167© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

Joint Resolution

To authorize the limited use of the US Armed Forces against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

***Whereas the terrorist organization that has referred to itself as the

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and various other names (in this resolution referred to as “ISIL”) poses a grave threat to the people and territorial integrity of Iraq and Syria, regional stability, and the national security interests of the USA and its allies and partners;

Whereas ISIL holds significant territory in Iraq and Syria and has stated its intention to seize more territory and demonstrated the capability to do so;

Whereas ISIL leaders have stated that they intend to conduct terrorist attacks internationally, including against the USA, its citizens, and inter-ests;

Whereas ISIL has committed despicable acts of violence and mass executions against Muslims, regardless of sect, who do not subscribe to ISIL’s depraved, violent, and oppressive ideology;

Whereas ISIL has threatened genocide and committed vicious acts of violence against religious and ethnic minority groups, including Iraqi Christian, Yezidi, and Turkmen populations;

Whereas ISIL has targeted innocent women and girls with horrific acts of violence, including abduction, enslavement, torture, rape, and forced marriage;

Appendix A

168 AppendIx A

Whereas ISIL is responsible for the deaths of innocent US citizens, including James Foley, Steven Sotloff, Abdul-Rahman peter Kassig, and Kayla Mueller;

Whereas the USA is working with regional and global allies and part-ners to degrade and defeat ISIL, to cut off its funding, to stop the flow of foreign fighters to its ranks, and to support local communities as they reject ISIL;

Whereas the announcement of the anti-ISIL Coalition on September 5, 2014, during the nATO Summit in Wales, stated that ISIL poses a serious threat and should be countered by a broad international coalition;

Whereas the USA calls on its allies and partners, particularly in the Middle east and north Africa that have not already done so to join and participate in the anti-ISIL Coalition;

Whereas the USA has taken military action against ISIL in accordance with its inherent right of individual and collective self-defense;

Whereas president Obama has repeatedly expressed his commitment to working with Congress to pass a bipartisan authorization for the use of military force for the anti-ISIL military campaign; and

Whereas president Obama has made clear that in this campaign it is more effective to use our unique capabilities in support of partners on the ground instead of large-scale deployments of U.S. ground forces: now, therefore, be it

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That

A.1 shoRt title

This joint resolution may be cited as the “Authorization for Use of Military Force against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.”

A.2 AuthoRizAtion foR use of united stAtes ARmed foRces

(a) Authorization—The president is authorized, subject to the limita-tions in subsection (c), to use the Armed Forces of the USA as the president determines to be necessary and appropriate against ISIL or associated persons or forces as defined in Section 5.

AppendIx A 169

(b) War powers Resolution Requirements—

(1) Specific Statutory Authorization—Consistent with sec-tion 8(a)(1) of the War powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1547(a)(1)), Congress declares that this section is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the mean-ing of section 5(b) of the War powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1544(b)).

(2) Applicability of Other Requirements—nothing in this res-olution supersedes any requirement of the War powers Resolution (50 U.S.C. 1541 et seq.).

(c) Limitations—The authority granted in subsection (a) does not authorize the use of the US Armed Forces in enduring offensive ground combat operations.

A.3 duRAtion of this AuthoRizAtion

This authorization for the use of military force shall terminate three years after the date of the enactment of this joint resolution, unless reauthorized.

A.4 RepoRts

The president shall report to Congress at least once every six months on specific actions taken pursuant to this authorization.

A.5 AssociAted peRsons oR foRces defined

In this joint resolution, the term “associated persons or forces” means individuals and organizations fighting for, on behalf of, or alongside ISIL or any closely-related successor entity in hostilities against the USA or its coalition partners.

A.6 RepeAl of AuthoRizAtion foR use of militARy foRce AgAinst iRAq

The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (public Law 107–243; 116 Stat. 1498; 50 U.S.C. 1541 note) is hereby repealed.

171© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

Appendix B

See Fig. B.1

172 AppendIx B

Fig. B.1 Map of Yemen. The World Factbook. Washington, dC: Central Intelligence Agency. Continually updated. https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/

173© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

See Fig. C.2

Appendix c

174 AppendIx C

Fig. C.2 Map of Syria. The World Factbook. Washington, dC: Central Intelligence Agency. Continually updated. https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/

175© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

Appendix d

See Fig. d.3

176 AppendIx d

Fig. D.3 Map of the Middle east. The World Factbook. Washington, dC: Central Intelligence Agency. Continually updated. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/

177© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

See Fig. e.4

Appendix e

178 AppendIx e

Fig. E.4 Map of Iraq. The World Factbook. Washington, dC: Central Intelligence Agency. Continually updated. https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/

179© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

See Fig. F.5

Appendix f

180 AppendIx F

Fig. F.5 Map of Libya. The World Factbook. Washington, dC: Central Intelligence Agency. Continually updated. https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/

181© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

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Mazzetti, Mark. 2013. Senate Asks C.I.A. to Share its Report on Interrogations. The New York Times, december 17. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/us/politics/senators-ask-to-see-internal-cia-review-of-interrogation-program.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Accessed 18 dec 2013.

