the chemical analyses performed on the hydrocensus water samples taken at Duvha Power Station. (Table 8):

It is clear when evaluating the water quality according to the above water quality classes that the water quality at most of the sites sampled during the Hydrocensus is of an ideal (Class 0) to good (Class 1) quality indicating limited to no impact on the area.

Surface sites FBR09 and FBR11 are classified as poor due to the concentrations of SO4 and are classed as Class 3 water quality unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur. The high concentrations of SO4 in the surface water at these sites can possibly be attributed to influence from the Coal Stockyard which is located upstream from these sites.

Surface site FBR16 is classified as poor due to the concentrations of Mn and is classed as Class 3 water quality unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur. FBR16 is located on the north-western side, next to the Ashing area. The high concentration of Mn in the surface water at this site is attributed to the location of the site.

Surface sites FBF05 and FBF08 are classified as dangerous due to the extremely high concentrations of Fe and are classed as Class 4 water quality unsuitable for human use. Acute effects may occur in babies. The presence of high concentrations of Fe in the groundwater is unknown. It is recommended that an investigation be conducted to determine the origin of the pollution source.

The groundwater qualities of the area were used to compile SO4 (Sulphate) and EC (Electrical Conductivity) contour maps. The contours of these maps are colour coded according to the above water quality classes and is displayed in Map 9 and Map 10. These contours clearly indicate the pollution sources, as well as the affected areas and associated areas of increased risk.

It should be noted that these contours were derived by an interpolation method, and that it is merely a representation of a scenario involving these point sources. By no means are any geological or geophysical properties taken into account.

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5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1 Introduction The Water Act (1998) is based on a number of principles. One of which is that the quantity, quality and reliability of water required, maintaining the ecological functions, on which humans depend shall be reserved so that the human use of water does not individually or cumulatively compromise the long-term sustainability of aquatic and associated ecosystems. In this instance, drinking water guidelines (South African Domestic Water Supplies, 2001), were used as a basis to determine the potential impacts of a given contaminant on water quality.

Domestic water supplies are categorised according to classes (refer to Table 5), and it is with these classes that groundwater quality in the vicinity of the Duvha Power Station has been compared (refer to Table 7 and Table 8).

As the large majority of the borehole sites were only sampled once, it should be stressed that the alarming concentrations of some elements from these sites may not be indicative of the overall risk.

It should be noted that this assessment is based on low confidence calculations based on a few data sets.

5.2 Approach All the technical consideration and physical parameters described in the sections above are of critical importance to this project. It is evident that parameters such as topography, drainage, runoff and infiltration, geology, water levels and ground and surface water chemistry will all be of importance in identifying areas of greater potential impacts on both surface and ground water. Subsequently the detrimental risk will be greater in certain areas.

All the physical information form the basis of the protocol process and aquifer classifications will be the methodologies used in the assessment process. This information will be used for a risk analysis of different areas and recommendations are made accordingly.

Topographic gradient and surface runoff

Drainage in the vicinity of the Ash Dam occurs to the north, north-east and north-west impacting on a number of non-perennial rivers originate in local topographic depressions. These non-perennial rivers all flow into the Witbank Dam.

Drainage in the vicinity of the Power Station Area and the Cola Stockyard Area are predominantly to the west and south-west (Boesman Spruit). The Boesman Spruit flows into the Witbank Dam. A risk exists that pollutions from these sites can reach the Boesman Spruit or the Witbank Dam and might impact negatively on the stream and Dam. Surface sites FBR09 and FBR11 are classified as poor due to the concentrations of SO4 and are classed as Class 3 water quality unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur. The high concentrations of SO4 in the surface water at these sites might be attributed to influence from the Coal Stockyard which is located upstream from these sites.

Surface site FBR16 is classified as poor due to the concentrations of Mn and is classed as Class 3 water quality unsuitable for use without treatment. Chronic effects may occur. FBR16 is located on the north-western side, next to the Ashing area. The high concentration of Mn in the surface water at this site is attributed to the location of the site.

No impact upon the non perennial streams (R01, R02, R03, R05, FBR07 and FBR08) upstream from the Witbank Dam (downstream from Duvha Power Station) is currently measured.

- 15 -


Sub-surface migration

The main water bearing aquifers in the vicinity of the Power Station are fractured rock aquifers. During a rainstorm the Pollution sauces (Ashing Area, Power Station Area, and the Coal Stockyard) can impact on the groundwater regime. The recharge to the underlying rock formations will mainly occur along preferential pathways in the form of vertical or sub-vertical fracture zones, thereby feeding the aquifers that occur in the area.

Based on the inorganic parameter concentrations, the groundwater quality in the Ashing Area may be classified as ideal to good. High fluoride concentrations have, however, been recorded at sites AB03 and AB05. The origin of the fluoride should be determined.

