appendix 1: literature review...68 review of literature and relevant reports ref no. author/...
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67
APPENDIX 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
68
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND RELEVANT REPORTS
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
1 ABARE Forestplantations onclearedagricultural landin Australia
NationalPlantationInventoryRegions
Pinus radiata,P. pinaster,E. globulus,E. nitens,E. regnans,E. grandis,E. pilularis,Corymbiavariegata,P. caribaea,P. elliottii,A.cunninghamiiAcaciamangium
BRS rainfalldata,MargulesGroomePöyryplantationyield, costs,final marketprices andtimberprocessingdata, AUSLIGroadcoverages,ABARE farmsurveys
Rainfall Cleared agrland, agrland value
Plantation costs,timberprocessingcosts (fixed &variable,recovery rates &capacity),transport costs,market prices,value of agr land
Maps ofeachregion of:Currentagr landuse andvalue,plantationproductivity, potentialland use
Varieddepending onregion andspecies
A national studylooking only atrainfall for capability.Doesn’t cover all themills
2 Allen, R &Assoc. 1982.Prepared forVic LCC
An investigationof private landsuitable forsoftwoodproduction in SWDistrict 1
GreenTriangle
P. radiata Land sales Clearedfreehold land,rainfall,temperature,soils,topography
Land use Land sales N/A N/A Area statements byproductivity zones
3 BeckhouseJ.A. ,1996,SFNSW
South EastEucalyptPlantationProgram
SE NSW Tablelands:E. nitensCoastal:E. botryoidesE. saligna
Covers MAIquoted inliterature.Rough yieldschedules.
Gives mostpromisingspecies forCoastal &Tablelands
Assessesotherreports.
Marketdiscussion.Summarisesprevious marketassessments &opportunitiesPresents IRRs.
None N/A Review of southcoast plantationprospects, includingspecies lists, MAIs,site preparationrequirements &management. Alsolists furtherresearchrequirements.
69
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
4 Bonny, L.,1991, FCNSW,ResearchPaper No. 12
Growth of a E.grandisplantationfollowingintensivesilviculturaltreatmentsapplied in thefirst 6 years.
NorthernNSW
E.grandis Growth ratesas MAI to 6years
Site preparationmethods toobtain MAIs.
N/A N/A N/A 33oS-25oS,grows beston lowerslopes, deepsoils of atleastmoderatefertility,1500mmrainfall
Possible use indetermining growthrates.
5 Booth, T.H andJovanovic, T.,1991, CSIRODivision ofForestry,Report to theNationalPlantationsAdvisoryCommittee.
Integratingfarming andforestry.Commercialwood productionon clearedagricultural land.Appendix B. B1“Identification ofland capable ofprivate plantationdevelopment.”B4“Environmentalcosts andbenefits ofestablishingplantations onclearedagriculturalland.”
AllAustralia
E.diversicolorE.globulusE.grandisE.nitensE.pilularisE.regnansE.salignaA.mangiumA.mearnsiiA.melanoxylonP.radiataP.elliottiiP.caribaeaAraucariacunninghamii
SPANS GISESOCLIMAUSLIG
Climate,rainfall,temperatureSoil: physical,chemicalTopography:Pests:Diseases:Potential forirrigatedplantations.Potential forhardwood oncleared land.
Discussesenviron-mental costs/benefits.Discussesconstraintsof: seedavailability,frost, pests,pathogens,salinity,water-logging
Tas, Vic, WAcase studies.Costs andreturns forfarming andforestry.
Soil 1:5millionVegn 1:5millionClimate 1:5million
Rainfall>600mm/yrClearedVegetationDryseason<=6months
Comprehensiveanalysis ofplantation capability.Includesenvironmental,harvesting andresearchconstraints.Environmentalbenefits ofhydrological, soil,biodiversity,climatological,Economic studies.National scale study
70
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
6 BorschmannR. 1998.Prepared forPlantationDevelopmentServices forPlantationsNorth East
DRAFTPlantationproductivitypotential of BlueGum and RadiataPine for NEVictoria
Victoria E. globulus,P. radiata
Growth dataderived fromresearchtrials anddemoplantings
Clearedfreehold land,rainfall, altitude,geology xrainfall classes
Distancefrom towncentres
N/A Plantationproductivity potentialfor P.radiata &E.globulus
N/A Area statements byproductivity classes
7 Prepared byBRS under theEden RFAprocess 1998
Identification ofplantationexpansionopportunities inNSW – EdenCRA region
Eden E. nitens,P. radiata
Cleared privateland. Climate (rainfall, temp,radiation &evaporation)Soil ( geology,lithology,landscapes,depths, nutrientindex).Topography.Site index
Land values,land tenureand use,productivityclasses &bufferexclusions
NPV andproductivityclasses
Plantationpotentialmaps forP. radiata& E. nitensLandtenure &use, NPVof Ag, NPVofplantations(baseline,high & lowscenario)
N/A Area statements
71
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
8 Bush et al1998 CentralHighlands(Vic)Prepared byBRS forCentralHighlands RFAprocess
Plantationpotentialanalysis
MurrayValleyVictoria
E. nitens,E. regnansP. radiata,A.melanoxylon
Topographicmodels, soilsuitabilityclasses
Temperature,soil types andslope
Relationshipbetweenland propertysize and landprice
Relationshipbetween landproperty sizeand land price.Socio-economicanalysis
Rainfall,soil capab.Landcover &tenure,land suitabby parcelsize.Potentialfor E.globulus,E. nitens,E.regnans,P. radiata,A.melanoxylon
N/A A report with areastatements bysuitability classes
9 Bruskin S.,SFNSW,researchdivision, CoffsHarbour
RainforestPlantings,materialprepared for thejoint ventureplantationmanager inresponse to asubmission fromthe Big ScrubLandcare group
NSW NorthCoast
variousrainforestspecies
Hoop pine logprices to1994/95,NSWrainforestgrowth data,eucalyptusgrowth data,economicanalysis,,climate/rainfalldata
rainfallstatistics,optimal growthrates foreucalypt andrainforestspecies, soiltypes for hoopand bunyapine, climatedata
Marketdiscussions,woodproductionschedules,
eucalypt, hooppine, mixedrainforestplantations andcash flowsummariesassociated withvaryingventures.
basicgeology
N/A detailed discussionof economics ofrainforest species inplantations,
72
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
10 Bureau ofTransport &Commun-ication, 1996,EconomicsWorking Paper23.
Costs of carbonsequestrationthroughafforestation:greenhouse gasemissionsAustralianTransport.