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FURTHeR ReAdInG 183

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184 FURTHeR ReAdInG

Shane, Scott. 2013. Targeted Killing Comes to define War on Terror. The New York Times, April 7 at A1.

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Walsh, declan. 2013. U.S. Shift poses Risk to pakistan. The New York Times. May 25 at A1.

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185© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 L. Cutler, President Obama’s Counterterrorism Strategy in the War on Terror, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-56769-7

AAbdullah Abdullah, 17, 18, 22, 32Abdullah Saleh, Ali, 41, 52Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi, 41Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, 86, 139, 152Abubakar Shekau, 139Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, 102Abu Musab Zarqawi, 103Abu Sayyaf, 77Adam Schiff, 128Afghanistan, 1–3, 6, 8, 10, 13–23, 27,

28, 32, 69, 77, 112, 137, 150, 154, 161–163

Afghanistan’s national directorate of Security, 26

Afghan national Security Force (AnSF), 15, 16, 21, 22, 28, 148

Afghan parliament, 26, 27Africa, 10, 38, 42, 48, 59, 76, 78,

139, 140, 142, 145, 161, 168African Union peacekeeping force

(AMISOM), 141Ahmad al Hayali, Fadhil, 106Ahmadzai, Ashraf Ghani, 3, 17Ahmed Abdi Godane, 77Akhtar Mohammad Mansour, 28

Akhundzada, Haibatullah, 150al-Abadi, Haider, 87, 108–111, 152Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, Sabah, 45al-Ansi, nasr, 53al-Assad, Bashar, 8, 89, 153, 158, 159Alawites, 7, 84, 158al-Awlaki, Anwar, 42, 50–53, 66, 67,

69, 70Aleppo, 104, 105, 115, 157, 158al-Harzi, Tariq, 102Ali al-Sistani, Ayatollah, 91Ali Saleh nabhan, Saleh, 38al-Maliki, nouri, 84al-Qaida, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 23,

28, 37–41, 46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 58, 66, 70, 74, 76, 77, 81, 103, 129, 138, 141, 148, 158

al-Qaida in the Arabian peninsula (AQAp), 41–43, 46, 47, 52, 53, 76, 77

al Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), 48, 77

al-Rubeish, Ibrahim, 42al-Shabaab, 41, 59, 77, 79, 137, 141al-Wahishi, nasir, 42American Civil Liberties Union, 53

index

186 Index

21st Amendment of the pakistan Constitution, 25

Amnesty International, 69, 132, 141, 146

Anbar, 8, 90, 92, 96, 105–107, 151Angus King, 70, 73Anti-Baathification policy, 10570th annual session of the United

nations General Assembly, 101Arab League and Organization for

Islamic Cooperation (OIC), 44Armed Services Committee (SASC),

128, 130, 134Ash Carter, 22, 91, 151, 164“Associated forces”, 1, 10, 55, 66, 67,

70, 71, 74, 87, 129–131Austin, Lloyd, 94, 96Authorization for the Use of Military

Force (AUMF), 2, 4, 9, 10, 23, 37, 39, 53, 68, 74, 87, 127–132, 135, 141, 143, 162, 166, 168, 169

Ayman al-Zawahiri, 42, 47, 86

BBaghdad, 7, 84, 86, 88, 107, 111,

151, 152Bagram Airfield, 20, 31Barron, david, 50, 51, 55Bass, John, 116Bataklīk, 114Ben emmerson, 55, 56Benghazi, 143Benjamin, daniel, 14, 85“Best practices”, 59Bilateral Security Agreement, 20bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Salman, 45bin Laden, Osama, 13, 14, 23,

42, 86bin nayef, Mohammed, 44bin Said, Qaboos, 45

bin Salman, Mohammed, 44Blinken, Antony, 144Boko Haram, 10, 11, 48, 79, 139,

140, 144, 164Boots on the ground, 4, 7, 11, 66, 68,

78, 87, 95, 100, 141Boston Marathon, 52Buhari, Muhammadu, 140Bureau for Investigative Journalism, 48Bush, George W., 2, 39, 48, 52, 103,