Surface sites FBF05 and FBF08 are located to the east and upstream from any Power Station activities. These sites are classified as dangerous due to the extremely high concentrations of Fe and are classed as Class 4 water quality unsuitable for human use. Acute effects may occur in babies. The presence of high concentrations of Fe in the groundwater is unknown.

From the results of the chemical analyses it can be seen that the Power Station activities are impacting negatively on the quality of the groundwater. However, the data obtained during the Hydrocensus showed that the Power Station has minimal effect on the surrounding area.

Groundwater depth

The groundwater table depth measured in the vicinity of the Power Station ranges between artesian and 4.1 mbgl. During the Hydrocensus the water level of only 4 boreholes could be measured because of installed equipment in the borehole. The groundwater table depth measured for the hydrocensus borehole rang between 3.8 and 24.4 mbgl.

The vulnerability of the underground water source is related to the distance that the contaminant must flow to reach the water table, and the ease with which it can flow through the soil and rock layers above the water table. Thus, areas in which the groundwater table occurs at shallow depths are more vulnerable to impacts from surface contaminants seeping into the subsurface. Should contaminants reach the aquifer, it may be transport off-site, which may lead to a negative impact in groundwater qualities of abstracted groundwater utilised for domestic purposes.

From the results of the water level depth it can be concluded that the vulnerability of the aquifer is high in the vicinity of the Power Station Area due to shallow aquifer. Boreholes already effected by contamination are the following (AB03, AB05, AB28, PB16, PB17 and PB23) and can be attributed to Ashing and Power Station activities.

- 16 -


6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS

A very important aspect of this investigation was to determine the possible impact of the Power Station activities on the groundwater of the region. The results of the chemical analyses at the groundwater sites within the sub-catchments areas were used to draw the following conclusions. Refer to Map 3.

This investigation excludes the influence of mining activities at some of the Power Stations.

• Pollution was detected in three of the groundwater sites sampled during the Hydrocensus. Traces of Mn (Class 1), Fe (Class 2) and Al (Class 1) were detected at sites FBF06, FBF07 and FBF04 respectively and can be attributed to Power Station activities upstream from these sites. These sites area located approximately 1.2, Km, 1.9 Km and 2 Km from the Ash Dam.

The results of this investigation showed that groundwater pollution could be traced approximately between 1 and 2 Km from the Ashing area and at much lower concentrations.

6.1 Recommendations Contaminant movement away from pollution point sources can be reduced, or prevented entirely, through the construction of cut-off trenches and sub-soil drains to the confining layer at the base of the aquifer.

An early detection system must be installed downstream from the major pollution sources to detect possible seepage or drainage from these areas.

- 17 -


7 REFERNCES

COUNCIL FOR GEOSCIENCE. Any 1:250,000 geological map (or parts thereof) presented in this document is the intellectual property of the Council for Geoscience and is used by permission. Copyright and all rights are reserved by the said Council.

South African Weather Bureau. 1993. Weather information obtained from databases.

South African Weather Bureau. 2000. Weather information obtained from databases.

05 August 2009 L.J. van Niekerk (Pr.Sci.Nat) Date

Appendix A

000000000 0.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.50.5 111111111

kilometerskilometerskilometerskilometerskilometerskilometerskilometerskilometerskilometers

PF01PF01PF01PF01PF01PF01PF01PF01PF01PB23PB23PB23PB23PB23PB23PB23PB23PB23

CB06CB06CB06CB06CB06CB06CB06CB06CB06 PB11PB11PB11PB11PB11PB11PB11PB11PB11

CB07CB07CB07CB07CB07CB07CB07CB07CB07PB12PB12PB12PB12PB12PB12PB12PB12PB12

PB10PB10PB10PB10PB10PB10PB10PB10PB10



AB02AB02AB02AB02AB02AB02AB02AB02AB02






CB08CB08CB08CB08CB08CB08CB08CB08CB08



















Duvha Power StationDuvha Power StationDuvha Power StationDuvha Power StationDuvha Power StationDuvha Power StationDuvha Power StationDuvha Power StationDuvha Power StationGroundwater sitesGroundwater sitesGroundwater sitesGroundwater sitesGroundwater sitesGroundwater sitesGroundwater sitesGroundwater sitesGroundwater sites

000000000

metresmetresmetresmetresmetresmetresmetresmetresmetres

500500500500500500500500500 1,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,000

PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07

PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01PP01





AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03







CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12CC12


PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01




PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01PE01

CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14CC14

Duvha Power StationSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard AreaSurface water sampling sites - Power Station and Coal Stockyard Area

�

000000000 500500500500500500500500500 1,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,000


AP06AP06AP06AP06AP06AP06AP06AP06AP06

AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS02AS02AS02AS02AS02AS02AS02AS02AS02


PC08PC08PPC08PPC08PC08PPC08

PP05PP05PP05PP05PP05PP05PP05PP05PP05PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PC07PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01PS01

