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Appendix: Component Data

VMOS Power F.E.T.s

Introduction

A range of four N channel enhancement mode VMOS Power F.E.T.s. VMOS is thegeneric name for vertical MOS. Unlike conventional MOS with the source, gate anddrain on the surface of the semiconductor chip, VMOS has the source on the topand the drain, like the collector of a bipolar transistor, on the bottom for optimumheat transfer. The control gate lies in a 'V' groove which is etched into the silicon.Current flows from source to drain along both sidesof this V-groove 'gate' but onlywhen a potential 'excites' the gate. VMOS is an enhancement mode MOSFET whichis effectively 'fail-safe', as no bias meansno current flow. This type of constructionfacilitates production of high voltage, high current F.E.T.s.

Connections

VN10KM

S G 0

GATE o---.----t

DRAIN

SOURCE

Basic Switching Applications

CMOS logic makes an ideal driver for VMOS since no interface components arerequired. A logic low to the input of the 4011 Bturns ON the _Ice \~hlle a logichigh turns the device OFF.


+V

191

Vee

0VOUT

-I

IVIN1

IV1N2

III- -

..2:--

Silicon Photodiode with Integrated Amplifier

Constant Illumination Control

+12V

3k3

8V2

2 7

12V100mA

192

Unijunction

Linear Electronic Circuits and Systems

UnijunctionSymbol

~B2

B,

2N2646Bottom View

E

B2~BlCASESIZE

10·18

UNIJUNCTION

2N2646

PTOT 300mW

Vss 35V

IE [ F" . :<50mA

I Iring cap~ 10fJF2AE(pk) VBB~30V

VB -E 30V2

Tstg -650 to + 1500CT· -650 to + 1250CJ

Audio Amplifiers

LM380

An audio power amplifier with a fixed gain of 50 (34dB). The input stage allowsinputs to be ground referenced or A.C. coupled as required and the output is automatically centred at one half ot he supply voltage. The device is protected withboth current limiting and thermal shutdown circuitry and is housed in a 14 pinD.I.L. package.

NOTE: Non-inv i/p is connected internally to gnd"via 150kn resistor.

1 2BYPASS NON

INVilp

Maximum ratings

Supply voltagePeak currentPackage dissipation (internally limited)Input voItageMax. junction temperatureOperating temperature range

22V1.3A10W±O.5V150°Coto 70°C


Typical Electrical Characteristics

193

Fixed loop gainInput sensitivityInput resistanceSupply voltage rangeBandwidthQuiescent current

50 (34dB)150mV r.rn.s,150kn8 to 22V max.100kHz7mA

Thermal DataThermal resistance: in free air above 25° C

with 4sq.in. heatsink (p.c.b.]

Applications

Single ended output Amplifier

A simple amplifier can be constructed using only a few external components(Pout = 2W Vee = 20V). The input may be from crystal or ceramic pick-ups, cartridge or microphone.

ilPo-----....-~

8

* 2R7

Bridge Amplifier

For an increase in output power, two amplifiers may be connected in the configuration shown below. This provides twice the voltage swing across the load for a givensupply. A 15n load is necessary due to current limitations and therefore the overalloutput power is increased by a factor of two over the single amplifier.

r--------------.....--Vcc= 18V

LS:- 15n 248 - 878

194 Linear Electronic Circuits and Systems

The RS TDA 2030 is a high quality monolithic audio amplifier i.c. capable of producing an output power of up to 21W maximum into a 4Q load. The device has avery low harmonic and crossover distortion. The THD is approx 0.1 % with anoutput power of 1'YJ (4Q load). The TDA 2030 features built in short circu itprotection, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection.

-ve o/PlIP

+ve -vs +vslIP

Maximum Ratings

TO 220 package(Tab connected to -Vsl

Supply voltage VsInput voltage Y in

Differential i/p voltage Vdiff

Output peak current (internally limited)Power dissipation at (Tcase = 60° C) PoStorage and junction temperature T j

Thermal Data

Thermal resistance junction to case

Bi-polar Op-amps

±18VVs±15V3.5A20W-40 to +150°C

759 power op-amp

An operational amplifier with characteristics similar to a 741 but. featuring a poweroutput stage capable of providing up to 325 mA output current into a 50 Q load.Operation is from a single or dual rail supply and the input common mode voltagerange includes the ground or negative rail. This device features internal currentlimiting, thermal shutdown protection and safe operating area protection forincreased reliability. Suited for a wide range of applications including voltageregulators, servo amplifiers, power drivers, etc. 4-lead package with heat sink tab.

