appendix 5a. military expenditure data, 1999–2008 · 2018. 9. 30. · lumpur), pere ortega...

* Contribution of military expenditure data, estimates and advice are gratefully acknow-ledged from Julian Cooper (Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham), David Darchiashvili (Center for Civil–Military Relations and Security Studies, Tbilisi), Dimitar Dimitrov (University of National and World Economy, Sofia), Paul Dunne (University of the West of England, Bristol), Iñigo Guevara y Moyano (Colectivo de Análisis de la Seguridad con Democracia, Querétaro), Iduvina Hernández (Asociación para el estudio y la promoción de la seguridad en democracia, Guatemala City), Nazir Kamal (United Nations, New York), Pavan Nair (Jagruti Seva Sanstha, Pune), Elina Noor (Institute of Strategic and International Studies Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur), Pere Ortega (Centre d’Estudis per la Pau J. M. Delàs, Barcelona), Tamara Pataraia (Caucasus Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi), Thomas Scheetz (Lincoln University College, Buenos Aires), Ron Smith (Birkbeck College, London) and Ozren Zunec (University of Zagreb).

Appendix 5A. Military expenditure data, 1999–2008

PETTER STÅLENHEIM, NOEL KELLY, CATALINA PERDOMO, SAM PERLO-FREEMAN AND ELISABETH SKÖNS*

I. Introduction This appendix presents the SIPRI military expenditure data (tables 5A.1–5A.4) and describes the sources and methods for the data (section II). Table 5A.1 pre-sents military expenditure by region, by certain international organizations and by income group for the period 1999–2008 in US dollars at constant (2005) prices and exchange rates, and also for 2008 in current US dollars. Military expenditure by individual countries is presented in table 5A.2 in local currency at current prices for the period 1999–2008 and in table 5A.3 in US dollars at constant (2005) prices and exchange rates for the period 1999–2008 and for 2008 in current US dollars. Table 5A.4 presents military expenditure for the period 1999–2007 as a percentage of countries’ gross domestic product (GDP). Notes and explanations of the conventions used appear below table 5A.4. Con-version to constant US dollars has been made using market exchange rates (MERs) for all countries. The data is presented on a calendar-year basis.

Military expenditure data from different editions of the SIPRI Yearbook should not be combined because the data series are continuously revised and updated. This is true in particular for the most recent years as figures for budget allocations are replaced by figures for actual expenditure. In some cases entire series are revised as new and better data become available. Revisions in constant dollar series can also be caused by significant revisions in the eco-nomic statistics of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that are used for these calculations. Changes in base years and method of currency conversion also hinder comparison between editions of the SIPRI Yearbook. The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, accessible at , includes consistent series dating back to 1988 for most countries. Data for the

MILITARY EXPENDITURE 213

years 1950–87—published in previous editions of the SIPRI Yearbook—cannot always be combined with the post-1987 data since SIPRI conducted a major review of the data for many countries for the period beginning in 1988.

II. Sources and methods The purpose of the data

The main purpose of the data on military expenditure is to provide an easily identifiable measure of the scale of resources absorbed by the military. Military expenditure is an input measure, which is not directly related to the ‘output’ of military activities, such as military capability or military security. Long-term trends in military expenditure and sudden changes in trend may be signs of a change in military output, but interpretations of this type should be made with caution.

The purpose of the specific tables are as follows. The country data on mili-tary expenditure in local currency at current prices (table 5A.2) is the original data for all the other tables. This is provided to contribute to transparency and to enable comparison with data reported in government sources and else-where. Data in constant dollars is provided to allow for comparison over time for individual countries (table 5A.3) and for regions, organizations and income groups, as well as for the world total (table 5A.1). Data in current dollars for the most recent year (here 2008) is provided for the purpose of international com-parison across countries (table 5A.3) and across regions (table 5A.1). The cur-rent dollar figures also facilitate comparison with other economic indicators, which are often expressed in current dollar terms. Data on military expend-iture as a share of GDP is provided (in table 5A.4) as an indicator of the pro-portion of a country’s resources used for military activities, that is, as an indi-cator of the economic burden of military expenditure, also called the defence burden or the military burden.

The coverage of the data

The military expenditure data in tables 5A.1–5A.4 covers 168 countries for the 10-year period 1999–2008. Total military expenditure figures are calculated for three types of country groupings—geographical region, international organiza-tion and country income group (categorized by gross national income per capita). The coverage of each of these groupings is provided in the notes to table 5A.1.

The definition of military expenditure

The guideline definition of military expenditure used by SIPRI includes expenditure on the following actors and activities: (a) the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; (b) defence ministries and other government agencies engaged in defence projects; (c) paramilitary forces, when judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and (d ) military space activ-ities. It includes all current and capital expenditure on: (a) military and civil

214 MILITARY SPENDING AND ARMAMENTS, 2008

personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social ser-vices for personnel; (b) operations and maintenance; (c) procurement; (d ) mili-tary research and development; and (e) military aid (in the military expend-iture of the donor country). It does not include civil defence and current expenditure for past military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, demobil-ization, conversion and weapon destruction. While this definition serves as a guideline, in practice it is often difficult to adhere to due to data limitations.

The limitations of the data

There are three main types of limitations of the data: reliability, validity and comparability.

The main problems of reliability are due to the less than comprehensive coverage of official military expenditure data, the lack of detailed information on military expenditure and the lack of data on actual, rather than budgeted, military expenditure. In many countries the official data covers only a part of total military expenditure. Important items can be hidden under non-military budget headings or can even be financed entirely outside the government budget. Many such extra-budgetary and off-budget mechanisms are employed in practice.1

The validity of expenditure data depends on the purpose for which it is used. Since expenditure data is a measure of monetary input, its most valid use is as an indicator of the economic resources consumed for military purposes. For the same reason, its utility as an indicator of military strength or capability is limited. While military expenditure does have an impact on military capability, so do many other factors such as the balance between personnel and equip-ment, the technological level of military equipment, and the state of main-tenance and repair, as well as the overall security environment in which the armed forces are to be employed.