PC09PC09PC09PC09PC09PC09PC09PC09PC09


AC13AC13AC13AC13AC13AC13AC13AC13AC13 AC01AC01AC01AC01AC01AC01AC01AC01AC01



AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03AC03



PC04PC04PC04PC04PC04PC04PC04PC04PC04

P08P08P08P08P08P08P08P08P08

PP10PP10PP10PP10PP10PP10PP10PP10PP10


Duvha Power StationSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing AreaSurface water sampling sites - Ashing Area

�


000000000 500500500500500500500500500 1,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,0001,000

R01R01R01R01R01R01R01R01R01

R05R05R05R05R05R05R05R05R05

R02R02R02R02R02R02R02R02R02 R03R03R03R03R03R03R03R03R03

R04R04R04R04R04R04R04R04R04

Duvha Power StationStream sampling sitesStream sampling sitesStream sampling sitesStream sampling sitesStream sampling sitesStream sampling sitesStream sampling sitesStream sampling sitesStream sampling sites

�

Appendix B

Study Area

GHT CONSULTING SCIENTISTS94 Victoria Street, Parkwes, Bloemfontein 9301

Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE

GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEM SPHEROIDUniversal Transfer Mercator WGS84 LO 29

May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 1: Regional Topography

Duvha Power Station Hydrocensus

LOCALITY MAP

Duvha Power StationP.O.Box 2199Witbank 1035South Africa

INFOTopographical Location approximately

13km South East of Middelburg

,

Pans

Dams

Wetlands

Non-Perennial RiversPerennial Rivers

Secondary RoadsPrivate RoadsMain RoadsNational RoadsPower Lines

0 1 2 3 4 5

Kilometers

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 2: Topography and Elevations


LOCALITY MAP


INFORegional elevetions between1430 mamsl and 1640 mamsl

,

Pans

Dams

Wetlands


Secondary RoadsPrivate RoadsMain RoadsNational RoadsPower Lines

ElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevation(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)

0 1 2 3 4

Kilometers

B11G-AB11G-AB11G-AB11G-AB11G-AB11G-AB11G-AB11G-AB11G-A

B11G-BB11G-BB11G-BB11G-BB11G-BB11G-BB11G-BB11G-BB11G-B

B11HB11HB11HB11HB11HB11HB11HB11HB11H

B11GB11GB11GB11GB11GB11GB11GB11GB11G

B11JB11JB11JB11JB11JB11JB11JB11JB11J

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP3: Drainage and Sub-Catchment Areas


LOCALITY MAP


INFORegional elevetions between1430 mamsl and 1640 mamsl

,

Sub-Catchments

Drainage Regions

0 1 2 3 4

Kilometers

ElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevationElevation(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)(mamsl)

VlsVaalium group,Loskop formation,shale,sandstone,conglomerate,volcanic rocks

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 4: Geological Map


LOCALITY MAP


INFO Regional GeologyBased on 1:250 000 Geologycal Series

Published by Geological Survey

,

Pd Permian Group,Dwyka formation,Tilliet,shale

PeEcca Group,Vryheid formation,shale,shaly sandstone,grit,sandstone,conglomerate

diDiabase,(fromVaalian to post-Mogolian age)

Rooiberg Group,Selonsrivierformation,porohyritic rhyolite withinterbedded mudstone & sandstone

Vs

0 1 2 3 4

Kilometers

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 5: Historical and Current StudyCombinded Data


LOCALITY MAP


INFOGroundwater Sites (73)Surface Water sites (94)

,

Pans

Dams

Wetlands


Main RoadsNational RoadsSecondary RoadsPrivate RoadsPower Lines

Surface Water Sites (62)Groundwater Sites (51)

0 1 2 3

Kilometers

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 6: Equipped Borehole Map


LOCALITY MAP


INFOGroundwater Sites

(51 within study area)

,

Hand Pumps (1)Submersible Pumps (7)None (43)

0 1 2 3

Kilometers

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 7: Groundwater and Surface Water Usage


LOCALITY MAP


INFOGroundwater Sites (51)Surface Water Sites (62)

,

Domestic & Livestock (2)Livestock Only (22)Domestic Use Only (5)Monitoring Only (73)Monitoring & Livestock (5)Unknown (6)

0 1 2 3

Kilometers

FBB40FBB40FBB40FBB40FBB40FBB40FBB40FBB40FBB40



FBF04FBF04FBF04FBF04FBF04FBF04FBF04FBF04FBF04

FBF02FBF02FBF02FBF02FBF02FBF02FBF02FBF02FBF02FBR08FBR08FBR08FBR08FBR08FBR08FBR08FBR08FBR08FBR07FBR07FBR07FBR07FBR07FBR07FBR07FBR07FBR07FBR12FBR12FBR12FBR12FBR12FBR12FBR12FBR12FBR12