Appendix : Componen t Data

TAB

0

(

)I n-IN +IN OUT V+

195

+36V

R26k8

VR110k

VOUT = 2T031.8V

Adjustable Voltage Regulator

R325k

lOUT = ±350mA*

• Subject to max. dev ice d issipation

196

348


Four operational amplifiers of the 741 type in a single 14-pin d.LI. plastic package.Channel separation 120 dB.Pin compatible with LM348, MC3403, HA4741, etc.

741

INV lIP

NON-INV lIP

NON-INV lIP

INV lIP

OFFSET NULL 1

INV INPUT· 2

NON-INV INPUT

TOP VIEW

TOP VIEW

O/P

INV lIP

NON-INV lIP

NON-INV lIP

INV lIP

O/P

NC

OUTPUT

OFFSET NULL

Features internal frequency compensation and short circuit protection. 8-pin d.LI.plastic package


OPEN LOOP VOLTAGE GAINAS A FUNCTION OFFREQUENCY

197

~-."-,,

-,1

100

80

iii~

60:z:(

"ur40o«

I-..J0

20>

0

-201 10 100

FREQUENCY Hz

C-MOS Op-amps

IK 10K 100K' 1m 10M

A rangeof operational amplifiers using C-MOS technology combining the advantagesof F.E.T. input amplifiers, i.e. very high input resistance and low input currents,with very low supply voltage operation and micropower consumption.

single - 7611

OFFSET NULL

INV. INPUT

NON-INV. INPUT

V-

TOP VIEW

IQSET

V+

OUTPUT

OFFSET NULL

V+

IQ pin connectionsF~r IQ = 10}.LA -IQ pin toVIQ = 100}.LA - 10 pin toground or any voltagefrom V+ - 0.8 V to V- + 0.8IQ = 1 mA - IQ pin to V-


The RS 7611 is a C-MOS operational amplifier with facility for controlling thequiescent current, enabling very low power consumption (~ 10IlW) or wide bandwidth (tvp, 1.4 MHz) to be obtained. With a guaranteed operating voltage range ofto.5 V to t 8.0 V (10 = 10 IlA), operation from a single nickel-cadmium cell can beachieved. Output voltage swing is to within millivolts of the supply.

The very low input currents and power consumption offered by this device make itideal for portable instrumentation, microphone amplifiers, high impedance buffers,etc.Housed in an 8-pin d .LI. plastic package.

F.E.T. Input Op-amps

A range of F.E.T. input operational amplifiers featuring extremely high inputresistance and low input currents. All have internal frequency compensation andshort-circuit protection.

M.O.S./F.E. T. - 3130E

2k....

OFFSET NULL·

INV INPUT

NON-INV INPUT

v

TOP VIEW

STROBE

OUTPUT

OFFSETNULL

Single supply voltage follower

M.O.S. input and output high performance amplifiers which may be operated froma single or dual supply rail. Provides low bias high resistance input, large outputvoltage swing with very wide bandwidth. Type 3130E - 8 pin d.i.l, plastic package.


J- F.E.T. - 351- 353

BALANCE 1

INV INPUT

NON-INV INPUT

TOP VIEW

OUTPUT A

INVERTINGINPUT A

NON INVERTINGINPUT A

NC

OUTPUT

BALANCE

-VNULL CrRCUIT

7 ·OUTPUT B

~_.... 5. NON INVERTINGINPUT 8

199

TOP VIEW

Two high performance wide bandwidth J-F.E.T. operational amplifiers featuringhigh slew rate, high gain bandwidth product and low supply current requirements.Ideal for high speed integrators, D/A converters, sampleand hold circuits, etc. TheRS 351 is a single op-amp which is pin for pin compatible with the standard 741utilising the same offset null circuit. The RS 353 is a dual version of the 351 withcommon supply rails, channel separation 120 dB. Both amplifiers are housed in8-pin d.LI. plastic packages.