National P. radiata Carbonsequestrationrates forplantations.
Uses CSIRO1991 study.Ref 1.
N/A Costs N/A N/A Utilised work fromBooth and Jovanovic1991.
11 Centre forInternationalEconomics,1994,Prepared forSFNSW.
Community andsocial benefitsof eucalyptplantations
NSW not-specified Descriptivecosts andbenefits
N/A N/A N/A None None Descriptive summaryof costs andbenefits tocommunity ofeucalypt plantations.
12 Chandler,Fraser,Keating,ForestIndustryconsultantsNew Zealand,1994, forSFNSW.
A eucalyptplantationprogramme forNSW
All NSW Unspecifiedeucalypt
Approxroyalty
N/A N/A Australianmarkets andinternationaldemand.
None None A market discussion
13 Clark, R.V.,1995, SFNSW
Growing radiatapine sawlogs onfarms in NSW.Plantations andagroforestry forprofit.
NSW P.radiata Managementregime
N/A N/A Costs ofestablishment,approximatereturns, presentvalues.
None Soil depth40-50 cm, <18o , mostsoils suitableexceptpoorlydrained orsoils withpoor waterholdingcapacity
Guide to planning,assessment,maintenance andharvesting
73
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
14 Clark, J., 1995,EnvironmentVictoria. Areport to theStateConservationCouncils.
Australia’sPlantations:industry,employment,environment.
Australia P.radiata MAI forsoftwoodplantationregions.Projectedsoftwoodtimberproduction.National areaof plantationby region
None None Overall industryoverview,markets, currentvolumes,employment,growth potential.
None None An overview of theplantation basedindustry inc.:employment,industry potential,and resource.
15 Cornish, P.,1989,TechnicalPaper No. 49,FCNSW.
The effects ofradiata pineplantationestablishmentand managementon water yieldsand waterquality - areview
Australia,NewZealand,SouthAfrica
P.radiata, andmentionedeucalyptusage.
Changes instreamflowwithplantationage,downstreamimpacts.
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Review of plantationeffect on waterquantity and quality.
16 Crevatin et al1996.Undertaken byDPI forestryforQueenslandCommodityExports
South – eastQueenslandhardwoodplantation landsuitability study
SEQ No particularhardwoodspecies
Annual precipANUCLIM,slope AUSLIGLand coverLandsat,statigraphicunits,cadastral
Freeholdcleared land,rainfall, slopes,soil typeclasses
Land use(not used forcropping),land size,distancefromBrisbane
N/A N/A N/A Assessing feasibilityof amount of landsuitably available forplantations aroundthe Port of Brisbane
74
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
17 Dwyer LesliePty Ltd, inassociationwithCorporateImpacts P/Land Dr R.APowell, 1990-1991/DwyerLeslie Pty Ltd,in associationwith Dr R.APowell, 1993-1995/,FCNSW/SFNSW
Oberon: RuralCommunityDevelopmentStudy, Years 1to 5 and FinalReport.
Oberon,CentralHighlands
P.radiata Employmentindustryeconomics,multipliers
N/A N/A Economic benefitto communityand government
Roadhaulagenetwork
None Social and economicimpacts of ForestPlantationestablishment inOberon.
18 Eucalypt andForestryServices,1995,Armidale.
An economicappraisal of theenvironmentaland socialeffects ofeucalyptplantationsestablishmentunder the jointventure programof State Forestsof NSW.
All NSW Unspecifiedeucalypts
N/A N/A Economicbenefits on statescale
N/A N/A Covers range ofsocial,environmental,economiccosts/benefits, inc.,hydrological,edaphic.
19 Furrer, B.,1993, ForestPlanning andEnvironmentSeries, Vol. 3,SFNSW.
Eucalyptplantations inNSW
All NSW Unspecifiedeucalypts
Approximateyield tables
N/A N/A IRR’s None N/A Outlines assistancemeasures, benefits,IRR’s, andopportunities inNSW.
75
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
20 GeddesManagement1998
Mt Lofty RangesFarm ForestryIndustry Plan
Mt LoftySA
P. radiataE. globulus,E. salignaC. maculata
N/A Clearedfreehold land,rainfall, soils(fertility, waterholdingcapacity),Slopes
Land use,property sizeMarketpotential,landholderattitudes
Socio-economicissues
N/A N/A A report of areastatements andmaps. Growth rateestimation
21 James, R.N,Florence, R.G,Mahendra-rajah, S andTurner, B.T,1995, report tothe StandingCommittee onForestry,Fisheries andAquaculture,Department ofForestry,ANU,Canberra.
ForestPlantations ofAustralia - Theirrole in providingcurrent andfuture woodsupplies.
Australiawide
Unspecified Productionandconsump-tionfigures forhardwoodand softwood
Not considered Notconsidered
N/A None Notdiscussed
Discusses areareported to replacenative forests
22 Johnson, I.G.& Stanton,R.R., 1993FCNSWResearchDivision,ResearchPaper No. 20.
Thirty years ofeucalypt species& provenancetrials in NSW.Survival &growth in trialsestablished from1961-1990.