FBB38FBB38FBB38FBB38FBB38FBB38FBB38FBB38FBB38FBB34FBB34FBB34FBB34FBB34FBB34FBB34FBB34FBB34

FBR06FBR06FBR06FBR06FBR06FBR06FBR06FBR06FBR06

R05R05R05R05R05R05R05R05R05










AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03AS03


FBC17FBC17FBC17FBC17FBC17FBC17FBC17FBC17FBC17








FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07 FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 8:Sample Locations with Available Chemical Data


LOCALITY MAP


INFOHistorical data (60) and

new data (33) from current study

,

2009 Hydrocensus Groundwater (15)2009 Hydrocensus Surface Water (18)Monitoring Surface Water (27)Monitoring Groundwater (33)

0 1 2 3

Kilometers



















FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 9: SO4 Contour Map


LOCALITY MAP


INFOSulphate contours between

0.4 and 467 mg/l

,


0 1 2 3

Kilometers



















FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF07FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08FBF08

Study Area


Tel: +27 (0) 51 444 0002 Fax: +27 (0) 51 444 0088

DATE


May 2009

LEGEND

MAP TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

MAP 10: EC Contour Map


LOCALITY MAP


INFOEC contours between2.85 and 175 mS/m

,


0 1 2 3

Kilometers

Appendix C

Numberon map

Sampleno.

Longitude(oE)

Latitude(oS)

Elevation(mamsl) Site Description Farm Name Farmer/

Owner Site TypeBorehole

Depth(m)

CasingHeight

(m)

CasingDiameter

(mm)Equipment

Use(Agricultural,

Domestic)WL Sampled

SampleDepth

(m)Current Condition Proposed Mitigation

FBR06 DWP182 29.29169 -26.00144 1503.66 Southwest of PS.Olifants river.Southwestern side of bridge on the R544. Wolwekrans 17/22 ~ River ~ ~ ~ None ~ Moderate

full Y Surface Moderate flow. ~

R05 DWP183 29.30055 -25.95627 1509.87 Monitoring site,R05.1km Northwest of Ashing dams. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None ~ Low Y Surface Flowing Slow.Overgrown. ~FBR07 DWP184 29.29447 -25.95202 1506.82 East of Olifants river.150m N from the immediate reagional water of the Olifants river. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Flowing Slow.Overgrown. ~

FBR08 DWP185 29.29532 -25.95233 1506.70 East of Olifants river.150m N from the immediate reagional water of the Olifants river. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Flowing Slow.Overgrown. ~

FBB34 DWP186 29.29052 -25.95608 1508.88 Next to Olifants river.North of the water at the inlet in the Olifants river.5000L tank. Naauwpoort Vicki Cloete Borehole ~ 0.10 165 Submersible Domestic(Drink) 24.5 Y Tap Satisfactory. ~FBB35 DWP187 29.30360 -25.93258 1535.13 200m Southwest from the river.South of Houses next to river.In grass at tanks.2 x 5000L tanks. Naauwpoort Vicki Cloete Borehole ~ 0.30 165 Submersible Domestic(Drink) ~ N ~ Not sampled. ~FBF02 DWP188 29.29612 -25.95365 1506.09 East of Olifants river.150m Northeast from the immediate reagional water of the Olifants river. Naauwpoort Vicki Cloete Fountain ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Overgrown. ~

FBB36 DWP189 29.31024 -25.95606 1537.79 At dam,180m Southeast from farm house.5000L tank. Naauwpoort A.A Hurn Borehole ~ 0.10 165 Submersible Domestic(Drink),Livestock(Sheep) ~ Y Tap Pumps every second day. ~

AP14 DWP190 29.32083 -25.94394 1589.39 Monitoring site, AP14. 50m Southwest from the Western corner of the ashing dam. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Stagnant. ~

PP11 DWP191 29.31713 -25.95749 1567.94 Monitoring site,PP11-1.6km South-southwest of the Western corner of the ashing dam. Naauwpoort ~ Dam ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Water dirty,cattle broke threw fence. ~FBR09 DWP192 29.34045 -25.99202 1514.50 2.6km South from PS cooling towers.On the R575. 500m Northwest from village. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Very Slow and dirty.Black residue floats on water. ~

FBR10 DWP193 29.32981 -25.98094 1523.92 1.6km Southwest from PS cooling towers. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Moderate flow. ~

FBR11 DWP194 29.32321 -25.98370 1505.90 50m South from main stream.Seems like a channel north from corn field.2.3km SW of PS cooling towers. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Corn flieds next to stream.Stagnant. ~

FBB37 DWP195 29.30289 -25.96505 1543.77 Next to House.West of Brick factory.5000L tank. Naauwpoort P.J. van Tonder Borehole 45 0.15 165 Submersible Domestic(Drink),Livestock(Cattle