200

071, 072, 074 - low noise


OFFSET NULL N1 1

NON-INV INPUT 3·

TOP VIEW

OUTPUT 1

NON-INV INPUT 3

TOP VIEW

OUTPUT 1

NON-INV INPUT 3

NON-INV INPUT 5

OUTPUT 7

TOP VIEW

5 OFFSET NULL N2

7 OUTPUT

5 NON-INV INPUT

NON-INV INPUT

Vcc-

NON-INV INPUT

N1

Vcc_

6

5N2

NULL CIRCUIT

Low noise and low distortion versions of the RS 081, 082 and 084 BIFET op-amps.Featuring 18 nVI VHZ equivalent input noise voltage at 1 kHz and a I.H.D. of0.01% at 10 V r.rn.s, output at 1 kHz. These devices are ideally suited for employment as audio preamplifiers, filters, etc. The RS 071 and 072 are housed in 8-pind.LI. plastic packages and the 074 is housed in a 14-pin dJ.1. package.

Aud

ioD

emon

stra

tion

Lin

k

100m

Vrm

sA

ud

ioIn

put

7

270k

3,

~Z

OO

k+

./1

4L

1N

**

-10

V

•·se

tto

give

OV

atco

llect

or

-1

OV-

2N30

53(+

500

C/W

HIS

)

11

1+

20V

10k

an

100n

OV

*Pin

s3,

4,5,

7,10

,11,

12

~ -

202

1445 differential output amplifier


OUTPUT

GATE

NON-INV B

INVB

NON-INV A

INVA

OUTPUT

TOP VIEW

An extremely versatile wide band amplifier with two channel differential inputs.Bandwidth 50 MHz. Supply voltage ±4 to ±12 V. 14-pin d.LI. ceramic package.Operating temperature range: o'c to +70°C.

Commutating Auto-zero Operational Amplifier

Introduction

The RS7600 Cornmutatinq.Auto-Zero (CAZ) operational amplifier, is an ultra lowoffset, low frequency operational amplifier. The key feature of the CAZ amplifieris automatic compensation for long drift phenomena and temperature effects. Twointernal operational amplifiers are connected so that when one amplifier is processing an input signal the other is maintained in an auto-zero mode.

The RS7600 contains all of the circuitry required for system operation, includingan oscillator, a counter, level translators, analogue switches and operational amplifiers. Only two external gain setting resistors and two auto-zero capacitors areneeded for complete amplifier function. Control of the oscillator and counter sectionis provided through the OSC and DR (Division Ratio) terminals. Internal biasing ofthe two on-ch lp operational amplifiers is programmable through a three-voltage-levelterminal, designated BIAs. The operational amplifier is internally compensated andis primarily intended for applications which require voltage gains from unity through100.

Since the device will auto-zero its internal offset error, no adjustment is requiredother than that of gain, which is established by the external resistors.


-----114 DR(Division Ratio)

PIN CONNECTIONSTOP VIEW

Features

• Exceptionally low input offset voltage.• Constructed using C-MOS technology.• Low long term input offset voltage drift.• Low input offset voltage temperature drift.

• Low D.C. input bias current.• Housed in a 14 pin D.I.L. plastic package.• Wide common mode and differential input voltage range.

BIAS (CONTROL)

203

C,

+ INPUT

AZ

-INPUT

OSC(OSCILLATOR)

INPUTANALOGSWITCHSECTION

OUTPUTANALOGSWITCHSECTION

v+

v-

OUTPUT

204

Differential Op-amp


The RS differential operational amplifier is a monolithic integrated circuit housedin a 14 pin D.I.L. package and designed for wideband video amplifier use. Becauseof its gated, two-channel, differential design, a number of other applications arepossible including video amplifier with AGC, amplitude modulator, balanced modulator, pulse-width modulator, frequency shift keyer, and others.

MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA =+25°C)

RATING Symbol Value Unit I

Supply Voltage Vee +12Vd cVEE -12

Input Differential Range VIDA ± 15.0 Volts

Load Current IL 25 rnA

Power Dissipation Po 625 mWDerate above TA =+25°C 5.0 mWfC

Operating Ambient Temperature TA o to +75 °c

Storage Temperature TSTG -65 to °c+150

Package Layout

Output 1~-----

Gate 21------_

Non-Inv.lnput B 3

Inv.lnput B

Non-Inv.lnput A 5

Inv. Input A

Output 7~-----""'"

o NC

sa Vee (+)

8 VEE (-)


Electronic Attenuator

205

A silicon monolithic gain controlled A.C. amplifier programmed by an external D.C.voltage or resistor. Applications include remote volume controls, speech compressorand expander circuits. The device is housed in an 8 pin 0.1. L plastic package suitablefor use over the operating temperature range of O°Cto 75°C.

Absolute maximum ratings (TA = 25°C)

Supply voltage 20V d.c.Power dissipation 1.2 WattsDerate above 25°C 10mWfCOperating ambient temp. range 0 to +75°C

Electrical Characteristics

ein =100mV (r.m.s.), f =1kHz,

Rcontrol =0, Vee =16 VOperating Supply VoltageControl sink current (ein = 0)Input voItageInput resistance

Pin connections

TOP VIEW

•

9.18V d.c.2mA d.c. (max)0.5V (r.rn.s.) max17kO (tvp)

Attenuation versus D.C. control voltage

OdS Reference = 13dB Gain f=1.0kHz

---........ .......................~

<,

'"<,

"",'"

oco"0- 20eo.~ 40::Je~ 60«

80

1004 5

Control Voltage (V d.c.)6

206

Applications

Remote volume control

I.C. Timers 555 & 556

In traduction


+Vcc

A range of I.C. Timers suitable for monostable or astable operation. In the monostable mode these timers are capable of producing accurate delays over a very widetiming range. In the astable mode a wide frequency coverage is coupled with variableduty cycle capability. These versatile devices require a low number of externalcomponents and operate over a wide supply voltage range at modest current requirements, providing effective solutions for many timing and pulse circuit applications.The bipolar 555 (305-478) is a single timer and the bipolar 556 (305-838) containstwo independent 555 I.C's. with common supply rails.The C-MOS 555 (308-023) and the C-MOS 556 (308-871) are single and dual lowpower versions respectively of the bipolar devices, offering improved characteristicsfor particular applications.

Bipolar 555 and C-MOS 555

(Trig) Trigger

(O/P) Output

(RIS) Reset 4

TOP VIEW

Vee (v+)

Discharge (D/C)

Threshold (T/H)

Control Voltage(CV)

Appendix: Component Data 207

Bipolar 556 and C-MOS556

•Discharge

Threshold 2

Control Voltage(CV)

Reset

Output

Trigger

(V-) Ground

Discharge

Threshold

Control Voltage

Reset

Output

Trigger

TOP VIEW

Bipolar Timer Schematic

contro I va Itage

I--...........~ Reset

........--...........~ Trigger

VRef

Comparator

Flip-Flop

Comparator

Discharge ~......----

Threshold C>-~.........

Outputstage

Output Ground

208

C-MOS Timer Schematic

COMPARATOR

B

Simple Pulse Generator

Flip-Flop


OUTPUTDRIVERS

OUTPUT

DISCHARGE

+12V

220k

50Ck(VR1)

330n

~t~

8 4 JL.rL555 ~T--1

7 or6 C-MOS 32 555 Output

~--.....------~--..------.-...-----0

Pulse width (t) adjusted by VR2Pulse repetition frequency (1fT ) adjusted by VR1Circuit as shown givest =20 -+- BOrns T =100 -+- 250ms

Append~:ComponentDam 209

Waveform Generators

These Waveform Generators are monolithic integrated circuits capableof producingSINE, SQUARE, TRIANGULAR SAWTOOTH, RAMP and PULSE waveforms ofhigh accuracy. The frequency can be selected externally over a range from less than0.001 Hz to 100 KHz and is highly stable over a wide range of temperature andsupply voltage.Frequency modulation and sweeping can be accomplished with an external voltage.Two versions are available having different frequency drifts with temperature butotherwise identical specifications.