The comparability of the data is limited by two different types of factor: the varying coverage (or definition) of the data and the method of currency con-version. The coverage of official data on military expenditure varies signifi-cantly between countries and over time for the same country. For the con-version into a common currency, as discussed below, the choice of exchange rate makes a great difference in cross-country comparisons. This is a general problem in international comparisons of economic data and is not specific to military expenditure. However, since international comparison of military expenditure is often a sensitive issue, it is important to bear in mind that the interpretation of cross-country comparisons of military expenditure is greatly influenced by the choice of exchange rate.2

1 For an overview of such mechanisms see Hendrickson, D. and Ball, N., Off-budget Military

Expenditure and Revenue: Issues and Policy Perspectives for Donors, Conflict, Security and Develop-ment Group (CSDG) Occasional Papers no. 1 (King’s College: London, Jan. 2002).

2 For comprehensive overviews of the conceptual problems and sources of uncertainty involved in military expenditure data sets, see e.g. Brzoska, M., ‘World military expenditures’, eds K. Hartley and T. Sandler, Handbook of Defense Economics, vol. 1 (Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1995); and Ball, N., ‘Measuring third world security expenditure: a research note’, World Development, vol. 12, no. 2


Methods

SIPRI data is based on open sources and reflect the official data reported by governments. However, the official data does not always conform to the SIPRI definition of military expenditure. Neither is it always possible to recalculate data according to the definition, since this would require detailed information about what is included in the official defence budgets and about extra-budget-ary and off-budget military expenditure items. In many cases SIPRI is confined to using the data provided by governments, regardless of definition. If several data series are available, which is often the case, SIPRI chooses the data series that corresponds most closely to the SIPRI definition of military expenditure. Nevertheless, priority is given to choosing a uniform time series for each coun-try, in order to achieve consistency over time, rather than to adjusting the figures for individual years according to a common definition. In addition, esti-mates have to be made in specific cases.

Estimation

Estimates of military expenditure are predominantly made when the coverage of official data diverges significantly from the SIPRI definition or when no complete consistent time series is available. In the first case, estimates are made on the basis of an analysis of primarily official government budget and expenditure accounts. The most comprehensive estimates of this type—those for China and Russia—have been presented in detail in previous editions of the Yearbook.3 In the second case, when only incomplete times series are available, the figures from the data series which corresponds most closely to the SIPRI definition are used for the years covered by that series. Figures for the missing years are then estimated by applying the percentage change between years in an alternative series to the data in the first series, in order to achieve con-sistency over time.

All estimates are based on official government data or other empirical evi-dence from open sources. Thus, no estimates are made for countries that do not release any official data, and no figures are displayed for these countries.

SIPRI estimates are presented in square brackets in the tables. Round brackets are used when data is uncertain for reasons beyond SIPRI’s control, for example, when the data is based on a source of uncertain reliability and in cases when data expressed in constant dollars or as shares of GDP is uncertain due to a lack of reliable economic data.

The data for the most recent years includes two types of estimate, which apply to all countries. First, figures for the most recent years are for adopted budget, budget estimates or revised estimates, the majority of which will be

(Feb. 1984). For African countries see Omitoogun, W., Military Expenditure Data in Africa: A Survey of Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda, SIPRI Research Report no. 17 (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2003).

3 Cooper, J., ‘The military expenditure of the USSR and the Russian Federation, 1987–97’, SIPRI Yearbook 1998: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998); and Wang, S., ‘The military expenditure of China, 1989–98’, SIPRI Yearbook 1999: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999).


revised in subsequent years. Second, in table 5A.3 the deflator used for the final year in the series is an estimate based on part of a year or as provided by the IMF. Unless exceptional uncertainty is involved, these estimates are not bracketed.

The totals for the world, regions, organizations and income groups in table 5A.1 are estimates because data is not available for all countries in all years. These estimates are most often made on the assumption that the rate of change for that country is the same as the average for the region to which it belongs. Where data is available for an earlier year in the 10-year series, the estimates for missing values are calculated starting from the most recent avail-able value. Where data is only available for later years, the estimates are calcu-lated from the first available figure after the missing value. When no estimate can be made, countries are excluded from all totals.

Calculations

The original country data is provided in local currency at current prices (table 5A.2). The only calculation made on these data is to convert to calendar year figures the figures for those countries that have a financial year that differs from the calendar year. Calculations from financial years to calendar years are made on the assumption of an even rate of expenditure throughout the finan-cial year. This is done for all countries except the United States, for which SIPRI follows the reporting format of the source—a financial-year basis.4

Local currency data is converted to US dollars at constant prices and exchange rates (table 5A.3), using the national consumer prices index (CPI) for the respective country and the annual average market exchange rate. The use of CPIs as deflators means that the trend in the SIPRI military expenditure for each country (in constant dollars) reflects the real change in its purchasing power for country-typical baskets of civilian consumer goods.5

Market exchange rates are determined by the supply and demand of cur-rencies used in international transactions. However, the prices of many goods and services on domestic markets are determined in partial or complete iso-lation from the rest of the world. Therefore, the MERs do not always accur-ately reflect differences in price levels between countries. An alternative is to use purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors (or PPP exchange rates). The PPP dollar rate of a country’s currency is defined by the World Bank as ‘the number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the United States’.6 The only PPP rates available for all countries are GDP-based

4 This exception for US military expenditure data follows the practice for NATO data, which is

the main SIPRI source for US military expenditure, in order to benefit from the standardization of NATO data. In addition, the USA is a large spender that dominates the world total, so it is important to avoid estimation.

5 A military-specific deflator is a more appropriate choice for the purpose of measuring pur-chasing power in terms of the amount of military personnel, goods and services that could be bought for the military expenditure. However, military-specific deflators are not available for most coun-tries.

6 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007 (World Bank: Washington, DC, 2007), p. 245.


PPP rates, which are estimates based on statistical surveys of price data for a basket of goods and services that are major components of the gross domestic product.7 Such GDP-based PPP rates are designed to control for differences in price levels and thus to provide a measure of the real purchasing power of the GDP of each country.

