AP European History Mr. Blackmon

Chapter 12 Realism, Nationalism and Imperialism 1850-1914

Realism and Materialism (Art and Literature, Positivism, Marxism)

1 The artistic and literary movement that reacted to the rationalism of the Enlightenment byemphasizing the emotional component of humanity along with individual freedom was A Impressionism B Expressionism C Realism D Social Darwinism E Romanticism

2 Both the French and Industrial Revolutions gave rise to a number of conflicting doctrines,or "isms." Which of the following was expounded and popularized decades after theothers? A Marxism B Liberalism C Radicalism D Conservatism E Socialism

3 "The whole history of mankind (since the dissolution of primitive tribal society, holdingland in common ownership) has been a history of class struggles, contests betweenexploiting and exploited, ruling and oppressed classes." A hereditary monarchy B overthrow of the capitalist class C partnership between the bourgeiosie and the proletariat D liberalism E Owenism

4 Nineteenth-century cartoonists often used animals to represent countries. Which nationalanimal is NOT correct? A bear - Russia B rooster - France C lion - England D eagle - Germany E raven - Italy

5 “In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonism, we shallhave an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the freedevelopment of all.”

These words express the ideasA. Alexis de TocquevilleB. John LockeC. Jean-Jacques RousseauD. Edmund Burke

E. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels6 The “engine” of history, according to Karl Marx, was

A religious conflict B class conflict C spiritual devotion D Imperialism E racial conflict

7 One of the major issues of Karl Marx’s work was thatF. Peasants and artisans would combine with factory workers to lead the forthcoming

socialist revolutionG. By increasing social interaction, capitalism improved the quality of human

relationshipsH. The Industrial Revolution was a social disaster which had to be undone to restore

the humane preindustrial societyI. History moves inevitably through a series of stages culminating in socialismJ. The historical function of government has been to protect the weak from

exploitation by the powerful.8 All of the following are features of Marxist theory EXCEPT

A Hegelian dialectic B dialectical materialism C the Class Struggle D natural selection E inevitable revolution

9 Which of the following ideas is common to the works of both Karl Marx and the classicaleconomists?A. The overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the revolutionary proletariat is inevitableB. Class struggle is the mechanism of historical progressC. The free exchange of wages for labor ensures social harmonyD. The value of a product is largely determined by the value of the labor used to

produce it.E. The triumph of the proletariat will bring about a classless society

10 Which of the following did NOT help to inspire Karl Marx’s theories?A Hegel's philosophy B Adam Smith and David Ricardo C Utopian socialists D factory conditions in Manchester E Russian anarchism

12 In The Communist Manifesto, (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels asserted thatA. Technology was evil and would bring more suffering than benefits to the working

classB. Capitalism was a necessary stage of economic and social developmentC. A socialist revolution was most likely to occur in Russia D. The goals of nationalism and socialism were inseparableE. The working class was so oppressed that it was unable to help itself

13 The Communist Manifesto called for all of the following EXCEPTA abolition of private property B abolition of the right of inheritance C provision of free education D establishment of industrial armies E an end to all violence

National Unification (Crimean War, Italy, Germany)

14 FRENCH UNITE TO PROTECT REVOLUTIONSERBIA GALVANIZES SLAVSGERMAN UNIFICATION COMPLETED

The newspaper headlines above reflect attitudes associated withA. NihilismB. MilitarismC. MarxismD. LiberalismE. Nationalism

15 Results of the Crimean War include all of the following EXCEPTA Great Britain pursued a more isolationist policy in the future B Sardinia was invited to the peace conference C Russia was angry with Austria for not coming to her assistance D Spain was restored to the status of a great power E the Russian military structure had to be reformed

16 During the Crimean War (1854-1856), most deaths among the military occurred as aresult of A. Trench warfare and poisonous gasB. Guerrilla warfareC. Naval engagementsD. Discase and inadequate medical careE. Heavy artillery bombardment

17 Which of the following describes the Carbonari?F. Members of a union of coal minersG. Members of a secret revolutionary societyH. A group of tax collectors on the RhineI. Members of the Italian Communist PartyJ. A selected force of Turkish cavalry