FEATURESSimultaneous outputsWide frequency rangeLow distortionVariable duty cycle

SINE, SQUARE, TRIANGLE0.001 Hz to 100k Hz1%2% to 98%

MAXIMUM RATINGSSupply VoltagePower DissipationInput Voltage (any pin)Input Current (Pins 4 and 5)Output Sink Current (Pins 3 and 9)Storage Temperature RangeOperating Temperature Range

± 18V or 36V Total750mWNot To Exceed Supply Voltages25mA25mA-65°C to +125°CO°C to +70°C

12:~~VE

-Vee11 GND

TRIMMINGCAPACITOR

9 SQUARE WAVEOUT

8 FMSWEEPINPUT81~ 7

~--_...

liNE WAVEADJUST

IINE-W~f 2

TRIANGLEOUT

DUTY~4CYCLEFREQUENCY

ADJUST

TOP VIEW

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (Vs =±10V or +20V, TA =25°C, RL =10knUnless Otherwise Specified) Note 3..

210

Audio Oscillator


A versatile audio oscillator giving simultaneous Sine, Square and Triangular outputsfrom 20Hz to 20KHz without the need to switch range. This wide range of adjustment is achieved by connecting the F.M. Sweep input to the 'Frequency' settingpotentiometer which adjusts a d.c, control voltage. This oscillator circuit may becombined with a suitable power supply and the Output Buffer Circuit to produce ageneral purpose instrument for use where either fixed or variable frequency Waveforms are required .

.........----.----...------.........--+--....---0 +15V

..:r:.. 4n7~ ceramic

15k

"'--~---f-----o /'-'

9~-~----e-----o J1.J"t.

T 4n~ceramic

---+----...---........--.......---...----..-0 -15V

If this circuit is usedwithout an output buffer then the load should not be less than10kn on any output.

Adjust LOW FREQUENCY preset so that with FREQUENCY potentiometer setfor minimum frequency the low frequency output is 20Hz.

Zero Voltage SwitchA zero voltage switching 'burst control' triac driver integrated circuit in an 8 pinplastic dual in line package.

Features

High immunity against spurious triac firing under noisy mains conditions, lowexternal component count, symmetrical burst control with zero voltage switching,firing pulses inhibited before power supply is established.

f\) -..

-..

+7

V

CO

MP

.IN

PU

T

CT

CD

TO

PV

IEW

01

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CO

MM

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AC

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UT

Cs

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N.

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DS

PIK

EF

ILT

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LO

WV

CC

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CU

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7VR

EG

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RO

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OR

PE

RIO

DP

ULS

EG

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RA

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r-

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IF

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A.C

.IN

PU

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3HIC

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c.44

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307·

985

I6tj~

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C.M

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8k2

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Co

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O.47~

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Append~:ComponentDam

8 Channel, 8 bit A to D converter i,c,

213

The RS581 is a microprocessor compatible 8-bit, 8-channel monolithic memorybuffered data acquisition system. The device contains an 8-bit successive approximation analogue to digital converter, an 8-channel input multiplexer, 8 x 8 dual portram, three state data drivers, address latches and microprocessor compatible controllogic.

General Information

The RS7581 accepts eight analogue inputs and sequentially converts each inputinto an eight-bit binary word using the successive approximation technique. Resultsfrom the conversions are stored in the internal 8 x 8 dual-port RAM. The devicewill run either directly from the microprocessor clock in 6800 type systems or fromother suitable signals (e.g. ALE etc). Start-up logic is included on the chip to establish correct power-up. A maximum of 800 clock pulses are required for start-up.See figure 1 for functional diagram.

ANALOGUEINPUTS

DATA BUSOUTPUTS

CS DIGITALGROUND

V oo BOFS


Features

• a-bit resolution• On chip a x a memory• Direct microprocessor interface• CMOS and-TTL digital inputs• Single 5V supply• Fast conversion• Conversion process totally transparent to IJP.

DATABUSOUTPUTS

21 6

A2

A1

AO

ALE

CK

7(MSD)

CS' 13\

STATUS· 12

DIGITAL GROUNDI 14.