All NSW Various Show growthrates
N/A N/A N/A Location oftrials
NA Useful for growthdata
76
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
23 Jurskis, V.,1996, SFNSW,SouthernResearch.
Plantation landsuitabilityassessment -Southern Region
Southernregion,South ofBowral
P.radiata,discussion ofeucalypts
State ForestGIS
Rainfall, slope,cleared land.Secondarycriteria of soiland site quality.
Some fieldchecking ofsoil depth,and nativevegetation.
No economicanalysisattempted.
GIS mapsproducedshowingpotentiallysuitableland forsoftwood.1:600 000
Annual meanrainfall INXSof 700mmpine900mmeucalyptsslopes<18o
Landessentiallyclearedsecondarycriteria,soil>1000mm,native vegn
>25m
Areas suitable forpine and eucalypt.Limitations includegeology, detailed soilanalysis, economics,species potential,and the coarsescale.
24 Keenan, R.1998.Undertaken byQueenslandForestResearchInstitute
Farm forestry inthe tropics:potential andpitfalls (prelim onplantationpotential)
NorthernQueensland, above1000 mmonly
P. caribaeavar.hondurensis,A.cunninghamiiand variousEuc andrainforest sp.
BIOCLIM Cleared land,rainfall, slopes,climate
Distancefrom Cairns,land use (notused for highvalueagriculture orfarming)
Distance fromCairns
Map ofcapableland for anumber ofspecies
N/A Map of capable landfor a number ofspecies
25 LancefieldConsultants,1995
Farm ForestryStrategy TaskForceConsultancyReport
SW WA P. radiata,E. globulus,P. pinaster
MAIs, Clearedfreehold land,rainfall, soils,growth rates
Distance tocentre
IRRs Blue gumpotentialmap
Rainfall>450mm/yrfor pinaster,>600mm/yrfor other sp.
Area statements byregional groups
77
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
26 Landsberg,J.J., Jones,P.M. andPryor, L.D.,1990,Report on astudyundertaken forthe Common-wealthMinister forResources.
Development ofa plantationstrategy for thesouth-eastforests of NSW.
SE NSW E.nitensE.grandisE.salignaE.globulusothersdiscussed
MAI forvariouseucalypts invarying areaseconomicanalysis, incRoR.
Lithography,rainfall
Doesn’taccount forland costs.
RoR’s forvarying yieldsand rotationsbased onestablishmentand maintenancecosts.
Nonepublished
Rainfall 850-900mmrainfall 650-850mmrainfall>900mmslopes <15o
rateable land
Provides area basedon capability,includes approxMAI’s, doesn’tinclude land value
27 Bonny, L,1991,FCNSW,ResearchPaper No. 12.
Growth of an E.grandisplantationfollowingintensivesilviculturaltreatmentsapplied in thefirst six years.
CoffsHarbour
E. grandis Provides MAI& CAI curves
N/A N/A None None N/A Provides idea ofgrowth rates withdiffering treatments.
28 Lewis, N. Band Ferguson,I.S., 1993.
Management ofradiata pine.
Australia,NewZealand,Chile,SouthAfrica
P.radiata Growth andyield curves
N/A N/A Descriptive notspecific
None Generalrequirementsof radiatapine
Comprehensive bookcovering all aspectsof radiata pinemanagement
29 Lindenmeyer,Mackay, Nix,1996, AustFor. 59 p74-89.
The bioclimaticdomains of fourspecies ofcommerciallyimportanteucalypts fromSouth-EasternAustralia.
SE Aust E.regnansE.delegatensisE.fastigataE.nitens
BioclimAnalysis foreach speciesEUCALISTused for datasource.
Elevation,rainfall,distribution,temp range andseasonalchanges.
N/A None Very smallscalepotentialmaps
Elevation,rainfall,temperature.
Uses natural rangesof species andclimaticrequirements,matching them withbioclim analysis.
78
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
30 Maclaren, J.P.,1993, FRIbulletin No.184 NZ ForestResearchInstitute.
Radiata pinegrowers manual.
NewZealand
P.radiata N/A N/A N/A Basic analysis None Site selectionrequirements
An excellent non-technicalpractitioners guideon all aspects ofradiata pine
31 MargulesGroome Pöyryand MacquarieCorporateFinance, 1996,prepared forSFNSW.
Investorparticipationmechanisms inhardwoodplantations inNSW
NSW Unspecifiedhardwood
Investormechanism
N/A N/A Capacity to paycalculations forpulpwood
None None Discusses potentialinvestment inplantations andimpediments
32 MargulesGroome PöyryLtd Australia,DIST, DPIE,1995.
Australianplantationbench-markingstudy.
National N/A Economiccosts
N/A None Investor types,supply &demand factors,markets,governmentconstraints.Minimumrequired IRR.Sources ofinformationrelating toforestryinvestment.InternationalLand costs,prices, harvest& transport
None None DescribesAustralia’splantations industry,economics &industry locations.
33 MargulesGroome PöyryLtd, 1993,prepared forSoftwoodsWorking Party.
State softwoodsstrategic plan forNSW (draft)
All NSW P.radiata Markets, andpotential,generalmanagementregime
N/A N/A Markets, andsupplycommitments
N/A N/A Discussessupply/demand,markets, constraints,environmentalissues andproposes strategy.