) 14.5 Y Tap Farmer said they had problems with diesel in their water. ~

FBB38 DWP196 29.29460 -25.95736 1504.81 80m Northeast from water at inlet of the Olifants river.Borehole is outside the yard at the gate.5000L tank is inside the yard.Water usage: 5000L/week. Naauwpoort F. Beumyr Borehole 30 0.02 165 Submersible Domestic(Drink) ~ Y Tap Water is dirty.Farmer said alge grows in the water. ~

FBR12 DWP197 29.29608 -25.95451 1505.86 East of Olifants river.120m E from the immediate reagional water of the Olifants river.At the outlet. Naauwpoort ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Stagnant. ~FBB39 DWP198 29.28340 -25.94572 1511.10 20m East from Olifants river.40m East from the house. Naauwpoort ~ Borehole ~ 0.70 165 None ~ 4.5 Y 20 Building houses not in use till finished. ~FBF03 DWP199 29.29722 -25.93066 1521.84 200m South from Olifants river.Foutain flows into dam North from its origin. Naauwpoort ~ Fountain ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Moderate Y Surface Fountain flows fast into dam. ~

FBB40 DWP200 29.31453 -25.95618 1554.66 180m North from brick factory.Borehole in pump house.Inside fence.Nearst to the gate. Naauwpoort Mnr. Burger Borehole 48 0.30 165 Submersible Domestic(Drink) ~ Y Pumped Pumps 24h/day to factory,hostels and houses. ~

FBB41 DWP201 29.31515 -25.95625 1557.54 180m North from brick factory.Borehole in pump house.Inside fence.Furthest from the gate. Naauwpoort Mnr. Burger Borehole 42 0.30 165 Submersible Domestic(Drink) ~ Y Pumped Pumps 24h/day to factory,hostels and houses. ~

FBR13 DWP202 29.32610 -25.94915 1604.99 500m South from Ashing dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Flowing Slow. ~

AS03 DWP203 29.34458 -25.92327 1532.37 Monitoring site,R03.200m North from dams,North from the Ashing dams. Rhenosterfontein ~ Seepage ~ ~ ~ None ~ Low Y Surface Flowing Slow. ~

FBR14 DWP204 29.35296 -25.92790 1546.47 500m East from dams North from the Ashing dams. Rhenosterfontein ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Flowing Slow. ~FBB42 DWP205 29.35370 -25.92763 1549.08 80m Northeast from DWP204.350m North from the Northeastern corner of the Ashing dam. Rhenosterfontein ~ Borehole ~ 0.90 165 Hand pump ~ ~ N ~ Rusted and out of order. ~FBF04 DWP206 29.35437 -25.92838 1549.44 100m Southeast from DWP205.330m North from the Northeastern corner of the Ashing dam. Rhenosterfontein ~ Fountain ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Stagnant. ~

FBC17 DWP207 29.34936 -25.94858 1573.65 30m East from the Southeastern corner of the Ashing dam. Duvha Power Station 337/16

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Flowing Slow. ~

PP03 DWP208 29.34743 -25.96095 1578.83 PP03 Duvha Power Station 337/16

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Moderate

full Y Surface Emergency pan.Overgrown. ~

PP12 DWP209 29.35468 -25.95746 1568.90 Monitoring site,PP12.East of the northern side of the coal stock yard.Very dry. Duvha Power Station 337/16

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Very Low Y Surface Very dry.Almost dried up.PP12. ~

FBB43 DWP210 29.36081 -25.95339 1580.69 270m Northwest from R575.1.4km Northeast from the Northern side of the coal stock yard. Driefontein 338/8 ~ Borehole ~ 0.15 165 None ~ 4.5 Y 20 Temporary Construction Workers in area. ~

FBR15 DWP211 29.36218 -25.95597 1580.47 1.5km East of coal stock yard.Next to R575. Duvha Power Station 337/16

Eskom Duvha PS River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Very dirty.Flowing Slow into PP12. ~

FBF05 DWP212 29.37019 -25.92913 1572.16 1.6km Northeast from the northeastern corner of the Ashing dam. Hartebeestfontein 339/8 ~ Fountain ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Very dirty.Stagnant. ~

FBR16 DWP213 29.32977 -25.93488 1567.85 80m Northwest of Ash dam. Rhenosterfontein ~ River ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Flowing Slow.Overgrown. ~

FBF06 DWP214 29.32606 -25.92681 1533.17 1km Northwest of Ash dam. Rhenosterfontein ~ Fountain ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Overgrown. ~FBF07 DWP215 29.33345 -25.92357 1525.96 500m North of Ashing dams.800m East of Olifants river. Rhenosterfontein ~ Fountain ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Overgrown. ~

FBF08 DWP216 29.37682 -25.92442 1574.93 2.4 km Northeast from the northeastern corner of the ash dam.700m Southwest from farm house. Hartebeestfontein 339/8 ~ Fountain ~ ~ ~ None LivestockCattle) Low Y Surface Overgrown. ~

AB01 AB01 29.32599 -25.93416 1558.44 Borehole near old farmhouse (Renosterfontein). Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 36 0.20 165 None Monitoring 0.34 Y 4 Marker post destroyed,no locking device. Headworks must be upgraded. Replace lock and pin.