ANALOGUE GROUND, 11

CAUTION:ESD (Electro-Static-Discharge) sensitive device. The digital control inputs are diodeprotected; however, permanent damage may occur on unconnected devices subjectto high energy electrostatic fields. Unused devices must be stored in conductivefoam or shunts. The protective foam should be discharged to the destination socketbefore devices are removed.

Appendix: Component Data 215

Conversion of a single channel takes 80 clock periods with a complete scan throughall eight channels taking 640 input clock periods. When a channel conversion iscomplete, the successive approximation register contents are loaded into the properchannel location ofthe8 x 8 dual port RAM. At this instant the status signal outputgive a short (8 clock periods) negative pulse, th is negative pulse is extended to 72clock periods when a channel 1 conversion is complete. This status output can beused to generate conversion related timing signals for microprocessor interrupts.Simultaneously with the status output going low the multiplexer address is decremented. Eight clock periods later the next conversion is started.

Transfer Characteristic around Major Carry for Bipolar Circuit

+40 +80 +120 +160 +200o

10000100

01111111

10000011

01111101

10000001

10000010

01111011

-200 -160 -120 -80 -40

10000000 .....---1I----+----4~--+--....--......_+_-~~-......--I__-.....

01111100

01111110

INPUT VOLTAGE, MILLIVOLTS (REFERRED TO ANALOGUE GROUND)

NOTE:APPROXIMATE BIT WEIGHTS ARE SHOWN FOR ILLUSTRATION.BIT WEIGHT FOR ±5V FULL SCALE IS ~39.1 mV.


±4.5V to ±18V33mWat±5V

100ns±1 LSB±0.1%±10 ppm/oC

-10V to +18V

Automatic interleaved DMA (direct memory access) is provided by on-chip logicto ensure memory updates only occur when the microprocessor is not addressing the

converter memory. Ao, Al and A2 are used to address the memory locations: thisaddress may be latched by ALE for systems which feature a multiplexed address/data bus. For systems with separate address and data busses, the address latches canbe made transparent by tying ALE (pin 16) high. CS (pin 13) activates the threestate buffers to place addressed data on the DBo to DB, data outputs.

D to A Converter

Introduction

The RS DAC0800 is an 8 bit high speed current output D to A converter featuring100ns typical setting times coupled with monotonic performance over a 40 to 1reference current range when used as a multiplying DAC. The high compliancecomplementary output currents allow differential output voltages of 20V peak topeak using simple resistor loads. Reference-to-full scale current matching of betterthan ±1 LSB can eliminate the need for full scale trim in most applications.The digital inputs are directly TTL compatible but simple circuitry will enable thedevice to interface with most common logic families. The performance and characteristics are essentially stable over the full operating voltage range of ±4.5V to ±18Vand power dissipation is only 33mW at ±5V.

Features

• Fast settling output current• Full scale error• Nonlinearity over temperature• Full scale current drift• High output compliance• Complementary current outputs• Interface directly with TTL, CMOS, PMOS and others• 2 quadrant wide range multiplying capability• Wide power supply range• Low power consumption


Pin Connections

THRESHOLDCONTROL VLC

lOUT

V

lOUT

MS881

82

83 7

84

8 lock Diagram

TOP VIEW

88 LS8

87

86

85

217

MS8 LS8

V+ VLC 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88

4.....- IOUTr----t".---t.......--++-__i~__i~-.....- ......-__+_o

VREF(+)o-.............~--

Index

a.c, operation 134active filter 130, 146admittance 14amplification 84amplification factor 33amplitude modulation 27analogue-to-digital conversion 173, 180,

213-16audio

amplifier 192compressor 159electronic attenuator 205mixer 143oscillator 210voltmeter \ 159

avalanche breakdown 31, 36

bandwidth 16, 18, 105base 31

bias 40bias, forward and reverse 31,61biological amplifier 150bipolar 46, 75, 194bootstrap circu it 46branch 1

capacitance 1, 14, 73carrier 27-31cascaded amplifiers 44, 64channel 50characteristics

diode 32FET 51MOSFET 56transistor 34

chopper amplifier 177clamp 9classes of operation 42closed-loop gain 96CMOS Op amps 197

collector 32common

base 35collector 35drain 50emitter 35,44, 113gate 50source 50, 59, 64

common mode gain 86, 110, 115comparator 125complex numbers 14conductance 2, 66corner frequency 19,87, 106, 118coupling capacitor 20,44cross modulation 28

damping 4darlington pair 82d.c. restorer 9decibels, dB 15-16,84, 157depletion layer 31 , 48differential amplifiers 79, 86, 154-5, 204differentiator 4, 128digital ICs 67digital-to-analogue conversion 173, 184,