118, 147, 151

CCaliphate, 7, 8, 32, 47, 83, 84, 93,

102, 104, 106, 113, 117, 139, 142, 144, 152, 160, 161

Cameroon, 11, 79, 140–142, 164Capture and kill approach, 79Carl Levin, 128, 134Caroline case, 74Central Command Special Operations

Commander, 93Charlie Hebdo, 52, 53Chayes, Sarah, 15Cherif Kouachi, 52CIA, 5, 38, 49, 53, 58, 59, 67, 70, 72,

76, 102, 105, 133, 134, 148, 156Clap, James, 110Clapper, James, 110, 140Colleen McMahon, 53, 54Counterterrorism partnership Fund

(CTpF), 6, 76, 78, 79

Ddaesh, 117, 155david J. Barron, 50, 51, 55decisive Storm, 44“deconfliction” in Syria, 97defense department’s Joint Special

Operation Council, 58, 67

Index 187

democratic Union party (pYd), 114–116

dempsey, Martin, 82, 87, 89, 91, 92, 94, 130

department of defense, 5, 53, 67, 77, 78, 80, 135, 160

designated Terrorist List of the USA, 102

dianne Feinstein, 72dissent Channel, 155, 156doctors Without Borders, 29–31dod’s Law of War Manual,

31, 36donald Verrilli, 55drone strikes, 2, 4, 5, 8, 38, 40, 48,

55, 56, 58, 59, 67–70, 72, 73, 76, 88, 102, 132, 135, 139, 148, 153, 161, 164

dunford, Joseph, 19, 95, 99, 109, 143

Eemwazi, Mohammed, 102eric Holder, 50, 66euphrates Range, 159“euphrates Shield”, 117executive Order, 59, 60, 71, 132expedited justice, 25

FFallujah, 105, 107, 111, 152Federally Administered Tribal Areas

(FATA), 58Flynn, Michael, 8Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act

(FISA), 133Foreign Intelligence Surveillance

Court (FISC), 133, 136Four-pronged approach to defeating

the Islamic State, 101

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 53, 62

Front for the Conquest of Syria, 157Furqa al Sultan Murad, 115

GGadhafi, Muammar, 142Gates, Robert, 15, 91, 165General dempsey, 82, 87, 89, 91, 92,

94, 130Geneva, 57, 98, 104, 105, 157Geneva Convention, 57“Ghost soldiers”, 36, 109“Ghost” troops, 32Ghulam Hussain nasiri, 32Government Communications

Headquarters (GCHQ), 58Government of national Accord

(GnA), 143, 144G20 summit, 155Graham, Lindsey, 91, 128Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC),

44, 45

HHagel, Chuck, 20, 154Haqqani network, 24, 149Haqqani, Sirajuddin, 149, 150Harold Koh, 49, 55Hayden, Michael, 58Hezbollah, 82, 157, 161Hifter, Khalifa, 143House Armed Services Committee,

33, 73, 93, 103, 122House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee

on Terrorism, nonproliferation, and Trade, 14, 83

Houthi movement, 2Human Rights First, 73Human Rights Watch, 69, 132

188 Index

John Bates, 133John Boehner, 91, 128John Brennan, 38, 41, 54, 56John Campbell, 21, 26, 129John McCain, 72, 91, 128, 130John W. nicholson, Jr., 29, 33Joint Implementation Center, 157,

158Joint Resolution to Congress, 129Joint Special Operations Command, 5,

38, 67, 148Joint Special Operations Command of

the department of defense, 5, 67Jon newman, 54JSOC, 72, 73, 102, 103, 164Justice department’s Office of Legal

Counsel, 50, 52

KKabul, 15, 17, 19–21, 25, 30, 31, 33Kandahar, 20, 23, 31Karzai, Hamid, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20Kemal Atatűrk, 83Kerry, John, 17, 47, 97–99, 104, 116,

119, 130, 149, 155–158Kevin Killea, 106Khoury, nabeel, 46King Salman, 44, 47Kunduz, 28–31, 149Kurdish peshmerga, 103, 108,

110–112Kurdish militia (YpG), 96, 156Kurdistan Workers party (pKK), 113,

115Kurds, 7, 84, 85, 95, 101, 114–117,

151, 152, 155, 159, 161

LLancet, The, 31Lashkar-e-Taiba, 24

IIman, Haji, 109Imminent threat, 5, 49, 67–69, 71,

74, 75, 87, 132, 138, 141Implied authority, 57, 75Intelligence Authorization Act, 70International humanitarian law, 55,