79
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
34 MargulesPöyry 1998.Prepared forPlantationsNorth East
Regional Profileof North EastVictoria
NE Vic P. radiata,E. globulus
Large variety Climate, soils,slope, growthrates
Tenure, landprices,infrastructure industrylocation,
Infrastructure,industry location,financial returns
Location ofLGA,infrastructure,rainfall,tenure,currentplantationsradiatasuitableland, bluegumsuitableland, oppzones,wood vol,industrylocations
N/A It identifies areaswithin NE Vic thatare physicallysuitable forplantation expansionusing a combinationof industrial andmarket information,and physicalconditions
35 MargulesPöyry 1997.Prepared forGreeningAustralia & NTForestry andTimberProductsNetwork
Feasibility study– Farm forestryin the top end ofthe NT
NorthernTerritory
Various Using existinginformationand GIS data
Temperature,rainfall, soils
Land size,land use,utilities, portinfrastructure marketdemand
Financialanalysis
N/A Feasibility report forfarm forestry in NT
80
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
36 Meynink, R.,1990,prepared forHarris-Daishowa(Australia)Pty.Ltd.
An analysis ofthe Landsberg,Jones, Pryor1990 “Develop-ment of aplantationstrategy for theSouth-EastForests of NSW”report.
SE NSW Not specified Looks at hauldistances,harvestcosts, millcosts, MAI,land costsestablish-ment andmaintenancecosts todetermine IRRforplantations.
N/A N/A Detailed look atcosts and IRRfor varying landcosts
None Parametersfor IRR
Reviews Landsbergreport and provideseconomic analysisincluding land costs.
37 Mousa, A,And Keady E.July 1996,ResourcesBranchDepartment ofPrimaryIndustries,Queensland
plantationvolume growthsummaries fromgrowth plots inQueensland
QLD Hoop pine,slash pine,radiata pine,Pinus taeda,Pinus patula,Pinuscaribaea
growth rates not specified not specified N/A 9 not specified growth summaries
38 Northern NSWForestryServices,1994,Studyundertaken forthe Mid NorthCoastRegionalDevelopmentBoard.
North CoastForest andPlantationResource Study.
NorthCoastNSW
E.pilularisE.grandisE.salignaE.nitens
Limitedapprox MAIfor floodedgum andBlackbutt.Existing, andpotentialareas ofhardwoodplantations
Climatic andedaphicrequirements
Includessomeconsideration of landvalue andsurvey oflandowners
Develops IRR’sfor varying landcosts, includingestablishmentcosts, andannual costs
Identifiesbroadareas ashaving thebestpotential.
Temp,rainfall, soiltypes, dryseasonlength
Comprehensive lookat hardwoodpotential and existingresource in N NSW.Potential areasbased onlandownerssurveys, notcapability criteria.
81
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
39 Northern NSWForestryServices,SFNSW, 1996,Studyundertaken forthe Mid NorthCoastRegionalDevelopmentBoard.
Mid-north CoastForest andPlantationResource study.
Mid NorthCoastNSW
E.pilularisE.grandisE.agglomerataE.nitensE.salignaE.maculataE.dunniiE.laevopineaE.cloeziana
Potentiallysuitableplantationarea by localgovernmentarea. Used(unspecified)GIS analysisExistingplantationsNetProductiveareas byforest type
Climate, soil,land tenure,
Excludedprime landforhorticulture,steepslopes,unclearedland
Profitabilitybased on costs,MAI and landcosts.
1:600 000maps.Includesexistingandpotentialareas
>900mm,clearedprivate land,non-prime agland, <18o
10-20hectaresminimumsize, welldrained soils,access
Comprehensiveanalysis of region,including existingand potential, andcovering economics.Does not coverexact CRA region,will be a good crossreference.
40 O’Hara,A.J.,1990, FCNSW,paper toAustisConference,Tasmania.
Economics ofgrowingeucalyptsawlogs inplantations.
NSW Non-specific Predominantlyan economicanalysis,includesbasic yieldtables
N/A N/A Detailedeconomicanalysis basedon establishmentand managementcosts, returns,MAI, andsensitivityanalysis.
None N/A Economic analysislooking at variables,and potential IRR.Not consideringpotential.
41 PrivateForestryTasmania farmforestryproject
Tasmanian RFAbackgroundreport Part DSocial andEconomic ReportVol II
Tasmania P. radiata,E. globulusE. nitens
N/A Clearedfreehold land,rainfall,temperature,soils,productivityclasses
Socio-economicstudy
Socio-economicstudy
N/A N/A Prepared as part ofthe CRA/RFAprocess
82
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
42 Prosser, M.,1989, Honoursthesis ANUCanberra.
The economicsof eucalyptplantations- acase study:Blackbuttplantations ofthe New SouthWales northcoast.
NorthernNSW
E.pilularis MAI Blackbutt Climate, soil,very basicanalysis.
Cleared land,<120km frommajor townbut >10km
Costs andreturns
Unscaledmap usedfor areasavailable
Cleared land,<120km frommajor townbut >10km
Basic look atavailable areas,more detail oncostings andeconomics.
43 QueenslandRFA S/C 1998
Commercialplantation landsuitabilityanalysis of SEQueensland
SEQ Araucariacunninghamii,P. elliottii x P.caribaea,E. argophloia,C. maculataE. pilularis,E. cloezianaE. grandis
Climaticmodelling
Cleared landSlopes, soilcapabilityclasses,climate, rainfall
N/A N/A N/A Slopes <30º Area statement andmaps
44 RegionalAnalysis andstrategies- prepared forSFNSW byRegionalAnalysis andStrategies,Armidale1994
The impact ofeucalyptforestry on theNSW economy
All NSW Non-specific Approximateprices forproducts
N/A N/A. State wideeconomicbenefits.
None None Looks at economicbenefits of aincrease in NSWplantation estate
45 Reilly, J.J.,Parkes, E.D.,and Ferguson,I.S., 1975,Aust For. 37p233-44.
The potentialproductivity offarmlands in thelower southcoast region ofNSW for radiatapine plantations.
LowerSouthcoastNSW
P.radiata Site index forP.radiata forvariousages/areas.Approx areassuitable bydistrict.