18 "Young Italy is republican. It is Republican because theoretically every nation isdestined, by the law of God and humanity, to form a free and equal community ofbrothers; and the republic is the only form of government that insures this future." A support Cavour's plan to unify Italy

B approve Garibaldi's compromise with Victor Emmanuel C reject the use of force to achieve his goals D negotiate with Pope Pius IX E reject unity at the cost of monarchy

19 Giuseppe Mazzini, the leader of Young Italy, was left out of the Italian unificationmovement in the 1850s and 1860s because A he was too committed to violence B he was too committed to non-violence C Garibaldi hated him D Cavour had him assassinated E he was devoted to republicanism

20 One of the most serious impediments to Italian unification in the mid-nineteenth centurywas A Otto von Bismarck B Giuseppe Garibaldi C Pope Pius IX D the Duke of Lucca E Napoleon III of France

21 The 1870 English cartoon shown above is a comment onA. The division of Italy into a number of religious and secular statesB. The pope’s retention of spiritual authority in spite of his loss of temporal

controlC. The military power of the pope as opposed to that wielded by the kingD. Church control of secondary educationE. The eagerness of the pope to ally himself with the king

22 Which of the following nineteenth-century Italian figures actively sought to prevent theunification of Italy?A. Camillo di CavourB. Giuseppe MazziniC. Victor Emmanuel IID. Giuseppe GaribaldiE. Pius IX

23 Which state took the lead in the process of Italian unification? A The Kingdom of Naples B The Papal States C Lombardy-Venetia D Piedmont-Sardinia E Tuscany

24 During Cavour's administration as prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, all of thefollowing occurred EXCEPT A the influence of the Church was diminished B there was industrialization C manorialism was strengthened D constitutionalism was established E commerce was encouraged

25 Who was called the “architect of Italian unification”?A Mazzini B Garibaldi C Victor Emmanuel II D Cavour E Napoleon III

26 All of the following were instrumental in the emergence of Italy as a modern nation-stateEXCEPTA. MazziniB. Napoleon IIIC. CavourD. Francis IIE. Garibaldi

27 Place the following events in the correct chronological order from earliest to latest:A Cavour meets Napoleon ITI, Garibaldi lands in Sicily, Papal states absorbed into

Italy, Crimean War B Crimean War, Cavour meets Napoleon ITI, Garibaldi lands in Sicily, Papal

states absorbed into Italy C Garibaldi lands in Sicily, Papal States absorbed into Italy, Crimean War, Cavour

meets Napoleon ill D Papal States absorbed into Italy, Crime an War, Cavour meets Napoleon III,

Garibaldi lands in Sicily E Cavour meets Napoleon ITI, Crime an War, Garibaldi lands in Sicily, Papal

States absorbed into Italy 28 Cavour's "deal" with Napoleon III at Plombieres was significant because

A it was a manifestation of his "power politics" B it brought peace with Austria C it guaranteed French nonintervention in the war with Austria D it freed Napoleon III to fight Prussia E it alienated Garibaldi's "Red Shirts"

29 On which of the following did Cavour and Garibaldi agree?A. Once united, Italy should be a republic

B. Italy should be independent of foreign controlC. Italian unity should be achieved in one way only, by revolutionD. The pope should lead any new Italian stateE. Foreign assistance was necessary to drive Austria from Italy

30 The "thousand" who went with Garibaldi were also known by which of the followingmonikers? A The Gray Shirts B The Black Shirts C The Green Shirts D The Blue Shirts E The Red Shirts

31 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Italy in A 1850 B 1860

C 1861 D 1870 E 1871

32 After unification in the late nineteenth century, the new state of Italy faced all of thefollowing EXCEPTA. Hostility from the VaticanB. An inequitable taxation systemC. A continued rift between the north and the southD. Heavy government debtE. A labor shortage

33 Which country or province was NOT incorporated into the united kingdom of Italyduring the nineteenth century? A Tuscany B Lombardy C Sardinia D the Papal States E Trentino

35 Italia Irredenta was the name given to A the process of unification B the newly united Italian constitutional monarchy C the rural south ofItaly D the split between the new government and the papacy E the Italian enclaves remaining under Austrian control