57, 144International Red Cross, 31, 60International Security Assistance Force

(ISAF), 21, 22Iraq, 2, 3, 6–11, 43, 45, 47, 73,

76–79, 81–83, 85–92, 94–97, 100–103, 105–114, 116–118, 127–129, 131, 137, 142, 145, 150–152, 154, 156, 160, 161, 167, 169

Islamic emirate of Afghanistan, 33Islamic State (ISIL), 1, 7–10, 43, 45,

46, 48, 78, 79, 81–87, 89, 91, 92, 96, 97–103, 106–108, 111–115, 117, 129, 130, 139, 143, 144, 150, 154, 156, 159–162

“Islamic State-Free Zone”, 113Islamic State in Yemen, 2Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham

(ISIS), 46, 47, 82, 83, 116, 151Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, 44

JJabhat Fateh al-Sham (nusra Front),

8, 82, 93, 98, 99, 114, 117, 155, 157

Jackson, Robert, 75Jalalabad, 23, 31Jalal Bala’idi, 43Jeh Johnson, 49Jihadi John, 102Jihadists, 4, 7, 10, 39, 45, 51, 59, 84,

90, 102, 114, 139, 140, 142, 143, 147, 151, 163, 164

Index 189

national dialogue Conference, 47national Intelligence estimate of the

United States, The, 18national Security Agency (nSA), 58,

133national Security Council, 32, 117,

159national Security Strategy, 10, 11,

137–139, 139, 145navy’s 5th Fleet, 45ndAA, 72, 74, 78, 80, 132, 134, 136ndU Address, 5, 68–71, 74, 76, 132“near certainty”, 5, 67–71, 73, 88,

163new America, 60, 71, 80, 111new America Foundation, 71new York Times, 36, 53, 54, 62, 63,

118, 120, 124, 146, 156, 165nicholas Rasmussen, 160nicolai, Meinie, 31nidal Malik Hasan, 51niger, 11, 139–142, 164nigeria, 11, 48, 83, 92, 97, 102, 137,

139, 140, 142, 164no-fly zone, 112, 113, 124north Africa, 6, 9, 48, 76, 103, 130,

161, 168northern Alliance, 23nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat

Reduction (CTR) program, 66nusra Front, 8, 157

OOmar, Mohammad, 28Open Society Justice Initiative, 38,

60, 79Operation enduring Freedom, 21Operation Freedom’s Sentinel, 21Operation Tidal Wave II, 160Ottoman Caliphate, 83

Lavrov, Sergey, 98, 99, 155Lederman, Martin, 50, 51Light footprint approach, 1, 6, 41, 76,

96, 104, 153Long War Journal, 60, 88Loya jirga, 18, 20

MMcConnell, Mitch, 163McGurk, Brett, 83Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF),

29–3165-member coalition of the willing,

100Michael Isikoff, 49Michael nagata, 93Michael Sheehan, 142Middle east, 2, 6, 9, 24, 47, 48, 76,

78, 83, 91, 94, 97, 117, 130, 139, 142, 148, 156, 163, 168, 176

MnJTF, 11, 140Monaco, Lisa, 142Monroe doctrine for the persian Gulf,

45Mosul, 85, 92, 105, 107–112, 151, 152Multinational Joint Task Force

(MnJTF), 140

Nnangarhar, 27nasirul Mulk, 25nATO, 14, 16, 20, 21, 30–32, 34, 35,

45, 61, 104, 113, 124, 150, 153, 154, 156, 161, 168

national Counterterrorism Center, 160national defense University (ndU),

5, 6, 65, 66, 68–71, 74, 75, 76, 131, 133

190 Index

Raqqa, 82, 95, 96, 99, 104, 108, 117, 123, 159

“Raqqa, Ramadi and Raids”, 95Recep Tayyip erdogan, 112“Red line in the sand”, 153Resolute Support, 22Resolution 2336, december 31 2016,

The Situation in Syria, 166Right of self-defense, 4, 55, 87Rightsize, 127, 128Royce Lamberth, 23Rules of engagement, 29–31

S“Safe zone” for refugees, 104Said Kouachi, 52Salafi jihadist ideology, 164San Bernardino, California, 101Security Council Resolution 2216, 47Senate Appropriations Committee

Report, 78Senate Armed Services Committee,

22, 29, 72, 82, 87, 93, 95, 116, 121, 134, 164

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 9, 130, 182

Sharif, nawaz, 24, 26Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al nahyan,

45Shiite, 7, 8, 41, 43, 84, 86, 90, 91,

105, 106, 108–112, 114, 119, 145, 147, 151, 152, 161, 162

Shiite popular Mobilization Forces (pMF), 106, 109, 110

Shoigu, Sergei, 97Signature strikes, 58, 70, 77Signature targeted strikes, 6Somalia, 4, 6, 7, 11, 39–41, 48, 56,