Using GDP-based PPP rates instead of MERs for currency conversion results in much higher output and expenditure figures for many developing countries since they have relatively low prices for non-traded goods and services. A unit of local currency therefore has greater purchasing power within a developing country (which is better reflected by using PPP rates) than it has inter-nationally (which is what is reflected by using MERs).8 However, the reliability of such PPP rates is lower than for MERs, since PPP rates are statistical esti-mates, calculated on the basis of collected price data for a basket of goods and services for benchmark years. Between benchmark years, the PPP rates are extrapolated forward using ratios of prices indexes, either GDP deflators or consumer price indexes. Like all statistical estimates they are subject to a margin of error.

Furthermore, GDP-based PPP rates are of limited relevance for the con-version of military expenditure data into US dollars.9 Such PPP rates are designed to reflect the purchasing power for goods and services that are repre-sentative of consumption patterns in each country, that is, primarily for civilian goods and services. Military expenditure is used to purchase a number of goods and services which are not typical of national consumption patterns. For example, the price of conscripts can be assumed to be lower than the price of a typical basket of goods and services, while the prices of advanced weapon systems and of their maintenance and repair services can be assumed to be much higher. The extent to which this data reflects the amount of military goods and services that the military budget can buy is not known. Due to these uncertainties, SIPRI uses market exchange rates to convert military expend-iture data into US dollars, despite their limitations.

Sources

The sources for military expenditure data are, in order of priority: (a) primary sources, that is, official data provided by national governments, either in their

7 GDP-based PPP rates are estimated for all countries by the International Comparison Program

(ICP), coordinated by the World Bank. In Feb. 2008 the ICP released PPP data based on inter-national price comparisons for the benchmark year of 2005. See the ICP website, .

8 On the issues involved in international comparison and currency conversion and the use of PPP rates see Ward, M., ‘International comparisons of military expenditures: issues and challenges of using purchasing power parities’, SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2006), pp. 369–86.

9 The ICP notes that PPP rates should not be used for all international comparisons and that MERs should be used to measure such things as international trade, capital flows and the value of foreign debt. International Comparison Program (ICP), 2005 International Comparison Program: Tables of Final Results (World Bank: Washington, DC, Feb. 2008), p. 10.


official publications or in response to questionnaires; (b) secondary sources which quote primary data; and (c) other secondary sources.

The first category consists of national budget documents, defence White Papers and public finance statistics as well as responses to a SIPRI question-naire that is sent out annually to the finance and defence ministries, central banks, and national statistical offices of the countries in the SIPRI Military Expenditure Database (see appendix 5C). It also includes government responses to questionnaires about military expenditure sent out by the United Nations and, if made available by the countries themselves, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

The second category includes international statistics, such as those of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the IMF. The data for the 16 pre-1999 NATO member states has traditionally been taken from military expenditure statistics published in a number of NATO sources. The intro-duction by NATO of a new definition of military expenditure in 2005 has made it necessary to rely on other sources for some NATO countries for the most recent years. The data for many developing countries is taken from the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics Yearbook, which provides a defence heading for most IMF member countries, and from country reports by IMF staff. This category also includes publications of other organizations that provide proper references to the primary sources used, such as the Country Reports of the Economist Intelligence Unit.

The third category of sources consists of specialist journals and newspapers. The main sources for economic data are the publications of the IMF: Inter-

national Financial Statistics, World Economic Outlook and country reports by IMF staff.


Tab

le 5

A.1

. Mili

tary

exp

endi

ture

by

regi

on, b

y in

tern

atio

nal o

rgan

izat

ion

and

by in

com

e gr

oup,

1999

–200

8 Fi

gure

s ar

e in

US

$b. a

t co

nsta

nt 2

005

pric

es a

nd e

xcha

nge

rate

s fo

r 19

99–2

008

and,

in t

he r

ight

-mos

t co

lum

n (m

arke

d *)

, in

curr

ent

US$

b. f

or 2

008.

Fi

gure

s do

not a

lway

s add

up

to to

tals

bec

ause

of t

he c

onve

ntio

ns o

f rou

ndin

g.

19

99

2000

20

01

2002

20

03

2004

20

05

2006

20

07

2008

20

08*

Wor

ld to

tal

847

877

895

952

1 01

5 1

071

1 11

3 1

142

1 18

2 1

226

1 46

4

Geo

grap

hica

l reg

ions

Afr

ica

14.6

13

.6

14.2

15

.1

15.1

16

.8

17.3

17

.8

(18.

6)

(20.

4)

(25.

8)

N

orth

Afr

ica

4.0

4.0

5.2

5.2

5.4

5.9

6.1

6.1

6.6

7.8

9.7

Su

b-Sa

hara

n A

fric

a 10

.6

9.5

9.1

9.9

9.7

10.9

11

.2

11.7

(1

1.9)

(1

2.6)

(1

6.0)

A

mer

icas

36

8 38

3 38

8 43

0 48

2 52

3 54

9 55

9 57

6 60

3 68

0

Car

ibbe

an

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

C

entr

al A

mer

ica

3.7

3.9

3.9

3.8

3.8

3.6

3.6

3.4

4.5

4.5

4.8

N

orth

Am

eric

a 34

1 35

4 35

7 39

9 45

3 49

3 51

6 52

5 54

0 56

4 62

7

Sout

h A

mer

ica

22.7

24

.8

27.4

27

.2

25.3

26

.6

29.0

30

.2

32.1

34

.1

48.1

A

sia

and

Oce

ania

13

6 13

9 14

7 15

4 16

0 16

9 17

7 18

6 19

6 20

6 24

8

Cen

tral

Asi

a 0.