AB02 AB02 29.32606 -25.93181 1546.85 Borehole near AB01 towards Witbank Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 30 0.19 165 None Monitoring 0.24 Y 1 No locking device. Replace lock and pin.

AB03 AB03 29.32738 -25.93187 1549.83 Borehole near AB01 and AB02. Duvha Power Station 337


AB04 AB04 29.34515 -25.92497 1533.73 Borehole at pump station of ash dam. Duvha Power Station 337


AB05 AB05 29.34893 -25.93106 1545.49 Borehole north of Ash Dam near lower Ash Water Return Dam . Duvha Power Station 337


AB26 AB26 29.32206 -25.93981 1583.41 North of Ash Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 10 0.46 165 None Monitoring 1.49 Y 10 No locknut. ~


Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 10 0.84 165 None Monitoring 3.24 Y 10 No locknut,water has sulphuric smell. Satisfactory condition.

AB28 AB28 29.33445 -25.93277 1563.27 North of Ash Dam Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 10 0.38 165 None Monitoring Artesian Y 10 No locknut. ~



AB30 AB30 29.34435 -25.92315 1531.63 North of Low Level Ash Water Return Dam. Duvha Power Station 337


AB31 AB31 29.34412 -25.92307 1531.69 North of Low Level Ash Water Return Dam. Duvha Power Station 337



Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 30 0.80 165 None Monitoring 2.74 Y 30 No locknut,blocked at 27m,sampled at 27m.Water reddish. Obstruction in borehole must be removed and borehole must be cleaned.



AC01 AC01 29.34157 -25.92827 1545.29 Interception canal running into lower Ash Water Return Dam, sample at road. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface Large volume of fast flowing water,overgrown. Canal should be cleaned.

AC02 AC02 29.32117 -25.94333 1589.66 Storm water canal running into vlei area south-west of Ash Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface Satisfactory condition. ~

AC03 AC03 29.34905 -25.94897 1574.60 Storm water canal south of Ash Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface High water level. Origin of water released into this canal should be determined.Alternative water management options should be

considered.

AC13 AC13 29.34900 -25.92757 1540.27 Trench in north-western corner of Ashing Area. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~

AC15 AC15 29.33783 -25.93132 1557.55 Ash Water Return Canal. Duvha Power Station 337


AC16 AC16 29.32091 -25.94231 1588.89 Clean water canal west of Ash Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Stagnant Y Surface Canal filled with standing water. ~

AP06 AP06 29.32488 -25.93459 1558.42 Dam north-west of Ash Dam, collecting drainage from Ash Dam Area. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Moderate Y Surface Satisfactory condition. ~

AP07 AP07 29.32590 -25.92928 1538.62 Dam north-west of Ash Dam, collecting drainage from Ash Dam Area (downstream from AP06). Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom D ha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~, g g ( ) Station 337 Duvha PS g p

AP08 AP08 29.30551 -25.92933 1500.87 Witbank Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~

Numberon map

Sampleno.

Longitude(oE)

Latitude(oS)



Depth(m)

CasingHeight

(m)

CasingDiameter

(mm)Equipment

Use(Agricultural,

Domestic)WL Sampled

SampleDepth


AP09 AP09 29.34438 -25.92522 1534.08 Low Level Ash Water Return Dam. Duvha Power Station 337


AP13 AP13 29.36492 -25.92798 1565.31 Dam north-east of Ash Dam (upstream). Duvha Power Station 337


AP14 AP14 29.36492 -25.92798 1565.31 Non-perennial pan at south-western toe of Ash Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Moderate Y Surface Large volume of standing water. ~

AP15 AP15 29.33914 -25.92585 1542.64 Seepage in pan west of the Low Level Ash Water Return Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Moderate Y Surface Large volume of standing water. ~

AS02 AS02 29.33305 -25.93181 1559.80 Seepage in kraal north of Ash Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Seepage ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Moderate Y Surface Large volumes of standing water. ~

AS03 AS03 29.32672 -25.93319 1555.13 Seepage near AB01, AB02, AB03. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Seepage ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Low Y Surface Large volumes of standing water. ~

AS04 AS04 29.34433 -25.92355 1532.67 Seepage north of LLAWRD near R03. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Seepage ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~

AS05 AS05 29.33445 -25.93277 1563.27 Seepage next to borehole AB28. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Seepage ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Stagnant Y Surface Large volumes of standing water. ~

AZ01 AZ01 29.33438 -25.94893 1601.90 Pipe discharging water into canal AC03 south of the ash dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS

Discharging pipe ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Moderate Y Surface Presumably surface runoff. ~

CB06 CB06 29.34707 -25.95814 1592.45 Borehole outside Power Station Area at back of Coal Stockyard. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 40 0.35 165 None Monitoring 4.37 Y 5 New maker post and number,no locking device. Replace lock and pin.