36 Which province shown on the map above was gained by the Kingdom of Italy in returnfor its support of Prussia in the Seven Weeks' War against Austria? A Parma B The states of the Church C The Papal states D Modena E Venetia

37 The two decades following the Revolutions of 1848 saw all of the following changes inthe German states EXCEPT A the German Confederation, created at the Congress of Vienna to replace the Holy

Roman Empire, was revived B repression of republicans, nationalists, and liberals was common C the German population shrank due to the immigration to America of

refugees from political persecution D the separate states were economically interdependent E industrial productivity rose dramatically

38 The map above shows the German states before unification. Which of the following wasNOT part of Prussia? A Brandenburg B Pomerania C Hanover D Silesia E East Prussia

39 Who was NOT opposed to German unification under Prussian leadership before 1870? A Austria B Italy C Denmark D Bavaria E France

40 Before German unification, Prussia had instituted a series of governmental, economic,social, and military reforms in response to A the humiliating defeats by France during the Napoleonic Wars B the insurrection of peasants against landowning aristocrats C the urging of the Frankfurt Assembly D pleas from the Junkers E the threat of a unified Italy

41 The term realpolitik applies to Bismarck's A realistic support of the liberal factions in the Prussian Parliament B use of subterfuge, deceit, and military force to accomplish unification and to

implement other policies C opposition to Hapsburg leadership in a united Germany D admiration of Cavour's constitutional reforms in Italy E support of Pan-Germanism

42 The Prussian victory over Austria in 1866 resulted in A. Intensified efforts by the British to defeat the Prussian armyB. The greater involvement of Austria in German political affairsC. The consolidation of Prussian authority among the North German statesD. Popular uprisings in Austria against Prussian interferenceE. An alliance between Russia and the Ottoman Empire against Austria

43 "We had to avoid wounding her too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind her anyunnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve thepossibility of becoming friends again as soon as possible." A Italy B Russia C Austria D England E France

44 "We had to avoid wounding Austria too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind in herany unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve thepossibility of becoming friends again with our adversary of the moment, and in any caseto regard the Austrian state as a piece on the European chessboard and the renewal offriendly relations as a move open to us." A Metternich B Garibaldi C Gladstone D Bismarck E Wilhelm II

45 "The king was continuing to treat with the French. After receiving his dispatch my firstidea was to retire from the service of His Majesty. Later I made use of the royalauthorization to publish the contents of the telegram after I had struck out words butwithout adding to it." A Punctuation of Olmutz B Brunswick manifesto C Ems telegram D Agadir agreement E Zimmerman telegram

46 “In the presence of my guests I reduced the telegram by deleting words, without addingor altering a single word . . . . which made the announcement appear decisive.

[My guest] said: ‘Now it has quite a different ring. In its original form it sounded like aparley. Now it is like a flourish of trumpets in answer to a challenger.’ I went on toexplain ‘ . . . it will have the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull.’”

The individual recounting the story above was

A. Napoleon IIIB. CavourC. DisraeliD. BismarckE. Alexander II

47 Chose the correct sequence of events in the proper chronological order from earliest tothe latest in the unification of Germany during the 1860s and 1870s. A Seven Weeks War, Ems Telegram, Franco-Prussian War, Danish War B Danish War, Seven Weeks War, Ems Telegram, Franco-Prussian War C Danish War, Ems Telegram, Seven Weeks War, Franco-Prussian War D Ems Telegram, Danish War, Seven Weeks War, Franco-Prussian War E Franco-Prussian War, Danish War, Seven Weeks War, Ems Telegram

48 Napoleon III entered the Franco-Prussian war for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A to shore up his popularity at home B to block German unification C to prevent a Hohenzollern prince becoming King of Spain D to conquer southern Germany E because of the Ems telegram

49 All of the following were wars fought by Prussia as part of Bismarck's realpolitik tounify Germany EXCEPT A the war against Denmark, 1864 B the All-German War C the Crimean War D the Seven Weeks' War E the Franco-Prussian War

50 Which of the following was NOT incorporated into the New German Empire by 1871? A Alsace and Lorraine B Schleswig and Holstein C Hanover D Belgium E Bavaria

51 The chronologically arranged maps above illustrate theA. Concluding phases of he Franco-Prussian WarB. Schlieffen PlanC. Concluding phases of the First World WarD. Settlement of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919E. Invasion of France in 1940

52 “We thought by agitation we could transform Germany. But almost all the elements ofour political system have been shown erroneous by the facts themselves. . . . Yet wehave experienced a miracle almost without parallel. The victory of our principles wouldhave brought us misery, whereas the defeat of our principles has brought us boundlesssalvation.”