59, 65, 72, 73, 76, 81, 88, 103, 112, 117, 132, 137–139, 141, 142, 147, 162, 164

Overseas Contingency Operation Funds (OCO), 162

Oversight of Sensitive Military Operations Act (OSMOA), 134

Ppakistan, 4, 6, 16, 23–28, 33, 37, 39–

41, 48, 56, 58, 59, 67, 70–72, 76, 77, 83, 87, 88, 103, 117, 132, 147, 148, 182, 183, 184

pakistan Attorney General, 25pakistan’s Intelligence Service, 26pakistan Supreme Court, 25pashtun, 16, 18, 24, 149pashtun Taliban, 24paul, Rand, 55, 57people’s defense Units (YpG),

113–117“people’s transitional council”, 41peshawar, pakistan, 24petraeus, david, 16, 152petroleum Facilities Guard (pFG), 144pew Research Center, 40, 61phantom (al-shabah), 86pMF Kurdish peshmerga, 110presidential policy Guidance, 67, 69,

71, 75, 135president Trump, 159, 163, 164Prize Cases, 74proxy war, 43, 114, 115, 160, 161

QQuadrilateral Coordination Group, 33

RRaha Wala, 73Ramadan, 26, 124Ramadi, 8, 90–92, 95, 96, 105–109,

111, 123, 151, 152

Index 191

Transparency and reporting requirements, 10, 131

Treaty of Gandamak, 20Trump, donald, 147, 159, 162–164Tsarnov brothers, 52Turkmen, 7, 84, 125

UUn Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO), 46Un High Commissioner for Human

Rights, 31Un Human Rights Council, 55, 63, 182UnICeF, 111, 124United nations, 4, 16–18, 30, 32, 44,

46, 47, 87, 97–101, 110, 112, 132, 144, 156, 157, 160

United nations Charter, 4, 87United nations Human Rights

Commission, 132United States Africa Command, 78Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), 37Unmanned armed drones (UAVs), 4Un Special Rapporteur on Human

Rights and Counterterrorism, 55Un Support Mission in Libya

(UnSMIL), 144US Africa Command (AFRICOM),

78, 145US Commander in the Middle east,

94US district Court for the Southern

district of new York, 53US Special Operations Forces (JSOC),

79, 102, 109, 137, 142US policy Standards and procedures

for the Use of Force in Counterterrorism Operations Outside the United States and Areas of Active Hostilities, 66

Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), 15, 33, 35, 36

Special operations units (SOFs), 78Stanley McChrystal, 103Status of Forces Agreement, 151Stephen preston, 49Stimson Report, 74Strategic partnership Agreement

(BSA), 13, 19, 20Successful light footprint strategy, 7Sunni states, 7“Superpower chessboard contest”, 156Susan Rice, 19, 138, 145Syrian democratic Front (SdF), 115,

125, 159Syrian Kurds (YpG), 114, 116, 159

TTajiks, 18, 149Takfiri, 83Taliban, 1, 3, 4, 13–29, 31–34, 39,

40, 55, 80, 119, 147–150Taqaddum military base, 92Targeted killing, 2, 4–8, 11, 13, 37,

38, 40, 48–58, 60, 65, 67–69, 73, 75, 87, 131, 132, 135, 148, 161, 162, 184

Targeted Strike Oversight Reform Act, 70

Targeted strikes, 4, 6, 37, 39, 40, 55, 71–73, 163

Ted Cruz, 57Thomas Friedman, 84, 118Three Rs, 151Tim Kaine, 131Tom Cole, 131“Train, advise, assist”, 3, 21, 34, 140,

147, 150, 154, 155, 161Training, assistance, and equipment, 8

192 Index

YYahya najee al Warafi, Muktar, 23Yaqoub, Mohammad, 28, 149, 150Yazidis, 84, 86, 119, 152Yemen Model, 1, 2, 4, 37, 38, 148,

164Yildirim, Binali, 116Youngstown Sheet & Tube v. Sawyer, 75

ZZakat tax, 85Zaydi branch of Shiite Islam, 43Zone of twilight, 75

VVehicle-borne improvised explosive

devices (VBIeds), 106Vice president Biden, 156Vladimir putin, 96Votel, Joseph, 30, 117

WWashington playbook, 153, 154West point, 6, 65, 76, 78, 142“White paper”, 37, 49, 50, 52, 54,

62, 68Wilayat, 83World Food program, 46