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AP European History Reading Guide Chapter 26 v What were the main causes of WWI?

Ø Growing competition over colonies and world markets Ø Arms race Ø Series diplomatic crises increased international tensions Ø Nationalism Ø Ongoing domestic conflicts encourages governments to pursue aggressive foreign

policies in attempts to bolster national unity Ø European statesman failed to resolve diplomatic problems created by Germany’s

great rise to power status v How did Bismarck try to maintain peace?

Ø Want to keep France diplomatically isolated and without military allies Ø Threat to peace posed by enormous multinational empires like Austria-Hungary

and Russia was worrying him Ø Maintained Germany leadership in international affairs Ø Signed a series of defensive alliances with Austria-Hungary and Russia designed

to isolate France v Triple Alliance

Ø The alliance of Austria Germany and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression

v Splendid Isolation Ø Great Britain’s foreign policy happy with its geographical separation and without

permanent alliances was the only uncommitted great power in 1891 v Why were there tensions between England and Germany? Include the Entente

Cordial and the first Moroccan Crisis. Ø Commercial rivalry in world markets between Germany and Great Britain

increased sharply in 1890s Germany became great industrial power Ø Pursuit of colonies threatened Great Britain’s interests Ø Germany’s expansion of battle fleet challenged Britain’s long standing supremacy Ø South African war between the British and the Dutch caused world wide

opposition to British imperialism § Britain improved relations with the US and made an alliance with japan in

1902 and allied with the French in the Anglo-French entente of 1904 Ø 1905 William II declared morocco was an independent sovereign state and

demanded that Germany receive the same trading rights as France § Violated long standing French colonial interests in the region

v Triple Entente Ø The alliance of Great Britain France and Russia in the first world war

v Describe the “mood of 1914” Ø The attitude and convictions of Europeans around 1914

v Militarism Ø The popular approval of military institutions and their values

v Franz Ferdinand Ø Archduke heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne Ø Assassinated by Serbian revolutionaries during state visit to Bosnia

v Gavrilo Princip

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Ø Fanatical member of the radical group Young Bosnia shot the archduke and his wife Sophie

v Balkan Wars Ø First Balkan war 1912

§ Serbia joined Greece and Bulgaria to attack the Ottoman empire then quarreled with Bulgaria over the spoils of victory

Ø Second Balkan war 1913 § Bulgaria attacked its former allies § Austria intervenes and forced Serbia to give up Albania

Ø Balkan nationalists increased their demands for freedom from Austrian control v Austria’s Ultimatum to Serbia

Ø Austria-Hungary demands that would violate Serbian sovereignty Ø Serbia replied moderately but evasively so Austria mobilized its armies and

declared war on Serbia v Nicholas II

Ø Russia tsar ordered full mobilization and in effect declared war v Schlieffen Plan

Ø Failed German plan calling for a lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia

v Total War Ø A war in which distinctions between the solders on the battle field and civilians at

home is blurred and where the government plans and controls the economic social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons

v Battle of the Marne Ø French attacked a gap in the German line at the battle of Marne Ø Three days Ø Germans fell back

v Trench warfare Ø A type of fighting used in WWI behind rows of trenches mines and barbed wire

the cost of lives was staggering and the gains in territory minimal v Battle of Verdun

Ø Unsuccessful German campaign against Verdun cost over 700,000 lives on both sides and ended in a draw

v Battle of the Somme Ø British offensive in northern France Ø Weeklong heavy artillery bombardment on the German line intended to cut the

barbed wire fortifications decimate the enemy trenches and prevent the Germans from making an effective defense

Ø Germans fled to dugouts and when firing stopped came and shot approaching soldiers

Ø Go into November in the end British did push Germans back v Battle of Tannenberg

Ø Germans won major victories at this battle and battle of the Masurian Lakes Ø Russia pressure weak Austrian-Hungary army by 1915 eastern front stabilized in

Germany’s favor Ø 2.5 million soldiers die captured wounded

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Ø ferman armies occupies huge swaths of the Russian empire in central Europe including ethnic polish Belorussian and Baltic territories

v Battle of the Masurian Lakes Ø See bolded it’s the same

v How did the Germans govern the occupied territories in central Europe? Ø Installed a vast military bureaucracy Ø 15,000 army administrators and professional specialists Ø Anti-Slavic prejudice dominated mindset Ø Used prisoners of war and refugees as forced labor and stole animals and crops

from local farmers Ø Hoped to turn territories into German possessions

v What was Italy’s position in the war? How did it change? Ø Declared neutrality in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war on

aggression Ø 1915 joined triple Entente of Great Britain France and Russia in return for

promises of Austrian territory v What was the Ottoman position in the war? How did it change?