187,216-17digitalisation of analogue signals 179-83diode 31

photo 191poi nt contact 78variable capacitance 78zener 78

distortion 91 , 110drain 48dynamic characteristics 26, 37, 60

Ebers-Moll equation 58, 80, 130efficiency 43electrons 29-32, 50emitter 31

Index

energy shells 29enhancement mode 54equivalent circuits 20, 38,87,94error amplifier 82, 173extrinsic semiconductor 29

feedback 96 -109negative, positive 96

field-effect transistors (F ETs) 46-65circuits 58MOS types 190Op amp 198stage gain 61

filters 15,87, 128, 146forward bias 31frequency characteristics 15, 122frequency modulation 27frequency response 15-16, 87, 89, 122function generators 161-71fundamental frequency 19

219

large-signal behaviour 24linear circuits 67linearity 9load 3load line 37,43,60,65logarithmic amplifier 130, 163long-tailed pair 79, 113

majority, minority carriers 30maximum power theorem 3, 91microphone amplifier 143MIS 46modulation 27,91, 174MOSFET 47,53

characteristics 55,56-8construction 77symbols 56

multiply/divide ci rcuit 165multivibrators 151

n-type electrons 30negative feedback 96

in amplifiers 46node 1noise 92-4, 136, 169, 182Norton's theorem 21null offset 81, 110

Ohm's law 2open-loop gain 96operating point 43,60operational amplifiers 108-24, 194-200oscillators 150-4, 210oscilloscope amplifier 146output amplifiers 139-41output impedance 49,90, 104, 110

gain 84, 100, 110effect of feedback 104

gain-bandwidth product 106gate 48germanium 29

h-parameters 126half power points 16harmonics 19, 110hole 29homogeneity 10hysteresis 126

ideal current and voltage sourcesimpedance 14,90inductance 1, 14input impedance 49,90, 105, 110integrated circuits 67, 119integrator 6, 128intrinsic semiconductor 29inversion 85, 124, 131, 138inverting input 86, 96, 110isolating capacitor 44

JUGFET 46characteristics 51connections 50

junction diode 31

Kirchhoff's laws 2

p-type electrons 31peak detector 156peak value 10phase shift 10, 90, 122phasor 14photomask 68pinch-off 50,52positive feedback 96potential barrier 31potential difference 1power supplies 137, 172preamplifiers 139-45programmable amplifierspulse coded modulation

17527,175,183

220

punch-through breakdown 36push-pull 43, 113

Q factor 18quantisation noise 182quiescent current 44,60, 110quiescent point 24

ramp generators 161-3reactance 4, 13resistance 1, 14, 73resonance 17reverse bias 31 , 48ringing 4

semiconductors 29sensitivity 91series and shunt feedback 96, 100signal processing 2silicon 29silicon planar 67, 73sine generator 153sinusoidal 10slew rate 113, 156small-signal behaviour 24source 48square law amplifier 130staircase generator 174static load line 37, 44stability 90, 107, 110substrate 47,67summing amplifier 124

superposition 10supplies 136

Thdvenin's theorem 21,90-1time constant 4timers 206-8tone control amplifier 144transconductance amplifier 175transfer characteristics 51 , 184transient response 4transistor

amplifiers 40curve tracer 159characteristics 34, 51 , 53equivalent circuit 38field-effect 46-65modes of operation 34

transport factor 33triode region, JUGFET 53

unijunction transistor 66, 192unipolar transistor 46,66

valley point, UJT 66voltage gain 49,53,64

waveform generator, rc 209Wien bridge oscillator 154

zener diode 78zero voltage switch 210

Index

appendix: component data - springer978-1-349-06914-9/1.pdf · appendix: component data ... and the...

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