Land categorydetermined by:soils,topography,geology. Siteindex byrainfall.
Notconsidered
Not considered N/A N/A A report looking atcategorisingfarmland potentialfor P.radiata
83
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
46 Report of theNationalPlantationsAdvisoryCommittee.1991
Integratingfarming andforestry.Commercialwood productionon clearedagricultural land.Appendix C.“Economics onfarm forestryenterprises: astudy approach”
AllAustralia
E.diversicolorE.globulusE.grandisE.nitensE.pilularisE.regnansE.salignaA.mangiumA.mearnsiiA.melanoxylonP.radiataP.elliottiiP.caribaeaAraucariacunninghamii
N/A Potential forhardwood oncleared land
Discusseseconomics
Tas, Vic, WAcase studies.Costs andreturns forfarming andforestry.
N/A Discussesfarmconditions.
Analysis ofplantation economicsbased on a numberof case studies.
47 Furrer, B,1994, SFNSW.
Eucalyptplantation jointventure siteselection.
NSW Variouseucalypts
None Growthcapacity toachieve20m3/ha/yr aimover 20 years.Economiccapability
N/A Specificationsfor obtainingtimber withgrowing costs<$20/m3 after 20years
Small scalesuitabilityclass mapand rainfallmap.
<18o
1m soil>100ppmtotal Prainfall>900mm<20% crowncover>25mdominantheight
Outlinesrequirements forselection for jointventure program.
48 Centre forInternationalEconomics,1994,prepared forSFNSW.
Community andsocial benefitsof eucalyptplantations.
NSW None None N/A Talks aboutcompetingrequirementsfor water
None None None A very briefcoverage of socialbenefits
84
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
49 SFNSW 1996 SFNSW NorthernRegionSoftwoodsStrategy, 1996
N NSW P.radiata National/internationalsupply/demand statusMAI forvarying areas
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Predominantly amarket analysis andoutlining objectivesand strategies forthe Northern regionsoftwoods
50 SFNSW, 1996 Land PotentiallySuitable forEucalyptPlantation - NorthCoast of NSW
NorthCoastNSW
E.pilularis,E.maculata,E.dunnii
Areastatements,State Forestsupply zones,managementandharvestingschedules
Rainfall, soils,Land andWaterConservationcapabilityclasses
Looks atsupplyzones anddistances tomarkets
Not analysed SFNSWGISproducedmapshowingsuitableareas
900 mmrainfall,cleared land,< 18o slope,excludeprimeagriculturalland, west ofPacific Hwy.,< in 700 mexceptDorrigo
A very brief outlineof methods used todetermine areassuitable.
51 SFNSW, 1997 hardwoodplantationstrategic plan1997/98
NSW E.pilularis,E.maculata,E.dunniiE.grandis
areastatements ofcurrentplantations,areasummary bysite class
area summaryby site class,
areasummary bysupply zone,
financialoverview,environmentaland socialbenefits andcosts
landpotentiallysuitable foreucalyptplantations1:700 000
900 mmrainfall,cleared land,< 18o slope,excludeprimeagriculturalland, west ofPacific Hwy.,< in 700 mexceptDorrigo
An analysis of planof action to establish10 000 hectares ofeucalypt plantationsin 1997/98. Alsooutlines plan toestablish 10 000 hain 1998/99 and10 000 hectares in1999/2000.
52 SFNSW 1997CentralTablelandsFarm ForestryProject
An evaluation offorestry landcapability forPinus radiata inthe CentralTablelands, NSW
CentralTablelandof NSW
P. radiata ESOCLIM, soillandscapesheets
Private clearedland Rainfallclasses
Distance tomarkets
Distance tomarkets
Rainfall,soils,capability,suitability
700-850 mmrainfall
Area statements andmaps for CentralHighlands(Bathurst/Oberon)
85
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
53 SFNSW &DLWC, 1997.
Erosion &sediment controlstrategy foreucalyptplantationestablishment onthe North Coastof NSW.
NE NSW Eucalypts Environ-mentalconstraints
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Covers legislation,and environmentalcontrols
54 Shea &Hewett, 1997undertaken byCALM
Pinus pinasterproject
SW WA P. pinaster GIS analysis Rainfall, nonwaterlogged &non-saline soils
N/A Discussion ofsocio-economicissues
Landavailabilityfor P.pinaster
400-600 mmrainfall
Looks at potential ofP. pinaster in theintermediate rainfallareas of the state
55 South EastForestFoundation1996
Esperanceregionaldevelopmentstrategy for farmforestry
SW WA,Esperance
E. globulus,P. pinaster
Clearedfreehold land,soils,temperature
Distance tocentres, landuse, landacquisitionstrategies
Rainfall &soil types
Rainfall >450mm
Area statements,Results of earlygrowth plots
56 Spencer R.D.et al., 1999undertaken byBRS & ABARE
Opportunities forhardwoodplantationdevelopment inSouth EastQueensland
SEQ E. pilularis,E. cloeziana,Corymbiacitriodora,E. grandis
AAGIS, ADIS,GRO
Soils, slope,rainfall
Land prices,privatecleared land
Plantation yields,plantation costs& returns, landprices
Plantationcapability,sawlogregimes(NPV),NPV as %of landvalue,highesteconomicsuitability,sawmillallocationzones
Rainfall b/n800-1000mmp/a forspotted gum.Rainfall over1000mm p.a.for blackbutt,Gympiemessmate,and rosegum
Plantation capabilitymodelling for SEQregion, producingarea statements andmaps of potentialareas for eachspecies
57 Stanton, R.,1992,ResearchPaper No. 15FCNSW.
Eucalyptusplantations inNSW
All NSW Varied NSWplantationareas to 1992
N/A N/A Not considered Location ofmanagement areas
N/A Description of NSWplantation estate to1992.