Ø Joined Austria and Germany known as the central powers Ø September Bulgaria decided to follow ottoman empire’s lead in order to settle old

scores with Serbia v Armenian Genocide

Ø Armenians welcomed Russian armies as liberators the Ottoman government with German support ordered a mass deportation of its Armenian citizens

Ø Ethnic cleansing Ø Million innocent civilians died from murder starvation disease

v Battle of Gallipoli Ø British forces tried and failed to take the Dardanelles and Constantinople from the

Ottoman Turks Ø Ten month long battle Ø Turks 300,000 British 265,000 killed wounded missing

v Hussein Ibn-Ali Ø Direct descendant of the prophet Muhammad and the chief magistrate of Mecca Ø Controlling much of the ottoman empire’s territory along the Red Sea area known

as the Hejaz Ø Win vague British commitments for an independent Arab kingdom Ø Revolted against the Turks proclaiming himself as king of the Arabs Ø Joined forces with the British under T.F. Lawrence Ø Guerilla warfare against the Turks

v What was the American position in the war? How did it change? Ø Declared war on Germany in triple entente Ø German submarine sank British Lusitania with US people on it, so they stopped

submarine warfare for 2 years, otherwise US would declare war, but then they thought they could win the war if they used it again, and the couldn’t so US declared war

v How did European citizens respond to the outbreak of war? Ø Enthusiastic

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Ø Believe nation was right to defend itself from foreign aggression Ø Even socialists supported the war

v War Raw Materials Board Ø Walter Rathenau (started by) Ø Germany Ø Ration and distribute raw materials everything useful put into inventory and

rationed Ø Launched many successful attempts produce substitutions i.e. synthetic rubber Ø Food rationed according to physical need

v Auxiliary Service Law Ø Following battle of Verdun/Somme German military leaders forced Reichstag to

accept auxiliary service law Ø Required all males between 17-60 to work only at jobs considered critical to the

war effort Ø Women also worked in war factories mines and steel mills

v Fatherland Party Ø Ultraconservative and pro-war Ø Generals established military dictatorship Ø In Germany

v British Ministry of Munitions Ø Organized private industry to produce for the war allocated labor set wage and

price rates and settled labor disputes v What was the role of labor unions during the war?

Ø The need for workers meant greater power and prestige for labor unions Ø Unions now cooperated with war governments on workplace rules wages and

production schedules in return for real participation in important decisions Ø New government openness to the needs of those at the bottom of society

v What was the role of women during the war? Ø Left home and domestic service to work in industry transportation and offices Ø Women moved into skilled industrial jobs Ø Women believed war promised to permanently break down the barriers between

men’s and women’s work Ø Highly visible in public Ø Expanded the range of women’s activities that helped changes attitudes about

gender Ø US Britain Germany Poland and other countries granted women the right to vote

immediately after the war v Why were women’s employment gains mostly temporary?

Ø Demobilized soldiers demanded their jobs back and governments forced women out of the workplace

Ø Dislocations of war loosened sexual morality, means feminist leaders found It difficult to regain momentum after the crisis of war

v What were the effects of the war on social stratification? Ø Greater social equality blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between

the rich and the poor Ø Full employment rationing according to physical needs and sharing of hardships

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v How did the government use censorship and propaganda in its war effort? Ø Nationalism means that governments used rigorous censorship and crude

propaganda to bolster popular support Ø Patriotic posters and slogans slanted news and biased editorials inflamed national

hatreds and helped control public opinion encouraging soldiers to continue fighting

v Karl Liebknecht Ø Radical socialist leader Ø Attack the costs of the war effort Ø Arrested and imprisoned

v Easter Rebellion Ø Protest marches over inadequate food and Irish nationalists took advantage of this

situation (in Dublin) and revolted against British rule in the Great Easter Rebellion

Ø Rebels crushed leaders executed v Georges Clemenceau

Ø In France Ø Established a virtual dictatorship Ø Hate strikers jailing without trials and politicians who dared to suggest

compromise and peace with Germany v German Communist Party

Ø Radicals left the social democratic party from the independent social democratic party in 1918 they would form the German communist party

v What was Russia’s interaction in the war? What impact did the war have in Russia Ø Embraced war Ø Parliament, the duma, voted to support the war Ø Russia moved toward full mobilization on the home front Ø Set up special committees to coordinate defense industry transpiration and

agriculture Ø Improved the military situation Ø Overall Russia mobilized less effectively than other combatants

v Progressive Bloc Ø Parties ranging from conservative to moderate socialist formed the progressive

bloc which called for a completely new government responsible to the Duma instead of the tsar

v What impact did Tsarina Alexandra and her relationship with Rasputin have in Russia? Ø Rasputin was unpopular and there were rumors he was the empress’s lover so