CB07 CB07 29.34594 -25.96070 1589.51 Borehole outside Power Station Area at back of Coal Stockyard (next to PP03). Duvha Power Station 337


CB08 CB08 29.34538 -25.96413 1590.70 Borehole outside Power Station Area at back of Coal Stockyard (next to PP03). Duvha Power Station 337


CC12 CC12 29.34560 -25.96052 1591.60 Clean water leaving Coal Stockyard Area - sample at canal leaving Coal Stockyard Area near PP03. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface Rain water. ~

CC13 CC13 29.34564 -25.96051 1591.39 Clean water leaving Coal Stockyard Area - sample inside Coal Stockyard Area or in pan area. Duvha Power Station 337


CC14 CC14 29.34588 -25.95574 1591.61 Runoff interception canal around Coal Stockyard. Duvha Power Station 337


PB09 PB09 29.34395 -25.95560 1594.04 Borehole upstream from upper Ash Water Return Dams. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 40 0.15 165 None Monitoring 3.97 Y Surface No locknut, water smells rotten. Borehole must be cleaned.

PB10 PB10 29.34246 -25.95373 1593.44 Borehole downstream from upper Ash Water Return Dams. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 40 0.15 165 None Monitoring 4.20 Y Surface No locknut, water smells rotten. Borehole must be cleaned.

PB11 PB11 29.34879 -25.95830 1586.83 Supply borehole on Mr Gouws's farm. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole ~ ~ 165 None Monitoring ~ N ~ Destroyed. Borehole must be repaired or replaced.

PB12 PB12 29.32237 -25.96053 1586.87 Borehole at sewage works - in fenced camp at furthest corner of works. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole ~ 0.25 165 None Monitoring 1.04 Y Surface No locknut or marker post,overgrown should be cleared. Borehole should be properly marked and locked. Area around borehole must be cleaned.

PB13 PB13 29.32235 -25.95956 1587.77 Borehole at sewage works - right next to road. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole ~ 0.23 165 None Monitoring 0.74 Y Surface No locknut or marker post,overgrown should be cleared. Borehole should be properly marked and locked. Area around borehole must be cleaned.

PB14 PB14 29.32899 -25.95350 1605.09 South-east of Raw Water Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 10 0.28 165 None Monitoring 0.60 Y 10 No locknut,sampled at 9m. ~

PB15 PB15 29.32685 -25.95040 1605.56 West of Raw Water Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 10 0.22 165 None Monitoring 0.42 Y 10 No locknut,sampled at 9m. ~

PB16 PB16 29.32678 -25.95236 1604.13 South-west of Raw Water Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Borehole 20 0.31 165 None Monitoring 0.60 Y 20 No locknut,hole collapsed sampled at 15m. Obstruction in borehole must be removed.

PB17 PB17 29.32064 -25.95921 1582.32 West of Sewage Plant. Duvha Power Station 337


PB18 PB18 29.32299 -25.95843 1591.04 North of Sewage Plant. Duvha Power Station 337


PB19 PB19 29.32278 -25.96068 1587.55 South of Sewage Plant. Duvha Power Station 337


PB20 PB20 29.34514 -25.95265 1589.45 North-east of High Level Ash Water Return Dams. Duvha Power Station 337


PB21 PB21 29.34544 -25.95304 1589.78 North-east of High Level Ash Water Return Dams. Duvha Power Station 337


PB22 PB22 29.34627 -25.95451 1589.31 East of High Level Ash Water Return Dams. Duvha Power Station 337


PB23 PB23 29.34889 -25.95877 1583.80 North of Emergency Pan. Duvha Power Station 337


PB24 PB24 29.34945 -25.95885 1583.42 North of Emergency Pan. Duvha Power Station 337


PB25 PB25 29.34693 -25.96538 1585.55 South of Emergency Pan. Duvha Power Station 337


PC04 PC04 29.34905 -25.94897 1574.60 Dirty water canal from northern Station Drain Dams. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface High water level. Steps should be taken to keep the clean and dirty water systems separate.