86
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
58 Stanton,R.R.J., 1990,Honoursthesis, ANU,Canberra.
Land evaluationsfor eucalyptplantationpurposes in thesouth-eastregion of NSW.
SE NSW E.agglomerataE.fastigataE.globulusE.nitensE.sieberi
Basic speciesrequirements.
Elevation,slope, total rain,seasonality,nutrient supply.
Divides into 4classes
None BIOCLIMGETCLIMSLPGRD(aspect)GRDAREA(areacalculation)
Rainfall>850mm where<600melevationrainfall>750mmwhere>600melevationslopes <15o
potentialnutrientsupply index>5 out of 10
Honours thesisusing GIS and baseenvironmentalattributes todetermine areaavailable forplantations.
59 Stephens, N.,Sun, D., andTickle, P.,1998. Bureauof RuralSciences
Plantationpotential studiesin Australia: anassessment ofcurrent status
All regions 16 Eucalyptussp., 3Corymbia sp5 Pinus sp.Acaciamelanoxylon,Casuarinacunninghamiana, Grevillearobusta,Araucariacunninghamii,Toona ciliata,Flindersia spp
Questionnairesurvey,literaturereview.
Rainfall, soil,geologyattributes,temperature,altitude, slope.It variesdependingwhich studywas looked at.
Land size,land use,distance tomills,communityattitudes. Itvariesdependingwhich studywas lookedat.
socio-economicanalysis, marketpotential,distance to mills,NPV, portinfrastructure,market demand,financialanalysis,impacts oflegislation andscenariomodelling. Itvariesdependingwhich studywas looked at.
N/A N/A A literature reviewundertaken onpublished studiesrelating to theidentification ofcapable, suitableand available landfor plantationdevelopment.
87
RefNo.
Author/Date/Source
Title Regions Species Data listsused
Capability Suitability Economicanalysis
Mapsused
Envelopes Notes
60 STFFN –SouthernTablelandsFarm ForestryNetwork(1997) KimWells
Potential forcommerical farmforestry on theNSW SouthernTablelands
SouthernTablelandsNSW
P. radiata Soillandscapes –topography &soils
Soil landscapes– topography &soils
N/A Market potentialbased on a pers.Comm.
N/A Excludes:<550mmrainfall,<50cm soildepth, >29degreesslope
A very briefsummary
61 Wareing K andBaker R. 1998.Prepared byBRS under theNE Vic RFAprocess
Opportunities forplantationexpansion in theVictorian NECRA/RFA region
NE Vic E. globulus,P. radiata
N/A Land value,land use,parcel size,farmersperceptionsto farmforestry,communityconcerns
Scenariomodelling
N/A N/A A report of areastatements andmaps
62 Wilson, S.M.Whitlam, JAHBhati, U.N.Horvath, DTran, U.D.,ABARE 1996ResearchReport 95.7.
Trees on Farms.Survey of treeson Australianfarms 1993-1994.
National Various N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A An overall outlook onfarmers perceptions,costs & benefits &reasons for planting.
88
APPENDIX 2 – SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CLIMATE SURFACES BYPRODUCTIVITY CLASSES
P. Radiata productivity classes and values of rainfall and temperature.
Total Annual Rainfall (mm) : min mean max stdIncapable 492 989 2709 443Low potential 528 740 1570 87Medium potential 629 947 1631 122High potential 862 1195 1724 150
Maximum temperature (mean of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable 5.6 17.5 23.0 3.6Low potential 13.6 18.5 22.4 1.5Medium potential 12.1 17.5 22.1 1.9High potential 12.1 15.9 21.6 1.9
Maximum temperature (max of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable 13.9 24.3 30.8 3.1Low potential 21.3 26.5 30.6 1.9Medium potential 19.8 25.1 29.9 1.9High potential 19.4 23.6 27.5 1.5
Minimum temperature (mean of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable -0.7 5.9 13.0 3.6Low potential 2.0 5.7 11.0 1.5Medium potential 1.6 5.5 11.1 1.8High potential 1.6 5.0 10.8 1.8
Minimum temperature (min of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable -5.5 0.6 8.5 3.6Low potential -3.0 0.1 5.8 1.3Medium potential -3.3 0.1 5.8 1.6High potential -3.2 -0.2 5.5 1.7