members high aristocracy to stop the rumor murdered him Ø Scandal further undermined support for the tsarist government

v What problems led to the Russian Revolution? Ø Heavy casualties bad food and equipment and concern for those at home led to

opposition in the ranks Ø Food shortages heating fuel was in short supply and the economy was breaking

down Ø Violent street demonstrations

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v February Revolution (1917) Ø Unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in

march 1917 (old calendar February) in Petrograd Russia that led to the abdication of tsar and the establishment of a provincial government

v What was the provisional government in Russia? Ø Established equality before the law freedom of religion speech and assembly and

the right of unions to organize and strike Ø Liberal and moderate socialist leaders of the provisional government rejected

these broad political reforms v Alexander Kerensky

Ø Prime minister in 1917 Ø Refused to confiscate large landholdings and give them to the peasants fearing

that such drastic action would only complete the disintegration of Russia’s peasant army

v Petrograd Soviet Ø A huge fluctuating mass meeting of two or three thousand workers soldiers and

socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905 v Army Order No.1

Ø The most famous edict of the Petrograd soviet was the army order no. 1 Ø Stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected

committees of common solders Ø Designed primarily protect the revolution from resistance by the aristocratic

officer crops the order led to a collapse of army discipline v Describe Lenin’s background

Ø Enemy imperial Russia Ø Student Marxist socialism

v What was Lenin’s revolutionary philosophy? Ø Updated Marxist philosophy to address conditions in Russia Ø Only violent revelation could destroy capitalism Ø Enounced all theories of a peaceful evolution of socialism as a betrayal of Marx’s

message of violent class conflict Ø Only certain conditions of a socialist revolution was possible even in a non-

industrialized agrarian country Ø Russian working class can take place of Marx’s traditional working class Ø Possibility of revolution was determined more by leadership than vast historical

laws Ø Called for highly disciplined workers party strictly controlled by small dedicated

elite of intellectuals and professional revolutionaries who wouldn’t be seduced by short term gains

v Compare and contrast the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Ø Bolsheviks

§ Lenin’s radical revolutionary arm of the Russian party of Marxian socialism which successfully installed a doctoral socialist regime in Russia

§ Majority group Ø Mensheviks

§ Minority group

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v How did Lenin’s “Bread, Land, and Peace” impact the growing Russian revolution and also the country’s participation in WWI? Ø Spoke to the expectations of suffering workers peasants and soldiers alike Ø Earned Bolsheviks substantial popular support

v What impact did Leon Trotsky have in the seizure of power? Ø Lenin’s support Ø Evolutionary orator and radical Marxist Ø Convinced Petrograd soviet to form a special military revolutionary committee in

October and make him the leader Ø November 6 seize government buildings and pounce on members of the

provisional government Ø Went to the congress of soviets where a Bolshevik majority declared all power

had passed to the soviets and named Lenin the head of the new government v What were the three reasons that the Bolsheviks came to power?

Ø Democracy had given way to anarchy power was there for those who would take it

Ø Lenin and Trotsky and the Bolsheviks had an utterly determined and superior leadership both tsarist and provisional government lacked

Ø Bolsheviks appealed to soldiers urban workers who were exhausted by war weary of tsarist autocracy and ready for radical changes

v How did the Bolsheviks stay in power? Include the Constituent Assembly. Ø Proclaimed their regime a provisional workers and peasants government

promising that the freely elected constituent assembly would draw up a new constitution

Ø Bolsheviks won only 23% votes in general election Ø Constituent assembly met only for one day was permanently disbanded by

Bolshevik soldiers acting under Lenin’s orders v Describe the losses that Russia suffered. Include the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Ø Germany demanded soviet government give up all its western territories, these areas inhibited by Poles Finns Lithuanians and other non-Russians put into the penthouse of nationalities

Ø Treaty of Brest-Litovsk § Peace treaty signed in march 1918 between the central powers and Russia that

ceded Russian territories containing a third of Russian empire’s population to the central powers

v What was the White opposition to the Bolsheviks (Whites vs. Reds)? Ø Officers of the old army rejected the peace treaty and organized white opposition

in southern Russia Ukraine and Siberia and west of Petrograd Ø From many socialist groups united only by hatred of communism and the

Bolsheviks Ø Eighteen self proclaimed regional governments Ø Armies closed in on central Russia didn’t win, Bolsheviks had the better army Ø Trotsky made effective use of tsarist army officers Ø Reds controlled central Russia and Moscow and Petrograd Ø Whites lacked coordination and had a poorly defined political program that never

united the Bolsheviks enemies

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Ø Whites wished to preserve the tsarist empire v What is war communism?

