AP World HistoryChapter 23

The Emergence of

Industrial Society in the

West

1750-1914

The Encyclopedia

• 28 volumes on all type of learning.– Philosophy.– Government.– Engineering.– Science.– Medicine.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

• He believed that people in their natural state were basically good.

• He taught that the government had a social contract with its people.

• Woven through his work is a profound hate of political and economic oppression.

The Social Contract

Voltaire

“My trade is to say what I think”• He targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats

with his pen.• He battled inequality, injustice, and superstition.• He detested the slave trade and religious

prejudice.

Montesquieu

• He taught that separation of power in the government could protect against tyranny.

• He broke government into three separate branches.– Legislative.– Executive.– Judicial.

The Spirit of the Laws

Thomas Hobbes

• He argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.

• If not strictly controlled, they would fight, rob and oppress one another.

Leviathan

John Locke

• People were basically reasonable and moral.

• People had natural rights.

• People formed governments to protect their natural rights.

Two Treatises of Government

Laissez Fair Economics

• Physiocrats rejected government control.

• Limited government involvement on business would help business.

• Wealth was not found in gold or silver but in making land productive.

• Machines, lumber, mining, and free trade.

Adam Smith

• He argued that the free market should regulate business.

• Wherever there is a demand for goods or service, suppliers will seek to meet it.

• Supply side economics dominated countries during the industrial age.

The Wealth of Nations

AmericaThe Declaration of Independence

• The Congress sent an Olive Branch Petition to King George III of England. This petition, written by moderates, expressed the colonists’ loyalty to the king and requested a halt in fighting until a solution could be found. The king refused the petition.

June 1776

• In June 1776, after more than a year of war, the Congress decided it was time for the colonies to cut ties with Britain. They prepared a statement of the reasons for separation—a Declaration of Independence. Drafted Thomas Jefferson.

Drafting a Declaration• Thomas Jefferson’s political ideas were influenced by the

Enlightenment, an eighteenth-century European movement that emphasized science and reason as keys to improving society.

• Jefferson divided the Declaration into four sections: – The preamble, or introduction, explained the Declaration’s purpose. – In the declaration of rights, Jefferson drew heavily on the writings of

John Locke. People have natural rights—rights that belong to them simply because they are human. Jefferson called these unalienable rights.

– In the complaints against the king, Jefferson wrote that public officials must make decisions based on the law, not on their own personal wishes. He called this a rule of law.

– The resolution, in declaring the colonies free and independent states, concluded the Declaration.

• Jefferson’s document not only declared the nation’s independence, it also defined the basic principles on which American government and society would rest.

• Congressional delegates voted to approve the Declaration on July 4, 1776.

The Foundations of Democracy

“Remember the Ladies”

• In the 1770s, John Adams was one of the leaders of the opposition to British rule. His wife, Abigail Adams, expressed her opinions about independence in a letter to him.

• In this letter Abigail asked John to “Remember the Ladies” in the new code of law. She asked him not to put unlimited power in the hands of husbands.

• Her complaints about the status of women in the society employed the same ideas that men were using in their fight against Great Britain. Abigail suggested that it was time to rethink the relationship between men and women.

• Earlier in the same letter, Abigail raised the issue of slavery. She felt it contradictory for the delegates to speak of liberty for themselves and not for all. However, John felt that the question of slavery would divide the delegates when unity was most crucial for success.

• The questions raised by Abigail Adams, of liberty and equality for all people, were very important. However, John Adams believed that it was more important to win the war than to engage in a debate about liberty for all.

FranceThe Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Natural Rights– Liberty.– Property.– Security.

• Equality before the law, due process, freedom of speech, and religion.

• Free to do anything that was not injurious to another.

Principles

Principles

• Serfdom abolished

• Equality for men

• End to aristocratic privilege

• Church privilege ended

• Elective parliament

Collapse of the Revolution

• It degenerated into the excesses of mobocracy and, ultimately tyranny.

• French were ruled by organized terror.• 40,000 people were executed not for crimes

but for being nobles.

The Napoleonic Code

• Napoleon wrote a series of laws that gave rights to the people.

• Equality of all citizens.

• Religious Toleration.

• Advancement based on Merit.

Wars of Napoleon by 1812

• Napoleon defeated the Austrians and the Russians in Austria.

• Napoleon signed a peace treaty with Austria.

• Napoleon then defeats the Prussians and they sign a peace treaty.

• Napoleon then defeats the Russians again and they sign a peace treaty.

Napoleon attacks Spain

• The Spanish used guerrilla warfare against Napoleon.

• The Spanish would not give direct battle.

War in Russia

• Napoleon invades Russia because they started to trade with England.