5 . .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

East

Asi

a 10

1 10

4 11

0 11

6 12

2 12

7 13

3 14

0 14

9 15

7 18

9

Oce

ania

12

.3

12.2

12

.7

13.2

13

.5

14.0

14

.5

15.4

16

.2

16.6

19

.9

So

uth

Asi

a 21

.9

22.8

23

.5

23.6

24

.2

27.5

28

.9

29.2

29

.9

30.9

37

.3

Euro

pe

281

287

289

298

302

303

303

309

314

320

413

Ea

ster

n 15

.9

21.4

23

.3

25.8

27

.6

28.9

32

.0

35.7

39

.3

43.6

66

.9

W

este

rn a

nd C

entr

al

265

266

265

272

274

274

271

273

275

277

346

Mid

dle

East

48

.6

53.8

56

.9

54.8

56

.4

59.3

66

.0

70.4

76

.5

75.6

97

.6

Org

aniz

atio

ns

ASE

AN

11

.6

11.7

12

.4

13.1

14

.7

14.8

15

.3

15.8

17

.3

17.4

22

.8

CIS

16

.4

21.9

23

.9

26.5

28

.4

29.7

33

.0

36.8

40

.8

44.9

68

.9

Euro

pean

Uni

on

225

227

227

232

235

248

246

247

253

255

317


1999

20

00

2001

20

02

2003

20

04

2005

20

06

2007

20

08

2008

*

NA

TO

58

3 59

6 59

9 64

9 70

4 74

9 77

0 78

0 79

6 82

3 95

0

NA

TO

Eur

ope

242

243

242

249

251

256

253

256

257

259

323

OEC

D

673

689

693

743

800

841

863

874

893

921

1 05

7 O

PEC

33

.8

38.6

41

.0

37.5

38

.9

43.6

49

.7

54.6

60

.1

60.9

79

.7

OSC

E 62

1 64

2 64

6 69

8 75

5 79

7 82

1 83

5 85

5 88

6 1

042

Inco

me

grou

p Lo

w

8.9

8.7

9.0

9.8

9.6

10.0

10

.1

10.1

10

.5

10.7

13

.7

Low

er m

iddl

e 70

.7

76.3

83

.4

87.7

94

.9

105

113

123

132

141

190

Upp

er m

iddl

e 68

.3

74.7

78

.5

82.3

80

.5

82

86.6

91

.3

96.4

10

3 14

6 H

igh

699

717

724

772

830

875

903

917

943

971

1 11

4

(

) =

Tot

al b

ased

on

coun

try

data

acc

ount

ing

for

less

tha

n 90

% o

f th

e re

gion

al t

otal

; . .

= A

vaila

ble

data

acc

ount

for

less

tha

n 60

% o

f th

e re

gion

al t

otal

; A

SEA

N =

Ass

ocia

tion

of S

outh

east

Asi

an N

atio

ns; C

IS =

Com

mon

wea

lth o

f In

depe

nden

t St

ates

; NA

TO

= N

orth

Atla

ntic

Tre

aty

Org

aniz

atio

n; O

ECD

=

Org

anis

atio

n fo

r Ec

onom

ic C

o-op

erat

ion

and

Dev

elop

men

t; O

PEC

= O

rgan

izat

ion

of th

e Pe

trol

eum

Exp

ortin

g C

ount

ries

; OSC

E =

Org

aniz

atio

n fo

r Se

curi

ty

and

Co-

oper

atio

n in

Eur

ope.

N

otes

: The

wor

ld to

tal a

nd th

e to

tals

for

regi

ons,

orga

niza

tions

and

inco

me

grou

ps in

tabl

e 5A

.1 ar

e es

timat

es, b

ased

on

data

in ta

ble

5A.3

. Whe

n m

ilita

ry

expe

nditu

re d

ata

for

a co

untr

y is

mis

sing

for

a fe

w y

ears

, est

imat

es a

re m

ade.

Whe

n no

est

imat

es c

an b

e m

ade,

cou

ntri

es a

re e

xclu

ded

from

the

tota

ls. T

he

coun

trie

s ex

clud

ed f

rom

all

tota

ls in

tab

le 5

A.1

are

Beni

n, C

uba,

Equ

ator

ial G

uine

a, G

uyan

a, H

aiti,

Nor

th K

orea

, Mya

nmar

, Qat

ar, S

omal

ia, T

rini

dad

and

Tob

ago,

and

Vie

t Nam

. T

otal

s fo

r ge

ogra

phic

al r

egio

ns a

dd u

p to

the

wor

ld to

tal a

nd s

ubre

gion

al to

tals

add

up

to r

egio

nal t

otal

s. T

otal

s fo

r re

gion

s an

d in

com

e gr

oups

cov

er th

e sa

me

grou

ps o

f cou

ntri

es fo

r all

year

s. T

otal

s for

org

aniz

atio

ns c

over

onl

y th

e m

embe

r cou

ntri

es in

the

year

giv

en.

The

cou

ntry

cov

erag

e of

inco

me

grou

ps is

bas

ed o

n fig

ures

of 2

007

gros

s na

tiona

l inc

ome

(GN

I) p

er c

apita

as

calc

ulat

ed in

Wor

ld B

ank,

Wor

ld D

evel

op-

men

t Rep

ort 2

007:

Dev

elop

men

t and

the

Nex

t Gen

erat

ion

(Wor

ld B

ank:

Was

hing

ton,

DC

, 200

6).

Afr

ica

incl

udes

the

50 c

ount

ries

in th

e fo

llow

ing

subr

egio

ns: N

orth

Afr

ica:

Alg

eria

, Lib

ya, M

oroc

co, T

unis

ia; S

ub-S

ahar

an A

fric

a: A

ngol

a, B

enin

, Bot

swan

a,

Burk

ina

Faso

, Bur

undi

, Cam

eroo

n, C

ape

Ver

de, C

entr

al A

fric

an R

epub

lic, C

had,

Con

go (R

epub

lic o

f the

), C

ongo

(Dem

ocra

tic R

epub

lic o

f the

, DR

C),

Côt

e d’

Ivoi

re, D

jibou

ti, E

quat

oria

l Gui

nea,

Eri

trea

, Eth

iopi

a, G

abon

, Gam

bia,

Gha

na, G

uine

a, G

uine

a-Bi

ssau

, Ken

ya, L

esot

ho, L

iber

ia, M

adag

asca

r, M

alaw

i, M

ali,

Mau

rita

nia,

Mau

ritiu

s, M

ozam

biqu

e, N

amib

ia,

Nig

er,

Nig

eria

, R

wan

da,

Sene

gal,

Seyc

helle

s, Si

erra

Leo

ne,

Som

alia

, So

uth

Afr

ica,

Sud

an,

Swaz

iland

, T

anza

nia,

Tog

o, U

gand

a, Z

ambi

a, Z

imba

bwe.