Ø The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants introduced rationing nationalized all banks and industry and required everyone to work

v How did terror contribute to the Communist victory? Include the Cheka and Red Terror. Ø Cheka

§ Secret police § Dedicated to suppressing counter revolutionaries of all types § Imprisoned and executed without trial thousands of supposed class enemies

Ø Red terror § Helped establish the secret police as a ventral tool of the new communist

government v What were the immediate actions that led to the end of the war in 1918?

Ø German high command launched a desperate attack against France offensive failed the US Britain and France defeated Germany

Ø Revolution broke out and masses of workers demonstrated for peace in Berlin Ø William II abdicated and fled to Holland Ø Social leaders in Berlin proclaimed a German republic and agreed to allied terms

of surrender v How did the Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrate

Ø Hungary and Czechoslovakia and Romania were carved out of its territory Ø Serbian monarchy gained control of the western Balkans and took the name

Yugoslavia until conservative nationalists seized power Ø Hungary became independent soviet republic

v Weimar Republic Ø Germany moderated from the social democratic party and liberals established

Weimar Republic, a democratic government that would lead Germany for the next 15 years

v Spartacist Uprising Ø Radical communists led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg tried to seize

control of the government Ø In berlin moderate social democrats called in nationalist free coup militias bands

of demobilized soldiers who had kept their weapons to crush the uprising Ø Liebknecht and Luxemburg arrested and murdered

v Who were the Big Three? Ø United States Great Britain and France

v What was the idealism that the negotiators possessed at the Treaty of Versailles? Ø New order in Europe, prepare for not peace only but eternal peace

v What was the League of Nations and what impact did it have at the Treaty of Versailles? Ø League of nations was a permanent international organization established during

1919 Paris peace conference designed to protect member states from aggression and prevent future wars

v What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

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Ø Wilson’s 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy a reduction in armaments freedom of commerce and trade and the establishment of the league of nations and national self determination

v Describe the conflict at the Treaty of Versailles. Include self-determination. Ø National self determinism

§ The nation of people should be able to lice free from outside interference in nations with clearly defined borders and should be able to choose their own national governments through democratic majority-rule elections

Ø Big three disagreed on much v How was the German question answered?

Ø Clemenceau – got formal defensive alliance with the united states and great Britain

v What was the key to peace at the Treaty of Versailles? Describe the redrawing of the European map. Ø Independent nations carved out of Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires

included Poland Czechoslovakia Finland and Baltic states and Yugoslavia Ø Ottoman empire slit apart territories places under control of the victors Ø Germany’s African and Asian colonies were given to France Britain and Japan as

league of nation mandates or administered territories Ø Alsace-Loraine returned to France Ø Ethnic polish territories seized by Prussia during the18th century partition of

Poland were returned to the new polish state Ø Mostly German Danzig also placed within the polish border but as a self

governing city under the protection of the league of nations Ø Germany had to limit its army

v What was the War Guilt Clause and how did Germans respond to it? Ø An article in the treaty of Versailles that declared that Germany with Austria was

solely responsible foe the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting

Ø Financial burden Ø Insult national price Ø Government protest vigorously

v How successful was the principle of self-determination Ø Borders of new states cut through a jumble of ethnic and religious groups who

often despised each other Ø Economically weak and politically unstable conflict in the interwar years (new

independent places) Ø In colonies desires self determinism ignored

v What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement? Ø Britain and France agreed that France would receive modern day Lebanon and

Syria and much of southern Turkey and Britain would receive Palestine Transjordan and Iraq

v What was the Balfour Declaration and what impact did it have for the Zionists? Ø Blafour declaration

§ A 1977 British statement that declared British support of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine

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Ø Autonomy only in the kingdom of Hejaz v Describe the main points of the Syrian Congress’s resolution and how the European’s

responded. v Who was Mustafa Kemal and how did his vision affect Turkey?

Ø Refused to acknowledge the allies dismemberment of their country and gradually mounted forceful resistance

Ø Successful Turkish defense at the battle of Gallipoli with Britain Ø Army repulsed invaders Ø Treaty of Lausanne recognized the territorial integrity of independent turkey and

abolished the capitulations that the European powers had imposed over the centuries to give their citizens special privileges

Ø Nationalist Ø Turkey should modernize and secularize alone western lines Ø Establish republic Ø Himself as president Ø Created one party system Ø Limit the place of religion and religious leaders in daily affairs – separation of

church and state Ø Promulgated law codes Ø Secular public school system

v What was the human cost of WWI? Ø Deaths 10-13 million soldiers Ø Burials difficult Ø Thousands unidentified Ø Victims millions widows and orphans Ø Huge numbers disabled and emotionally scared

§ Governments tried to take care of disabled – too little money