APEURO Lecture 3DMrs. Kray

Some slides taken from Susan Pojer

APEURO Lecture 3DMrs. Kray

Some slides taken from Susan Pojer

Political Structure Most belonged to HRE,

Republic of Poland, Ottoman Empire

All three were loose, decentralized, and increasingly ineffective

Would be superseded by three new and stronger powers: Prussia, Austria, and Russia

Fewer towns, human labor less productive, weak middle class

Serfdom entrenched Main social unit was the

agricultural estate Robot = compulsory labor

furnished by people who could not migrate, marry, or learn a trade except as the lord permitted

Characteristics of Eastern Europe

Characteristics of Eastern Europe

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Thirty Years’ War and Peace of

Westphalia German states had sovereign

rights HRE’s status as a loose

confederation of over 300 states confirmed

Austrian Habsburgs looked east over the 17th c. to enhance their power usually at the expense of

Ottoman Empire

Gained significant swaths of land

Brought more non-German minorities into empire: Slavs, Poles, Italians, Romanians, Ukrainians Would cause problems later

The Republic of PolandThe Republic of Poland Weakest of the European

kingdoms

Szlachta = powerful Polish nobles 10% of population Limited power of Polish kings

no army, no law courts, no officials, no income

Paid no taxes

King of Poland = elected position Only 2 native-born monarchs Rival European powers bribed

the noble-electors with promises of religious toleration & respect for their “liberties”

Liberum veto Any single noble could block the

actions of the Diet “Exploding “the Diet

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireAfter the

Turks captured Constantinople in 1453, the Turks periodically sent shockwaves of fear throughout Central Europe as it went through an ebb and flow of expansion

The Battle of Lepanto, 1571The Battle of Lepanto, 1571Holy League fleet

defeated Ottoman navy Holy League =

Spain, Venice, Papal States, Republic of Genoa, and Duchy of Savoy

Prevented Turkish expansion into the Mediterranean

Ended Turkish supremacy of the Mediterranean

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

1683 Turks besieged Vienna Holy League (led by last great Polish king, Jan Sobieski)

defeated them Turks never again posed a major threat to central Europe

Ottoman strengths now decayed Turkish sultans grew corrupt from court intrigue,

assassination plots, and sensuous living Janissaries became a static force opposed to technological

and strategic change Turks tolerated religious minorities (more so than European

nations) – resulting tradition of local rule made it difficult to draw effectively on resources

Couldn’t keep up with the rest of Europe States like France, wanted Ottoman Empire to survive as

counterweight to Habsburg power but only if it could be influence and indirectly controlled

Prince Eugène of Savoy: 1718

Prince Eugène of Savoy: 1718Castoff from

French court of Louis XIV

Strong military commander

Beat back the Turks

0

Treaty of KarlowitzAustria regained

HungaryAdded

Transylvania & territory in the Balkans

Austrian Empire: 1657-1772Austrian Empire: 1657-1772

As a result of the War of Spanish Succession and the Peace of Utrecht, Austria gained territory in the Netherlands and Italy

Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)Charles VI (r. 1711-1740)Austrian

monarchy a collection of territories held together by a personal union

For the empire to exist, all crowns had to be inherited by the same person

Charles has no male heir

Maria Theresa(r. 1740-1780)Maria Theresa(r. 1740-1780)

The Pragmatic SanctionThe Pragmatic SanctionRecognized Maria

Theresa’s rights to the Habsburg throne and to the inheritance of ALL Habsburg territories

Got foreign powers to agree through concessions

Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

Prussia’s rise to power is amazing. Small population, few natural resources, no natural boundaries do not lend themselves to

greatness.

Hohenzollern Family CrestHohenzollern Family Crest

Frederick William, the “Great Elector,” (1640-1688)

Frederick William, the “Great Elector,” (1640-1688)

Brandenburg-Prussia devastated by Thirty Years’ War

Resolved his nation would never again be overrun by invading army

“Prussia is not a state with an army, but an army with a state”

Actions of the “Great Elector”

Actions of the “Great Elector” Tamed the Junkers with:

important positions in the army almost complete power over their serfs Junkers accepted Hohenzollern leadership and an

excise tax

General War Commissariat At first set up to provision the army Evolved into a state bureaucracy

Hohenzollern rulers lived a Spartan existence, most state revenue went to the army

Practiced mercantilism Established monopolies, raised tariffs, promoted

economic development Welcome French Huguenots after revocation of Edict

of Nantes

King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713)

King Frederick I of Prussia (r.1701-1713)

FormerlyFrederick III

of Brandenburg.Gained title by

supporting Habsburg

emperor in War of Spanish Succession

King Frederick William I (1713-1740)

King Frederick William I (1713-1740)Ruling style: strict,

paternalistic, austere State funds used

judiciously Only spent 2,000 thalers

on his coronation, his dad spent $5 million.