Am

eric

as in

clud

es th

e 28

coun

trie

s in

the

follo

win

g su

breg

ions

: Car

ibbe

an: B

aham

as, B

arba

dos,

Cub

a, D

omin

ican

Rep

ublic

, Hai

ti, J

amai

ca, a

nd T

rini

dad

and

Tob

ago;

Cen

tral

Am

eric

a: B

eliz

e, C

osta

Ric

a, E

l Sal

vado

r, G

uate

mal

a, H

ondu

ras,

Mex

ico,

Nic

arag

ua, P

anam

a; N

orth

Am

eric

a: C

anad

a, U

SA; S

outh

Am

eric

a:

Arg

entin

a, B

oliv

ia, B

razi

l, C

hile

, Col

ombi

a, E

cuad

or, G

uyan

a, P

arag

uay,

Per

u, U

rugu

ay, V

enez

uela

. A

sia

and

Oce

ania

incl

udes

the

32 c

ount

ries

in th

e fo

llow

ing

subr

egio

ns: C

entr

al A

sia:

Kaz

akhs

tan,

Kyr

gyzs

tan,

Taj

ikis

tan,

Tur

kmen

ista

n, U

zbek

ista

n; E

ast

Asi

a: B

rune

i, C

ambo

dia,

Chi

na, I

ndon

esia

, Jap

an, K

orea

(Dem

ocra

tic P

eopl

e’s

Rep

ublic

of,

Nor

th K

orea

), K

orea

(Rep

ublic

of,

Sout

h K

orea

), La

os, M

alay

sia,

M

ongo

lia, M

yanm

ar, P

hilip

pine

s, Si

ngap

ore,

Tai

wan

, Tha

iland

, Vie

t Nam

; Sou

th A

sia:

Afg

hani

stan

, Ban

glad

esh,

Ind

ia, N

epal

, Pak

ista

n, S

ri L

anka

; Oce

ania

: A

ustr

alia

, Fiji

, New

Zea

land

, Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a, T

onga

. Eu

rope

incl

udes

the

44

coun

trie

s in

the

follo

win

g su

breg

ions

: Cen

tral

and

Wes

tern

Eur

ope:

Alb

ania

, Aus

tria

, Bel

gium

, Bos

nia

and

Her

zego

vina

, Bul

gari

a,

Cro

atia

, Cyp

rus,

Cze

ch R

epub

lic, D

enm

ark,

Est

onia

, Fin

land

, Fra

nce,

Ger

man

y, G

reec

e, H

unga

ry, I

cela

nd, I

rela

nd, I

taly

, Lat

via,

Lith

uani

a, L

uxem

bour

g,

Mac

edon

ia (F

orm

er Y

ugos

lav

Rep

ublic

of,

FYR

OM

), M

alta

, Mon

tene

gro,

Net

herl

ands

, Nor

way

, Pol

and,

Por

tuga

l, R

oman

ia, S

erbi

a, S

lova

kia,

Slo

veni

a, S

pain

, Sw

eden

, Sw

itzer

land

, Tur

key,

UK

. Eas

tern

Eur

ope:

Arm

enia

, Aze

rbai

jan,

Bel

arus

, Geo

rgia

, Mol

dova

, Rus

sia,

Ukr

aine

. M

iddl

e Ea

st: B

ahra

in, E

gypt

, Ira

n, Ir

aq, I

srae

l, Jo

rdan

, Kuw

ait,

Leba

non,

Om

an, Q

atar

, Sau

di A

rabi

a, S

yria

, Uni

ted

Ara

b Em

irat

es (U

AE)

, Yem

en.

ASE

AN

: Bru

nei,

Cam

bodi

a (1

999–

), In

done

sia,

Lao

s, M

alay

sia,

Mya

nmar

, Phi

lippi

nes,

Sing

apor

e, T

haila

nd, V

iet N

am.

CIS

: Arm

enia

, Aze

rbai

jan,

Bel

arus

, Geo

rgia

, Kaz

akhs

tan,

Kyr

gyzs

tan,

Mol

dova

, Rus

sia,

Taj

ikis

tan,

Tur

kmen

ista

n, U

krai

ne, U

zbek

ista

n.

Euro

pean

Uni

on: A

ustr

ia, B

elgi

um, B

ulga

ria

(200

7– ),

Cyp

rus

(200

4– ),

Cze

ch R

epub

lic (2

004–

), D

enm

ark,

Est

onia

(200

4– ),

Fin

land

, Fra

nce,

Ger

man

y,

Gre

ece,

Hun

gary

(20

04–

), Ir

elan

d, I

taly

, Lat

via

(200

4– )

, Lith

uani

a (2

004–

), L

uxem

bour

g, M

alta

(20

04–

), N

ethe

rlan

ds, P

olan

d (2

004–

), P

ortu

gal,

Rom

ania

(200

7– ),

Slo

vaki

a (2

004–

), S

love

nia

(200

4– ),

Spa

in, S

wed

en, U

K.

NA

TO: B

elgi

um, B

ulga

ria

(200

4– ),

Can

ada,

Cze

ch R

epub

lic (1

999–

), D

enm

ark,

Est

onia

(200

4– ),

Fra

nce,

Ger

man

y, G

reec

e, H

unga

ry (1

999–

), I

cela

nd,

Ital

y, L

atvi

a (2

004–

), L

ithua

nia

(200

4– )

, Lux

embo

urg,

Net

herl

ands

, Nor

way

, Pol

and

(199

9– )

, Por

tuga

l, R

oman

ia (

2004

– ),

Slov

akia

(20

04–

), Sl

oven

ia

(200

4– ),

Spa

in, T

urke

y, U

K, U

SA. N

ATO

Eur

ope

excl

udes

Can

ada,

USA

. O

ECD

: Aus

tral

ia, A

ustr

ia, B

elgi

um, C

anad

a, C

zech

Rep

ublic

, Den

mar

k, F

inla

nd, F

ranc

e, G

erm

any,

Gre

ece,

Hun

gary

, Ice

land

, Ire

land

, Ita

ly, J

apan

, Sou

th

Kor

ea, L

uxem

bour

g, M

exic

o, N

ethe

rlan

ds, N

ew Z

eala

nd, N

orw

ay, P

olan

d, P

ortu

gal,

Slov

akia

(200

0– ),

Spa

in, S

wed

en, S

witz

erla

nd, T

urke

y, U

K, U

SA.