89
E. nitens productivity classes and values of rainfall and temperature.
Total Annual Rainfall (mm) : min mean max stdIncapable 492 767 2709 253Low potential 850 969 2026 129Medium potential 850 1094 1726 126High potential 886 1289 2003 196
Maximum temperature (mean of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable 5.6 17.8 23.0 2.3Low potential 11.3 18.3 22.4 2.0Medium potential 11.3 17.3 22.0 2.5High potential 11.3 16.6 21.6 2.9
Maximum temperature (max of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable 13.9 25.7 30.8 2.6Low potential 19.0 25.8 30.2 2.1Medium potential 19.0 24.2 29.1 1.7High potential 19.0 23.4 27.1 1.7
Minimum temperature (mean of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable -0.7 5.2 13.0 1.9Low potential 1.4 6.2 13.0 2.1Medium potential 1.3 6.2 12.8 2.7High potential 1.4 6.2 13.0 3.3
Minimum temperature (min of 12 months, degrees C) : min mean max stdIncapable -5.5 -0.3 8.5 1.7Low potential -3.5 0.7 8.3 1.9Medium potential -3.5 0.9 8.3 2.6High potential -3.5 1.1 8.4 3.3
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APPENDIX 3: MINUTES OF PLANTATION POTENTIAL WORKSHOP
TO:
Phil Tickle BRS 02 6272 4689Michael Ryan BRS 02 6272 4937Antti Roppola BRS 02 6272 5980Alison Pritchard BRS 02 6272 4034Mike Welch SFNSW 02 6043 1007Dave Cromarty SFNSW 02 6043 1007Tony O’Hara SFNSW 02 9980 4164Sally Arundell SFNSW 02 9980 4525Hugh Dunchue SFNSW 02 6043 1007Don Hobson SFNSW 02 6947 3911
02 6947 2683 faxAndy Sterling SFNSWRoss Dickson SFNSWMurray Brown Murray Riverina Farm Forestry 02 6041 4808John Scott Murray Riverina Farm Forestry 03 5881 9340
03 5881 9305 faxRob KuiperMelissa Green
Softwoods Working Group 02 6921 642202 6921 0780 fax
Emmo Willink P.O.Box 99 Holbrook 2644 02 6036 3183Niel Cooper ACT Forests 02 6207 2486
02 6207 2544 faxIan McArthur ACT Forests 02 6207 2486
02 6207 2544 faxChris Adams Tumut Shire Council 02 6947 0500
02 6947 2141 faxJim Grant Department of State and Regional
Development02 6041 480802 6041 4818 fax
Sophie Clayton Tablelands Farm Forestry Network 02 6207 248602 6207 2544 fax
Kenneth Epp VISY Paper 02 6947 371402 6947 9008 fax
Robin Reid CSR Sawmilling 02 6941 190002 6941 1909 fax
Chris BoroughAngela Robinson
Jaakko Pöyry ConsultingJaakko Pöyry Consulting
02 6295 277702 6295 2803 fax
Mark Parsons Fortech 02 6248 690002 6248 6999 fax
Phil Ryan CSIRO 02 6281 833102 6281 8239 fax
Kevin Burns ABARE 02 6272 2136David Priem DLWC 02-6947 0200
FROM: Michael Ryan Bureau of Rural Sciences 02- 6272 4937
02-6272 3882 fax
Date: 14 April, 1999
SUBJECT: NSW FARM FORESTRY WORKSHOP
AND
CRA PLANTATION POTENTIAL WORKSHOP 23 FEBRUARY 1999
91
CONVENORS: Phil Tickle Bureau of Rural Sciences 02 6272 4689(plantation potential)
David Marston Dames and Moore consulting 02 9955 7286(farm forestry)
92
MINUTES FOR PLANTATION POTENTIAL WORKSHOP AND FARMFORESTRY WORKSHOP HELD AT TUMUT ON 23 FEBRUARY 1999.
David Marston-introduction to workshop, definitions of farm forestry and introduction ofparticipants. Outline;
n why grow trees/history of Farm Forestry
n definition of farm forestry
Michael Ryan
plantation potential project aims:
n inform stakeholders
n incorporate stakeholder ideas
n determine species mix
n determine capability criteria
n establish site factors
n determine data gaps
n obtain input into market prospects
n determine suitability criteria
n agree to process
Phil Tickle
n explanation of plantation and expansion opportunities
n outline of project objectives
n outline of workshop objectives
David Marston and Mark Parsons
Strengths of Farm Forestry in Region
n government sponsored plantations
n Australian newsprint Mills at Albury ( joint ventures )
n Total Catchment Management
n regional plantation committees
n new markets e.g. Visy Board Mill
n reopening of Junee rail line
n State Forest move towards plantations
n South West slope road study
93
n export markets-Port Kembla 1998
• privatisation plantations (+/-)
Weaknesses of farm Forestry in Region
n consent required for clearing
n taxation system
n inability to thin private plantations commercially
n Australian Newsprint Mills selling joint ventures
n lack of corporate sector support for farm forestry
n closure of rail lines
n species/site selection ( 700 mm boundary )
n and increased demand for road transport
n anti-pine sentiment from Councils
n Government domination of plantation sector
n disincentives to sustainable use of native forests
Issues for farm forestry to gain a vision
n balanced land use: water use, soil health, biodiversity, sustainable land use
n forestry as a normal land use
n reasonable incomes
n market driven
n regional co-ordination
n effective/efficient infrastructure
n healthy forests
n profitable enterprises
n integration of farm forestry within landscape
Policy goals for region
n 30,000 hectare planted by 2009
n 20 years CRA process targets
n appropriate marketing strategy for industry
Plantation Potential Workshop
CAPABILITY MODELLING
Phil Tickle -
94
Introduction into study, outline of capability and suitability factors,
n Eden as a case study-modelling of bio-physical factors, physical factors to establish growthrelationships for Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus nitens.
n Outline of process models for determining capability
Species mix (rated by preference) Species issues
1. Pinus radiata snow range
2. Pinus pinaster climate threshold
Psuedotsuga menziesii high altitude species ( Bob Eldridge CSIRO )
1.1.2 Pinus hallipensis
3. Eucalyptus nitens provenance trials at Bago, little other data,
check with Murray Brown regarding other trials
Eucalyptus delegatensis provenance trials at Bago, high defect
1.1.3 Eucalyptus brutea
1.1.4 Eucalyptus machoryncha
4. Eucalyptus globulus
Corymbia maculata excellent potential in Northern New South Wales
1.1.5 Eucalyptus saligna
May want to use Treedat data base at CSIRO forests and forest products.
Existing plantations information
Action: SFNSW to complete all South West data including boundaries
Action: Sophie Clayton to MARVL all southern tablelands private plantations
Action: Antti Roppola to chase up Dave Jamieson on ACT soils
Action: Antti Roppola to chase up SFNSW regarding parent rock Code mapping and check withPhil Ryan and Col Wilkenson
Action: Antti Roppola to chase up ACT forests regarding site specific meteorological data
SUITABILITY MODELLING up–
Kevin Burns described the Wood and Paper Industry Strategy and the FORUM model. Thedescription of how economic inputs and outputs are determined through end products, establishmentand maintenance costs, and distance and cost of processing. Outputs from the modelling includepotential plantation area, potential products, markets, gross value of product, employment.