This essay from an 1866 essay by a German liberal suggests thatA. German liberals had opposed Bismarck’s unconstitutional actions in the

past but were now prepared to support himB. Liberal principles, rather than nationalism, were at the center of German liberal

convictionsC. German liberals had supported Bismarck n th past but now realized that they had

been wrong to do soD. German liberals had long been enthusiastic supporters of Bismarck’s policiesE. German liberals continued to demand radical political changes to make Germany

a functioning democracy

Other Nation Building Efforts (France, Russia, Austria-Hungary)

53 Who among the following declared himself Emperor of the French in 1851?A King Louis XIX B the Duc de Berry C Alphonse de Lamartine D Prince Louis Napoleon E Georges Boulanger

54 The military and social elite of the French Third Republic in the nineteenth century wereall of the following EXCEPT A anti-Semitic B royalist C anti-clerical D anti-German E anti-democratic

55 After the assassination of Russia's tsar Alexander II in 1881, his successor, AlexanderIII, adopted a policy of A constitutional reform B industrialization C "Orthodoxy, Russification, and Autocracy" D Westernization E modern scientific rationalism

56 '''The dangers which we have to face are of a twofold nature. The first is presented by thetendency of our liberal-minded German population to gravitate towards the largerportion of the German-speaking people now represented by Prussia, Saxony, what wasHanover, Wurttemburg, and Bavaria. The second is the diversity of language and race inthe empire." A French B Ottoman C Austrian D Russian E Italian

57 The “Dual Monarchy” refers toA Austria-Hungary B the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies C Bosnia-Herzegovina D the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland E Sardinia and Savoy

59 Which of the following was the major reason for the establishment of the DualMonarchy in 1867?A. To satisfy the demands of the MagyarsB. To resist Turkish encroachment into EuropeC. To resist demands made by Napoleon IIID. To balance the power of the North German ConfederationE. To curb the growing strength of a united Italy

60 The most serious challenge to Habsburg authority within the empire in the period 1848-1868 came from the A Poles B Magyars C Bosnians D Serbs E Russians

61 All of the following were related to the Eastern Question EXCEPTA. Pan-SlavismB. The Congress of Berlin of 1878C. The Crimean WarD. The Kruger TelegramE. The treaty of San Stefano

Second Industrial Revolution

62 Important changes in European cities in the second half of the nineteenth centuryincluded all of the following EXCEPT A electric street cars B gas street lighting C new royal palaces D department stores E new parks and streets

63 New industries, such as railroads, chemical production, and electricity generationadvanced most rapidly in which of the following European countries during the lastyears of the nineteenth century? A Belgium B Russia C Germany D England E France

64 During the last third of the nineteenth century, new industries, such as those producingelectric power and chemicals, advanced most rapidly in which of the following Europeancountries?A. FranceB. ItalyC. GermanyD. BelgiumE. Spain

65 All of the following factors contributed to massive suburban development outside thecores of major European cities in the second half of the nineteenth century EXCEPT A the middle class wanted to escape the smoke and bustle of city life B the working class was expanding rapidly in numbers C cheap railway fares for commuters D the invention of the automobile

E redevelopment of urban centers for commercial uses

RELATIVE SHARES OF WORLD MANUFACTURING OUPPUT1750-1900

1750 1800 1830 1860 1880 1900

Europe 23.2 28.1 34.2 53.2 61.3 62.0

USA 0.1 0.8 2.4 7.2 14.7 23.6

Japan 3.8 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.4

China 32.8 33.3 29.8 19.7 12.5 6.2

India 24.5 19.7 17.6 8.6 2.8 1.7

66 The figures in the above table indicate thatA Japan enjoyed the most rapid growth during this period B India declined less than China during this period C Europe was in decline after 1880 D the USA industrialized comparatively early during this period E population size was more related to output in 1750 than in 1880