OPE

C: A

lger

ia, A

ngol

a (2

007–

), In

done

sia,

Iran

, Ira

q, K

uwai

t, Li

bya,

Nig

eria

, Qat

ar, S

audi

Ara

bia,

Uni

ted

Ara

b Em

irat

es, V

enez

uela

. O

SCE:

Alb

ania

, Arm

enia

, Aus

tria

, Aze

rbai

jan,

Bel

arus

, Bel

gium

, Bos

nia

and

Her

zego

vina

, Bul

gari

a, C

anad

a, C

roat

ia, C

ypru

s, C

zech

Rep

ublic

, Den

mar

k,

Esto

nia,

Fin

land

, Fra

nce,

Geo

rgia

, Ger

man

y, G

reec

e, H

unga

ry, I

cela

nd, I

rela

nd, I

taly

, Kaz

akhs

tan,

Kyr

gyzs

tan,

Lat

via,

Lith

uani

a, L

uxem

bour

g, M

aced

onia

(F

orm

er Y

ugos

lav

Rep

ublic

of,

FYR

OM

), M

alta

, Mol

dova

, Mon

tene

gro

(200

6– ),

Net

herl

ands

, Nor

way

, Pol

and,

Por

tuga

l, R

oman

ia, R

ussi

a, S

erbi

a (2

000–

),

Slov

akia

, Slo

veni

a, S

pain

, Sw

eden

, Sw

itzer

land

, Taj

ikis

tan,

Tur

key,

Tur

kmen

ista

n, U

K, U

krai

ne, U

SA, U

zbek

ista

n.

Low

-inco

me

coun

trie

s (G

NI

per c

apita

�$9

35 in

200

7): A

fgha

nist

an, B

angl

ades

h, B

enin

, Bur

kina

Fas

o, B

urun

di, C

ambo

dia,

Cen

tral

Afr

ican

Rep

ublic

, Cha

d,

Con

go (D

emoc

ratic

Rep

ublic

of t

he, D

RC

), C

ôte

d’Iv

oire

, Eri

trea

, Eth

iopi

a, G

ambi

a, G

hana

, Gui

nea,

Gui

nea-

Biss

au, H

aiti,

Ken

ya, N

orth

Kor

ea, K

yrgy

zsta

n,

Laos

, Lib

eria

, Mad

agas

car,

Mal

awi,

Mal

i, M

auri

tani

a, M

ozam

biqu

e, M

yanm

ar, N

epal

, Nig

er, N

iger

ia, P

akis

tan,

Pap

ua N

ew G

uine

a, R

wan

da, S

eneg

al, S

ierr

a Le

one,

Som

alia

, Taj

ikis

tan,

Tan

zani

a, T

ogo,

Uga

nda,

Uzb

ekis

tan,

Vie

t Nam

, Yem

en, Z

ambi

a, Z

imba

bwe.


Low

er-m

iddl

e-in

com

e co

untr

ies

(GN

I pe

r ca

pita

$93

6–$3

705

in 2

005)

: Alb

ania

, Alg

eria

, Ang

ola,

Arm

enia

, Aze

rbai

jan,

Bol

ivia

, Bos

nia

and

Her

zego

vina

, C

amer

oon,

Cap

e V

erde

, Chi

na, C

olom

bia,

Con

go (R

epub

lic o

f the

), D

jibou

ti, D

omin

ican

Rep

ublic

, Ecu

ador

, Egy

pt, E

l Sal

vado

r, G

eorg

ia, G

uate

mal

a, G

uyan

a,

Hon

dura

s, In

dia,

Ind

ones

ia, I

ran,

Ira

q, J

orda

n, L

esot

ho, M

aced

onia

(Fo

rmer

Yug

osla

v R

epub

lic o

f, FY

RO

M),

Mol

dova

, Mon

golia

, Mor

occo

, Nam

ibia

, N

icar

agua

, Par

agua

y, P

eru,

Phi

lippi

nes,

Sri L

anka

, Sud

an, S

waz

iland

, Syr

ia, T

haila

nd, T

onga

, Tur

kmen

ista

n, T

unis

ia, U

krai

ne.

Upp

er-m

iddl

e-in

com

e co

untr

ies

(GN

I pe

r ca

pita

$37

06–$

11 4

55 in

200

5): A

rgen

tina,

Bel

arus

, Bel

ize,

Bot

swan

a, B

razi

l, Bu

lgar

ia, C

hile

, Cos

ta R

ica,

Cro

atia

, C

uba,

Fiji

, Gab

on, J

amai

ca, K

azak

hsta

n, L

atvi

a, L

eban

on, L

ithua

nia,

Lib

ya, M

alay

sia,

Mau

ritiu

s, M

exic

o, M

onte

negr

o, P

anam

a, P

olan

d, R

oman

ia, R

ussi

a,

Serb

ia, S

eych

elle

s, So

uth

Afr

ica,

Tur

key,

Uru

guay

, Ven

ezue

la.

Hig

h-in

com

e co

untr

ies

(GN

I pe

r ca

pita

�$1

1 45

6 in

200

5):

Aus

tral

ia,

Aus

tria

, Ba

ham

as,

Bahr

ain,

Bar

bado

s, Be

lgiu

m,

Brun

ei,

Can

ada,

Cyp

rus,

Cze

ch

Rep

ublic

, Den

mar

k, E

quat

oria

l Gui

nea,

Est

onia

, Fin

land

, Fra

nce,

Ger

man

y, G

reec

e, H

unga

ry, I

cela

nd, I

rela

nd, I

srae

l, It

aly,

Jap

an, S

outh

Kor

ea, K

uwai

t, Lu

xem

bour

g, M

alta

, Net

herl

ands

, New

Zea

land

, Nor

way

, Om

an, P

ortu

gal,

Qat

ar, S

audi

Ara

bia,

Sin

gapo

re, S

lova

kia,

Slo

veni

a, S

pain

, Sw

eden

, Sw

itzer

land

, T

aiw

an, T

rini

dad

and

Tob

ago,

Uni

ted

Ara

b Em

irat

es, U

K, U

SA.