Enterprise scenarios potentially considered for softwood:
95
n high-grade structural sawlogs
n high-grade venue
n pulp and paper
n panels press into reservation
n by energy
n carbon
Enterprise scenarios potentially considered for hardwood:
n high and low grade sawn timber products
n export pulp logs
n bioenergy
n specialty timbers
n carbon
n fuel wood
n charcoal production
n oil
Action: Kevin Burns to look at Road haulage study in ACT ( David Jamieson ) and South-Westslopes ( Dave Chromarty)
Action: Phil Tickle to chase up with DLWC scoping project and costings for impact of vegetationclearance controls for plantation establishment .
Action: BRS to check with Charles Sturt University ( Sandra Walpole ), CRES ( Victoria Mason ),and CSIRO wildlife and ecology ( Steve Morton ) regarding land clearing impacts.
Action: BRS or ABARE to generate land access zoning coverage through Shire Council's.
Discussion on land use
n broad or land use zoning of region pressed into horticulture may be a problem
n Tumut Shire Council has GIS capabilities
n vineyards in Tumbarumba experiencing large expansion recently
n water use and harvesting may be a problem in the Murray Darling basin. SFNSW are doingstudies on how much water radiata plantations use. Thought is that trees are good forcatchments.
Summary and closing
Michael Ryan Summary of plantation potential discussions
96
David Marston Summary of farm forestry discussions
1. consent requirements:
n need uniform coordinated approval process
n best management practice/Code Forest Practice ( ISO )
n training
n planning trees into farmland
n road use/who pays?
2. players
n local government, DLWC, Australian Forest Growers, CSIRO, Greening Australia, regionalplantation committees, SFNSW, local councils, Murray Darling Basin Commission, privatelandowners, NSW agriculture, Sydney water, EPA.
3. Species/site selection
4. Marketing
n co-operative selling
n identify markets and grow accordingly
n harvesting flexibility
n non-timber markets: oils, nuts, biodiversity, honey
n valued adding
5. Natural resources inventory and databases
6. Regional plantation committees
n core funding ( State and Commonwealth )
n technology transfer/networking
n impediments
n development opportunities
n roading
Vision for the region
n Healthy landscapes with profitable use of trees on public and private land.
n Regional coordination community driven program of awareness, research anddevelopment, information transfer and actions.
97
n Clear market information and local value adding industries.
n The best management practice for tree crops in a balanced land use.
n Effective/efficient infrastructure.
n Investment opportunities for a range of purposes including forest products andenvironmental values.
David Maston, Michael Ryan: Closing comments: thank you to all participants for their contributionsinto various aspects of this workshop.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Please call me if you have any queries regarding the workshop or these minutes
MICHAEL RYAN
98
APPENDIX 4: HARDWOOD ECONOMIC SCENARIOS TO BE UNDERTAKEN
VARIABLES TO BE ADJUSTED IN SCENARIOS
ESTABLISHMENT COSTS
SFNSW projected cost scenario (looks at SFNSW projected costs)
Projected SFNSW costs of $2000 per hectare
Annual costs of $90/year/hectare
Low cost scenario (looks at the ability to establish below projected SFNSW costs, usingABARE costings from WAPIS report)
establishment costs of $1400 per hectare year 1,
post establishment costs of $500/hectare
annual costs $80/year (regular maintenance)
ROYALTY RETURNS
Current return scenario
HQLSL $40/m3
HQSSL $20/m3v
pulp $10/m3
High returns scenario (looking at 25% increase on current royalties)
HQLSL $50/m3
HQSSL $25/m3
pulp $13/m3
YIELD TABLES
Current yield scenario
This yield table was developed using existing knowledge on Eucalyptus nitens growth andpotential yields from existing plantations and SFNSW knowledge.
Table 1. Yield table for Eucalyptus nitens using relatively conservative yields
INITIALSTOCK
SITEINDEX
T1 AGE T1STOCK
PULP T2AGE
T2 STOCK HQLSL HQSSL PULP ClearfellAge
HQLSL HQSSL PULP Maim3/ha/yr
TOTALVOLUME
1 1000 30 25 350 140 45 70 110 130 10 450
2 1000 35 20 350 170 40 120 150 160 15 600
3 1000 40 15 500 130 25 250 10 40 60 35 150 150 160 20 700
99
High yield scenario (Using East Gippsland/Bombala WAPIS figures)
This scenario compares favourably with yield scenarios used within the WAPIS study.
They compare against the tables for Northern NSW and yields against existing Eucalyptusnitens plantations in terms of MAI predicted. The unknown is the quality of the sawlogcomponent.
1.1.6 Table 3: Yield Table for Shining Gum using more optimistic yields
Class Initial stock Siteindex
T1 age T1 Stock PULP T2 age T2 Stock HQLSL HQSSL pulp Finalclearfell
HQLSL HQSSL PULP MAIm3/ha/yr
totalvolume
1 1000 30 25 350 170 40 124 62 124 12 480
2 1000 35 20 350 193 35 161 80 161 17 595
3 1000 40 15 500 140 25 250 12 43 68 32 176 88 176 22 704
100
APPENDIX 5: PINUS RADIATA YIELD TABLES
High:Thin Age Pulp Sawlog Price $/m31 12 109 0 9.002 20 35 57 24.00C/F 30 41 377 43.00
MediumThin Age Pulp Sawlog Price $/m31 14 110 0 9.002 22 50 60 24.00C/F 32 40 316 43.00
LowThin Age Pulp Sawlog Price $/m31 15 100 0 9.002 21 40 60 22.003 28 25 75 35.00C/F 35 25 250 43.00