PC05 PC05 29.34777 -25.95623 1589.23 Emergency canal leaving ESKOM property and running into pan PP03. Duvha Power Station 337


PC06 PC06 29.33309 -25.96593 1591.78 Dirty water canal running to southern Station Drain Dams. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ Y Surface Not inspected. ~

PC07 PC07 29.34359 -25.95287 1591.62 Canal near pump station at upper Ash Water Return Dams. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Moderate Y Surface High water level. ~

PC08 PC08 29.34696 -25.95428 1587.38 Dirty water canal running to northern Station Drain Dams. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface High water level. ~

PC09 PC09 29.34416 -25.95119 1586.85 Storm water leaving Power Station Area into natural environment. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface Low water level. ~

PC10 PC10 29.33623 -25.96695 1589.53 Clean water leaving Power Station Area - sample at culvert near road. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface Lots of rain water. ~

PC11 PC11 29.34116 -25.96845 1589.50 (Clean water)? Canal leaving Power Station Area - sample at gutter near road. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Canal ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface Lots of rain water,water black,runoff interception unable to cope with large amounts of rain water. Interception must be cleaned to ensure throughflow of runoff water.

PE01 PE01 29.32326 -25.95852 1591.53 Final effluent pumped to northern Station Drain Dams. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Effluent ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~

PF01 PF01 29.34810 -25.95879 1585.64 Fountain 10m away from Emergency Pan (PP03). Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Fountain ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Strong Y Surface Satisfactory condition. ~

PP01 PP01 29.33340 -25.96811 1579.10 Station drain dams (south). Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring High Y Surface Flowing strongly. Dams should be regularly maintained.

Numberon map

Sampleno.

Longitude(oE)

Latitude(oS)



Depth(m)

CasingHeight

(m)

CasingDiameter

(mm)Equipment

Use(Agricultural,

Domestic)WL Sampled

SampleDepth


PP02 PP02 29.33341 -25.96249 1597.72 Duck pond near Conference/Recreation Centre. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring High Y Surface Receiving large amounts of rain water. ~

PP03 PP03 29.34756 -25.96109 1578.43 Emergency Pan (water also used by Mr Gouws). Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Full Y Surface Satisfactory condition. ~

PP04 PP04 29.34423 -25.95452 1592.89 Ash Water Return Dams (high). Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Moderate N ~ Satisfactory condition. ~

PP05 PP05 29.34769 -25.95335 1583.89 Station Drain Dams (north) - sample at outflow. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Full Y Surface Dams overflowing,oil skimmers not functioning properly due to large amounts of rain water. Oil skimmers must be upgraded to handle large volumes of water and must be in working condition.Ash and coal

needs to be removed as part of maintenance procedure.

PP10 PP10 29.34438 -25.92522 1534.08 Raw Water Dam. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ N ~ Not inspected. Ash spill must be cleaned.

PP11 PP11 29.31819 -25.96022 1571.55 Dam west of sewage plant. Duvha Power Station 337


PP12 PP12 29.35210 -25.95577 1568.33 Non-perennial pan north-east of Power Station Area. Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Dam ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring Low Y Surface Stagnant.Satisfactory condition ~

PS01 PS01 29.33835 -25.95278 1599.82 Possible burst pipe (north-west of power station). Duvha Power Station 337

Eskom Duvha PS Seepage ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~

R01 R01 29.32570 -25.92669 1530.67 Stream downstream from dam AP07 (north-west of Ash Dam). Naauwpoort Public Stream River ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring,Livestock Strong Y Surface High water level. ~

R02 R02 29.33381 -25.92362 1527.98 Stream north of Ash Dam flowing towards Witbank Dam along fence. Naauwpoort Public Stream River ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring,Livestock Strong Y Surface High water level. ~

R03 R03 29.34469 -25.92333 1532.69 Stream north of Low Level Ash Water Return Dams (Ash Water Drain). Naauwpoort Public Stream River ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring,Livestock Strong Y Surface High water level. ~

R04 R04 29.36182 -25.93729 1573.09 Non-perennial stream upstream from Ash Dam. Naauwpoort Public Stream River ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring,Livestock ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~

R05 R05 29.30105 -25.95624 1580.00 Non-perennial stream west of Power Station Area. Naauwpoort Public Stream River ~ ~ ~ None Monitoring,Livestock ~ N ~ Not inspected. ~

Appendix D

AB01 AB04 AB26 AB28 AC01 AC02 AC15 AP06

AP14 AP15 AS03 AS03a AS03b AS05 CB06 CB07

CB08 CC12 CC14 FBB34 FBB35 FBB37a FBB37b FBB38

FBB39 FBB40 FBB41 FBB42 FBB43 FBC17 FBF03 FBF04

FBF05a FBF05b FBF06 FBF07 FBF08 FBR06 FBR07 FBR08a

FBR08b FBR09a FBR09b FBR09c FBR09d FBR10a FBR10b FBR11

FBR12 FBR14 FBR15 FBR16a FBR16b PB12 PB13 PB16

PB17 PC04 PC05 PC07 PC09 PC11 PP01 PP03

PP03a PP04 PP05 PP10 PP11 PP12 PS01 R03

R05

appendix k: hydrocensus report - zitholele · 100.00 120.00 140.00 jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug...

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