Year Units Produced

1740 17,000

1788 68,000

1796 125,000

1806 260,000

1844 3,000,000

67 The figures in the table above most likely refer to increases in British production ofF. Sulphuric acidG. Salted codH. WheatI. IronJ. Copper

IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION 1890-1939(millions of tons)

Country 1890 1900 1910 1913 1920 1930 1938

A 8.0 5.0 6.5 7.7 9.2 7.4 10.5

B 4.1 6.3 13.6 17.6 7.6 11.3 23.2

C 1.9 1.5 3.4 4.6 2.7 9.4 6.1

68 What is the correct key to the table above?A A - Germany B - England C - France B A - England B - Germany C - France C A - France B - Germany C - England D A - England B - France C -Germany E A - Germany B - France C - England

69 The agricultural depression that struck western Europe in the later nineteenth centurywas caused by A importation of cheap wheat from Canada and the United States B failure of export markets in China C South African beef flooding the market D decline of population in India E outbreaks of bubonic plague in Russia

Imperialism

70 Significant historical explanations for nineteenth-century European imperialism includeall of the following EXCEPTK. Need to discover new sources of raw materialsL. Need to find new markets for manufactured goodsM. Desire to establish world governmentN. Need to invest excess financial resourcesO. Desire to maintain the European balance of power

71 Imperialism of the 1870 to 1914 period can best be described as A overseas mercantilism B development of a profitable trade with non-Western regions C establishment of coastal trading posts in the non-European world D the imposition by Europeans of their social, economic, and political systems

upon non-Europeans E the establishment of European democratic government in the non-European

world 72 “What the breechloader, the machine gun, the steamboat, the steamship, quinine, and

other innovations did was to lower the cost in both financial and human terms ofpenetrating, conquering, and exploiting new territories. So cost-effective did they make

imperialism that not only national governments but even individuals like Henry Stanleyand Cecil Rhodes could precipitate events and stake out claims to vast territories whichlater became parts of empires.”

The historian quoted above would most likely use which of the following statements toexplain imperialism in Africa after 1870?

A. Europe’s major corporations used ruthless force in their search for overseas tradeand profits

B. The power of European technology provided the mechanism that madeimperialism cheap and easy

C. European politicians were willing and eager to risk war for the sake of nationalprestige

D. Individuals like Stanley and Rhodes were more important than economic forcesin the conquest of Africa by Europeans

E. The Europeans officer class was eager to use Africa as a testing ground for newweapons

73 The “white man’s burden” is a phrase referring toA nationalism B imperialism C socialism D utilitarianism E Marxism

74 All of the following are accurate assessments of the New Imperialism EXCEPT A it degraded the subject peoples B it created immensely profitable markets for European goods in the colonies C it introduced progressive economies to the non-Western world D it helped precipitate World Wars I and II E it encouraged the non-West to modernize its social and political systems

75 The imperialism of the 1870 to 1914 period was directed by the Europeans primarily inwhich regions? A the Americas B Africa and East Asia C Eastern Europe D Australia and Oceania E Africa and the Middle East

76 All of the following European nations were major imperial powers from 1870 to 1914EXCEPT A France B Britain C Germany D Belgium E Austria

77 European countries were motivated to assert imperial control over countries on othercontinents during the second half of the nineteenth century by all of the following

EXCEPT A economic profits B rivalries with other European powers C missionary zeal D refocus domestic discontent E regain territories lost in the eighteenth century

78 All of these could be considered major causes of imperialism EXCEPT A the search for new markets for industrial products B the acquisition of raw materials C missionary activities D the desire to absorb the culture of non-Europeans E the race for colonies

79 Rudyard Kipling's stirring poems for the English to take up "the white man's burden" arecompatible with which of the following? A Social Darwinism B The obligation of the West to enlighten the "benighted races" of the non-Western

world C The urgings of Jules Ferry in France and Josiah Strong in the United States to

"spread the culture" D None of these E All of these

80 The most important colony to Britain in the nineteenth century was A India B the Gold Coast C Rhodesia D Nigeria E Singapore

[the captions read:]NEW CROWNS FOR OLD. EMPRESS AND EARLDisraeli offering offering Victoria One good turn deserves the Imperial Crown of India another