Tab

le 5

A.2

. Mili

tary

exp

endi

ture

by

regi

on a

nd c

ount

ry, i

n lo

cal c

urre

ncy,

1999

–200

8 Fi

gure

s are

in lo

cal c

urre

ncy

at c

urre

nt p

rice

s and

are

for c

alen

dar y

ears

, unl

ess o

ther

wis

e st

ated

. Cou

ntri

es a

re g

roup

ed b

y re

gion

and

subr

egio

n.

Cou

ntry

C

urre

ncy

1999

20

00

2001

20

02

2003

20

04

2005

20

06

2007

20

08

Afr

ica

Nor

th A

fric

a A

lger

ia1

m. d

inar

s 12

1 59

7 14

1 57

6 16

1 50

5 16

7 38

0 17

0 76

4 20

1 93

0 21

4 32

0 22

4 76

7 27

3 41

5 33

4 04

5 Li

bya

m. d

inar

s 53

5 55

6 49

6 57

5 70

0 89

4 90

4 80

7 80

7 1

347

Mor

occo

m

. dir

ham

s 11

569

9

129

16 6

19

16 2

54

17 4

18

17 1

82

18 0

06

18 7

75

19 7

30

22 8

24

Tun

isia

m

. din

ars

424

456

483

491

525

554

608

662

601

[652

]

Sub-

Saha

ran

Afr

ica

Ang

ola§

|| 2

b.

kw

anza

s 3.

0 5.

9 8.

9 19

.1

50.0

68

.3

119

158

172

182

Beni

n m

. CFA

fran

cs

10 9

86

10 3

21

9 61

2 18

122

20

077

22

072

[2

4 67

7]

[25

601]

. .

[3

0 33

0]

Bots

wan

a m

. pul

a 78

4 94

2 1

229

1 41

5 1

490

1 47

4 1

533

1 65

4 [1

945

] [3

086

] Bu

rkin

a Fa

so†

m. C

FA fr

ancs

[2

1 20

0]

[21

500]

22

259

24

666

25

571

30

289

33

649

37

081

45

448

63

642

Bu

rund

i b.

fran

cs

28.5

30

.5

44.2

41

.8

47.0

49

.4

53.6

46

.0

50.1

52

.0

Cam

eroo

n§

m. C

FA fr

ancs

89

095

87

598

91

118

10

1 50

0 10

9 55

6 11

6 80

8 11

7 67

0 13

4 34

5 14

2 19

8 15

5 20

3 C

ape

Ver

de

m. e

scud

os

518

814

572

530

565

573

614

614

635

663

Cen

tral

Afr

ican

Rep

.‡ 3

m. C

FA fr

ancs

. .

. .

. .

7

445

8 72

9 7

979

8 12

1 . .

9

160

14 1

11

Cha

d4

b. C

FA fr

ancs

16

.0

18.8

22

.5

23.9

23

.8

26.7

(2

9.3)

(3

0.9)

(3

3.3)

(3

6.1)

C

ongo

, Rep

ublic

of§

m

. CFA

fran

cs

. .

. .

28 3

74

35 0

35

38 7

28

40 0

50

41 9

54

44 0

70

50 8

49

63 0

20

Con

go, D

RC

5 m

./b.

fran

cs

600

2 90

1 . .

. .

|

31.9

55

.0

78.3

96

.0

106

89.5

C

ôte

d’Iv

oire

§ b.

CFA

fran

cs

. .

. .

. .

. .

124

133

132

140

151

154

Djib

outi

m. f

ranc

s 4

759

4 62

5 4

629

5 90

9 7

422

6 63

9 7

970

[8 8

00]

6 13

5 6

447

Equa

tori

al G

uine

a m

. CFA

fran

cs

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

Eritr

ea

m. n

akfa

2

225

2 22

0 1

884

2 10

4 2

520

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

Ethi

opia

6 m

. bir

r 5

589

5 07

5 2

959

2 47

6 2

397

2 68

6 2

965

3 00

7 3

253

3 75

0 G

abon

7 b.

CFA

fran

cs

. .

65.0

66

.0

66.0

63

.0

65.0

60

.0

58.0

(5

9.0)

. .

G

ambi

a‡

m. d

alas

is

40.1

42

.5

38.5

45

.0

57.0

58

.0

85.3

78

.2

113

. .


C

ount

ry

Cur

renc

y 19

99

2000

20

01

2002

20

03

2004

20

05

2006

20

07

2008

Gha

na||

8 m

. ced

is

15.8

27

.7

23.2

29

.3

46.2

50

.7

58.2

69

.4

118

120

Gui

nea9

b.

fran

cs

76.6

80

.3

171

194

167

182

. .

. .

. .

. .

Gui

nea-

Biss

au||

10

m. C

FA fr

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C

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20

01

2002

20

03

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20

05

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20

07

2008

Para

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† 29

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26

2 27

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0 28

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22 7

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1 32

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2 02

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3 92

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2 1

691

1 65

3 1

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2 00

6 2

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6 2

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2 20

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419

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36 5

10

36 7

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37 1

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38 6

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40 6

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720

1 55

6 1

547


C

ount

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Cur

renc

y 19

99

2000

20

01

2002

20

03

2004

20

05

2006

20

07

2008

Ger

man

y m

. eur

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30 6

03

30 5

54

30 6

48

31 1

68

31 0

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1 27

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0 Ir

elan

d m

. eur

os

[696

] [7

54]

858

862

855

887

921

949

1 00

3 1

079

Ital

y49

m. e

uros

22

240

24

325

24

592

25

887

26

795

27

476

26

959

26

631

27

572

[2

7 70

8]

Latv

ia

m. l

ats

33.1

42

.4

54.6

91

.0

108

124

154

206

251

305

Lith

uani

a m

. lita

i 46

1 79

6 86

0 90

8 1

077

1 13

9 [1

150

] [1

292

] [1

516

] [1

741

] Lu

xem

bour

g m

. eur

os

132

139

179

192

205

[213

] [2

38]

[263

] [2

68]

. .