• Took the capital of Russia, Moscow.

• 600,000 men invaded Russia only 93,000 made it out.

• Russia, England, and Prussia invaded the empire.

Napoleon in Exile

• He abdicated his throne.

• Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba.

• Napoleon escaped from his exile and returned to France.

• Citizens cheered as he took control of Paris.

The Battle of Waterloo

• The Allies of Russia, Prussia, and England gathered to fight Napoleon at Waterloo.

• Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo and was forced into exile again.

• He died in exile on St Helena in the Atlantic 1821.

Legacy of Napoleon

• He brought new codes of law to Europe and brought enlightenment to a continent full of Despotic Monarchs.

Nelson at Sea

Wellington on Land

Revolutions of 1848Lower classes• Political action

Britain accommodates demands

Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary

France, 1848, monarch overthrown

Goals• Liberal constitutions• Social reform• End of serfdom• Women’s rights• Ethnic demands

What is Nationalism?

• Nationalism is pride in ones nation. Often mixed with racism and a belief that their country and ethnicity were superior.

Germany & Otto Von Bismarck

“The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions…

but by blood and iron.”• Otto Von Bismarck used the Nationalist feelings

sweeping Europe to unite Germany for the first time since the Holy Roman Empire.

• Germany had been a series of small and medium size countries and principalities.

• He was the master of words he knew what to say and when to say it.

Prussia

• Using his power as chancellor of Prussia, Bismarck embarked on the unification of the German state.

• He practiced “Realpolitik” the focus on the realistic needs of the state.– Power is more important then principles.– Prussia continued to build their military.– Extended the vote to all men

German Wars of Unification• Prussia went to war with Denmark and acquired land

that had mostly German speaking people.• Prussia then annexed several small German speaking

states.• Prussia then provoked a war with France and kicked the

crap out of them and took more land.• The Remaining Southern German state after seeing

France lose, decided to join with Prussia and form the new German Empire.

• It was called the Second Reich. (Holy Roman Empire was the First Reich and Hitler formed the Third Reich)

• Bismarck staged the wars to create opportunities.

Unification of Italy

• Giuseppe Mazzini pushed for unification in a secret organization called “Young Italy”

• Count Camillo Cavour used Realpolitik to create an alliance that made it possible for Sardinia to defeat Austria and claim the country of Lombardy in northern Italy.

• Giuseppe Garibaldi led a band of 1000 men financed by Cavour to Sicily where he quickly conquered and led his men into southern Italy.

• Many different leaders helped unite Italy.

Victor Emmanuel

• Victor Emmanuel the constitutional monarch of Sardinia led a military force that over through the Papal State then linked up with Garibaldi.

• Garibaldi turned all conquered territory over to Victor.

• Bismarck negotiated a deal where France and Austria were forced to give back all Italian land.

• For the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire Italy was united as a country.

Nationalism a threat to Old Empires

• Old Empires typically had many different ethnic groups who spoke different languages.

• These different ethnic groups wanted their own countries. “Sovereignty or self government”

• Example: Greece for the Greeks.• Democracy and Nationalism are the two dual

threats to the Autocracy of Europe.

The Social Question and New Government Functions

School systems• Literacy increases

Welfare• Health, old age

Social reform becomes key political issue• Socialism

– Karl Marx– Parties in Germany, Austria, France, 1880s

• Women gain right to vote in many countries

Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure

Pleasure-seeking more acceptable

Consumerism• Newspapers• Entertainment• Vacations

Leisure a commodity• Team sports• Travel industry

Advances in Scientific Knowledge

Rationalism

Darwin• Evolution

Einstein• Relativity Social Sciences• Science applied to human life• Freud

New Directions in Artistic Expression

Romanticism

• Opposed to rationalism

• Human emotion

• Split between artists and scientists

Western Settler Societies

European Settlements in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand Peopled by immigrants

Canada• Federal system

Australia• From 1788• Gold rush, agricultural development• Federal system by 1900

New Zealand• Maori defeated by 1860s• Agricultural economy

Diplomatic Tensions and World War I

Rise of Germany• Bismarck• Unsettles balance of power•  European global expansion• Latin America independent• Africa controlled by Europeans• China, Middle East

– Zones of European rivalry

The New Alliance System

By 1907• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy• Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France•Instability• Russian Revolution, 1905• Austria-Hungary

– Ethnic conflict• Balkans

– Free of Ottoman control– Divided by enmities

The Balkans before the Regional Wars, 1912 The Balkans after the Regional Wars, 1913

Diplomacy and Society

Instability in 1800s

• Nationalism

• Political division

• Industrial pressures