Cut royal household budget by 75%

Introduced merit to government service

Fought no wars

Potsdam Regiment

Europe in 1740Europe in 1740

Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude and Area with the

United States

Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude and Area with the

United States

2 Main Issue Throughout Russian History Expansion by conquest (warm water ports) The necessity for a strong central gov’t

Average temperatures of Average temperatures of January January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C July from 1 to 25°C

150,000,000 population.150,000,000 population.

A former “A former “gulag”gulag” Soviet prison Soviet prison campcamp..

Siberia PermafrostSiberia Permafrost

Early RussiaEarly Russia

Early Byzantine Influence: Orthodox

Christianity

Early Byzantine Influence: Orthodox

Christianity

Early Byzantine Influence: Cyrillic

Alphabet

Early Byzantine Influence: Cyrillic

Alphabet

Russian BoyarsRussian Boyars

The Mongols Invade Russia

The Mongols Invade Russia

Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

He drove out the Mongols, claimed Moscow, and created the streltsy (Russian guardsmen)

Ivan the Great (1462-1505)

Ivan the Great (1462-1505)

Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584)

Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584)Continued Russian

expansion

Nicknamed because of his hatred of the boyars

Killed his heir in a fit of rage, plunged Russia in era of instability

Time of Troubles (1604-1613)

Russia in the late 1500sRussia in the late 1500s

Michael Romanov(1613-1645)

Michael Romanov(1613-1645)

The Structure of RussiaThe Structure of RussiaRomanovs bring political stability but Russia

remains geographically and culturally isolated from the rest of Europe

System of serfdom worst in Europe Basically slaves Poor conditions often led to rebellions

(Stephen Razin)

Old Believers Rejected reforms proposed by Nikon,

leader of the Orthodox Church Threatened to break away

Peter the Great, 1682-1725Peter the Great, 1682-1725Recognized Russia

had fallen behind western rivals

Travelled to the west with hundreds of technical advisors Great EmbassyTrip cut short by

streltsy rebellion

Returned to Moscow vowing to transform Russia into a great power

Pro-WestPro-WestFor Progress & ChangeFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Encourage New Ideas,

Technologies, etc.Technologies, etc.

Anti-WestAnti-WestIsolationistIsolationistXenophobicXenophobic

Ultra-ConservativeUltra-Conservative

Most Tsars

Russian Orthodox Church

Military

Boyars (Russian nobility)

peasants

A few Tsars

Intellectual elites

Merchants/businessmen

Young members of the middle class.

REFORM-MINDEDREFORM-MINDEDLEADERLEADER DEMAGOGUEDEMAGOGUE

The Pendulum of Russian History

The Pendulum of Russian History

Reforms of Peter the Great

Reforms of Peter the Great Built Russia’s first navy

and a modern army Required every boyar to

serve in army or civil service 0

Imposed many new taxes (poll tax, beard tax)

Pursued mercantilist policies

Promoted loyalty to the stateLandowning class must

serve the stateSubjects could rise in

status based on contributions to the state (Table of Ranks)

Divided nation into 10 governing units

Settled conflict w/Russian Orthodox Church eliminated patriarch,

placed church under state control (Holy Synod)

Banned traditional dress

Made Russia a major European player but reforms never seeped down to the common person

• Wanted it to be “a great window for Russia to look out at Europe.” Became a symbol of Peter’s new and more powerful Russia

• Required boyars to build costly town houses in St. Petersburg

Building St. Petersburg, 1703

Building St. Petersburg, 1703

Russia vs. Sweden: The Great Northern War,

1700-1721

Russia vs. Sweden: The Great Northern War,

1700-1721Charles XII of Sweden

Battle of Narva

Battle of Poltava

Treaty of Nystadt

Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)

Maria Theresa & Her FamilyMaria Theresa & Her Family

Her Notable Children:

HRE Joseph II

HRE Leopold II

Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)

Her Notable Children:

HRE Joseph II

HRE Leopold II

Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)