81 The two cartoons above showA Disraeli was an Indian in disguise B Disraeli earned his title by making his Queen an Empress C Queen Victoria was secretly married to Disraeli D Queen Victoria was reluctant to accept control over India E Queen Victoria made Disraeli King of the India Raj

82 The dominant power in the Mediterranean during the nineteenth century wasA Great Britain B Italy C Spain D Ottoman empire E Austria-Hungary

THE SEPOY REBELLION, 1857-58: contemporary illustration by an anonymous native artist(Granger 0031197)

83 The picture above is of a rebellion against the British in 1857 by which of the followingareas in which the British had gained dominance? A Egypt B China C India D Lebanon E Ceylon

"Irving Gordon, Review Text in World History, AMSCO School Publications. Inc., 1984.Reprinted by courtesy of AMSCO School Publications, Inc."

84 The above map representsA the British "lifeline" to India B DaGamma's route to India C the southern limit ot the British empire in 1750 D the route of the Russian fleet to Tsushima in 1905 E the division of spheres of influence between Hitler and Mussolini

85 The Suez Canal induced British imperialism in which of the following? A Egypt B Ghana C Nigeria D Libya E South Mrica

86 British colonial administration of India from 1857 to 1948 was comparativelyenlightened because A they supported the landlords B they completely ended the caste system C they left the entire subcontinent under local control D Indians were encouraged to serve in the colonial government E British colonial administrators adopted local customs and language

87 The principal product purchased from the British by the Chinese during the nineteenthcentury was A tea B opium C sugar

D rum E silk

88 China was twice defeated in war by a European power which sought to force it to acceptimports of opium during the mid-nineteenth century. This country was A Great Britain B Germany C Spain D France E Italy

89 All of the following are valid generalizations about European imperialism in ChinaEXCEPT A China was not directly colonized B China lost its outlying territories C Europeans residing in China were not subject to Chinese law D after the failure of a nationalist uprising, China was forced to pay indemnities to

the imperialists E China was partitioned by both Europeans and Japan

90 Which of the following avoided European colonialization by rapidly modernizing andindustrializing? A China B Japan C Persia (Iran) D Siam (Thailand) E Ethiopia

91 The Berlin Conference of 1885, sponsored by Germany's Bismarck, A determined the "rules" for the partition of Africa B set up spheres of influence in China C divided Ottoman possessions in the Middle East among six European powers D Recognized the United States' dominance in Latin America E internationalized the former Belgian Congo

92 The European partition of Africa began in A 1850 B the 1870s C 1880 D 1919 E 1939

93 "I heard from the white man and some of the soldiers some of the most gruesome stories.The former white man (I feel ashamed of my color every time I think of him) wouldstand at the door of the store to receive rubber from the plantation workers, who after, insome cases, weeks of privation in the forests, had brought in their baskets. A manbringing under the proper amount, the white man flies into a rage, and seizing a riflefrom one of the guards, shoots him dead on the spot. Very rarely did rubber come in butone or more were shot in that way at the door of the store 'to make the survivors bringmore the next time'."

The above passage refers to

A Belgian rule in the CongoB Japanese rule in Manchuria C Italian rule in Ethiopia D British rule in South Africa E Russian rule in the Caucusus

94 Which of the following countries did NOT undergo significant expansion during theimperialist age of the nineteenth century? A Britain B Spain C Russia D France E United States

95 Which of the following of pairs of imperial power and colony does NOT match?A Italy and Sudan B Great Britain and Egypt C Belgium and Congo D France and Algeria E Portugal and Angola

96 Bismarck’s attitude towards acquiring colonial possessions for Germany was A enthusiastic B total opposition C indifferent D embarrassed E limited interest

97 Which area was NOT an area of Russian interest during its imperialist expansion duringthe nineteenth century? A Manchuria B Georgia C Moldavia D Hong Kong E the Bosporus

98 Lenin's argument that the new age of imperialism was the final stage of capitalism isflawed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A European investments abroad were larger before 1875 than afterwards B little new overseas investment went to new colonies C new colonies were not important markets for European goods D many colonies cost more to maintain than was returned by investment in them E no raw materials were found in new colonies