Mac

edon

ia, F

YR

50

m. d

enar

s 3

769

4 60

2 15

397

6

841

6 29

2 6

683

6 25

9 6

149

7 27

2 8

160

Mal

ta† |

| th

. eur

os

26 0

05

25 8

77

28 4

30

28 6

90

29 9

87

32 5

37

34 2

94

35 2

84

35 7

66

33 9

63

Mol

dova

† ¶ 51

m

. lei

63

.0

63.3

76

.7

94.7

11

5 11

6 15

1 21

6 27

6 27

9 M

onte

negr

o52

m. e

uros

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

42

.3

39.9

48

.6

Net

herl

ands

m

. eur

os

6 59

5 6

482

6 92

9 7

149

7 40

4 7

552

7 69

3 8

145

8 38

7 8

348

Nor

way

m

. kro

ner

25 8

09

25 7

22

26 6

69

32 4

61

31 9

85

32 9

45

31 4

71

32 1

42

34 4

39

33 1

02

Pola

nd

m. z

loty

s 12

800

13

763

14

864

15

401

16

249

17

793

19

023

19

959

22

768

25

873

Po

rtug

al

m. e

uros

2

259

2 39

3 2

598

2 76

5 2

755

2 99

6 3

248

3 24

2 3

190

3 28

5 R

oman

ia||

m. l

ei

1 46

5 2

031

2 86

4 3

491

4 15

1 4

994

5 75

7 6

324

6 35

8 7

543

Rus

sia5

3 b.

roub

les

[165

] [2

71]

[365

] [4

70]

[568

] [6

56]

[806

] [9

67]

[1 1

44]

[1 4

58]

Serb

ia54

m

. din

ars

8 60

0 21

292

33

060

43

695

42

070

43

154

41

996

47

342

56

792

63

648

Sl

ovak

ia†

m. k

orun

y 13

532

15

760

19

051

19

947

22

965

22

944

25

537

27

064

28

131

31

464

Sl

oven

ia||

m. e

uros

20

8 20

7 27

5 32

8 36

0 39

6 41

3 48

5 49

8 60

8 Sp

ain

m. e

uros

7

092

7 59

9 7

972

8 41

4 8

587

9 13

2 9

508

11 5

06

12 2

19

13 1

05

Swed

en55

m

. kro

nor

42 5

41

44 5

42

42 6

39

42 4

01

42 9

03

40 5

27

41 2

40

41 1

50

43 1

63

41 6

36

Switz

erla

nd† ¶

56

m. f

ranc

s 4

416

4 50

3 4

476

4 46

1 4

437

4 38

1 4

344

3 97

2 4

120

4 38

9 T

urke

y||

m. l

iras

4

168

6 24

8 8

844

13 6

41

15 4

26

15 5

68

16 1

97

[19

326]

[1

8 01

3]

[20

585]

U

nite

d K

ingd

om57

m

. pou

nds

22 5

30

23 3

01

24 5

44

26 4

62

28 7

51

29 4

78

30 3

33

31 2

41

32 9

92

35 3

20

Ukr

aine

§ m

. hry

vnia

s 3

890

6 18

4 5

848

6 26

6 7

615

8 96

3 12

328

15

082

20

685

25

341


Mid

dle

Eas

t Ba

hrai

n58

m. d

inar

s 12

3 12

1 12

6 15

0 17

5 18

0 18

3 20

3 22

2 [2

20]

Egyp

t m

. pou

nds

9 88

1 10

847

11

859

12

741

13

948

14

684

15

368

16

927

18

636

20

534

Ir

an¶

b. ri

als

12 9

92

21 9

84

26 9

96

23 2

11

31 6

33

45 9

60

64 6

55

78 3

78

76 2

83

86 5

02

Iraq

59

b. d

inar

s . .

. .

. .

. .

. .

(8

92)

(1 6

49)

(2 1

17)

(2 4

37)

(4 2

50)

Isra

el60

m

. she

kels

38

016

39

587

41

788

48

957

46

350

43

988

46

240

50

757

[5

7 63

9]

[58

106]

Jo

rdan

m

. din

ars

363

375

375

370

434

416

428

497

732

886

Kuw

ait

m. d

inar

s 69

6 82

7 82

4 85

8 93

3 1

017

1 02

5 1

049

1 24

3 1

254

Leba

non

b. p

ound

s 1

251

1 40

2 1

445

1 36

8 1

392

1 43

9 [1

463

] [1

561

] [1

912

] [1

961

] O

man

‡ 61

m. r

ials

68

7 80

9 93

3 95

8 1

010

1 14

4 1

404

1 55

0 1

663

1 73

5 Q

atar

m

. riy

als

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

Saud

i Ara

bia§

62

m. r

iyal

s 68

700

74

866

78

850

69

382

70

303

78

414

95

146

11

0 77

9 13

2 92

2 14

3 33

6 Sy

ria6

3 b.

pou

nds

47.6

49

.3

53.4

55

.3

67.1

70

.2

75.7

74

.9

82.7

86

.8

Uni

ted

Ara

b Em

irat

es64

m

. dir

ham

s 8

790

8 68

8 8

796

9 13

9 9

244

8 94

3 9

399

. .

. .

. .

Yem

en

b. ri

yals

61

.5

76.6

[9

1.1]

13

0 14

8 13

6 15

6 16

2 20

9 23

9


Tab

le 5

A.3

. Mili

tary

exp

endi

ture

by

coun

try,

in c

onst

ant U

S do

llars

for 1

998–

2008

and

cur

rent

US

dolla

rs fo

r 200

8 Fi

gure

s ar

e in

US

$m. a

t co

nsta

nt 2

005

pric

es a

nd e

xcha

nge

rate

s fo

r 19

99–2

008

and,

in t

he r

ight

-mos

t co

lum

n (m

arke

d *)

in c

urre

nt U

S$ m

. for

200

8.

Figu

res a

re fo

r cal

enda

r yea

rs u

nles

s oth

erw

ise

stat

ed. C

ount

ries

are

gro

uped

by

regi

on a

nd su

breg

ion.

C

ount

ry

1999

20

00

2001

20

02

2003

20

04

2005

20

06

appendix 5a. military expenditure data, 1999–2008 · 2018. 9. 30. · lumpur), pere ortega...

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