AP Biology

January 30, 2012 BellRinger:

Complete the logical and spatial puzzles on the handout from Thursday

Objective: Determine functions and activities to stimulate

various parts of the brain Differentiate between the various stages in cell

communication

Homework: Complete chp 48 notes

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Evolution of vertebrate brain

Shark

Frog

Cat

Bird

HumanSpinal cord

Hind: Medulla oblongata

Optic tectum

Hind: Cerebellum

MidbrainFore: CerebrumOlfactory tract

Crocodile

hindbrain

forebrain

forebrain

forebraindominant cerebrum

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Human brain

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The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions

Each side of the cerebral cortex has four lobes Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

Parietal lobe

Frontalassociation

area

Speech

Smell

Hearing

Auditoryassociation

areaVision

Visualassociation

area

Somatosensoryassociation

area

Reading

Speech

Taste

Som

atos

enso

ry c

orte

x

Mot

or c

orte

x

Figure 48.27

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Palm Press Activity Do not move your feet! Yoga pose What area of your brain is active? Label/color on your brain map

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The Cerebellum Is important for coordination and error

checking during motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions

Is also involved in learning and remembering motor skills

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Which part of my brain is active? Attention & alertness? What else does the part of the brain

do? Label/color on your brain map

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The Brainstem The brainstem consists of three parts

The medulla oblongata, the pons, and the midbrain

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Brainstem The medulla oblongata

Contains centers that control several visceral functions

The pons Also participates in visceral

functions The midbrain

Contains centers for the receipt and integration of several types of sensory information

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The Diencephalon The embryonic diencephalon develops into

three adult brain regions The epithalamus, thalamus, and

hypothalamus

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Which part of my brain is active? Fight or flight? What controls the breathing/heart rate

changes associated with the response? Why do we have this response – especially

to loud noises? Label/color on your brain map

Listen to someone speak and express themselves in a foreign language

Which part of the brain takes in all sensory input (except smell)

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The epithalamus Includes the pineal gland and the

choroid plexus The thalamus

“Central operator” Is the main input center for sensory

information going to the cerebrum and the main output center for motor information leaving the cerebrum

The hypothalamus regulates Homeostasis Basic survival behaviors such as

feeding, fighting, fleeing, and reproducing

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Emotion Cards No words, facial expressions only Which part of your brain is active? What would happen if we were unable

to interpret this nonverbal communication?

Are some people better than others? Label/color on your brain map

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Emotions The limbic system

Is a ring of structures around the brainstem

Figure 48.30

HypothalamusThalamus

Prefrontal cortex

Olfactorybulb

Amygdala Hippocampus

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This limbic system includes three parts of the cerebral cortex The amygdala, hippocampus, and olfactory

bulb These structures interact with the

neocortex to mediate primary emotions And attach emotional “feelings” to survival-

related functions

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Circadian Rhythms The hypothalamus also regulates circadian

rhythms Such as the sleep/wake cycle

Animals usually have a biological clock Which is a pair of suprachiasmatic nuclei

(SCN) found in the hypothalamus

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Short Term Memory Which part of the brain was stimulated

during the memory game? What part of your brain would be

involved if this information was to be stored in your long term memory?

Label/color on your brain map

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Arousal and Sleep A diffuse network of neurons called the

reticular formation Is present in the core of the brainstem

Midbrain Sight/Sound reflexes

Figure 48.24

Eye

Reticular formationInput from touch,

pain, and temperature receptors

Input from ears

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A part of the reticular formation, the reticular activating system (RAS) Regulates sleep and arousal

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Midbrain & Hindbrain How can we see the “ancientness” of

these areas of the brain in the functions that these parts control?

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Logic Puzzle What part of the brain was stimulated when

you were solving these puzzles? What is the difference in the way your brain

handles detailed, sequential information (logic problem) compared to the way it handles spatial information?

What connects these 2 parts? Put them together – write your full name in

cursive backwards (mirror image) Label/color on your brain map

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Cerebrum Most highly evolved structure of

mammalian brain Cerebrum divided

hemispheres left = right side of

body right = left side of

body Corpus callosum

major connection between 2 hemispheres

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Lateralization of Brain Function Left hemisphere

language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details

detailed activities required for motor control

Right hemisphere pattern recognition, spatial

relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information

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The Cerebral Hemispheres

Cerebral Cortex and Functional Regions Motor Areas

frontal lobe What would you do to activate this area? Which parts of your body do you think have

the most motor control?

Sensory Areas parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes Think back to the sensory lab…which parts

of the body were the most sensitive to touch?

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Learning Check What area of the brain is generally

regarded as the area that “makes us human?” What area is so different in our brains?

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In all vertebrates, the nervous system Shows a high degree of cephalization and

distinct CNS and PNS components

Figure 48.19

Central nervoussystem (CNS) Peripheral nervous

system (PNS)

Brain

Spinal cord

Cranialnerves

GangliaoutsideCNS

Spinalnerves

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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain & Spinal cord form the

central nervous system

The brain provides integrative power Controls complex behavior of

vertebrates

The spinal cord integrates simple responses

to certain kinds of stimuli conveys information to and

from the brain

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The brain & spinal cord are hollow The central canal of the spinal cord and the

four ventricles of the brain contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Gray matter

Whitematter

Ventricles

Figure 48.20

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The Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral

nervous system

Somaticnervoussystem

Autonomicnervoussystem

Sympatheticdivision

Parasympatheticdivision

Entericdivision

Figure 48.21

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The PNS transmits information to and from the CNS

The PNS can be divided into two functional components Somatic nervous system

Carries signals to & from skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous system Carries signals to and from

internal organs and glands

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PNS- Somatic Nervous System The somatic nervous system

Includes the cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Cranial nerves originate in the brain terminate mostly in organs of the

head and upper body

Spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord extend to parts of the body below

the head

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PNS The autonomic nervous system

Regulates the internal environment, in an involuntary manner

Is divided into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions

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The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions Have antagonistic effects on target organs

Parasympathetic division Sympathetic division

Action on target organs: Action on target organs:

Location ofpreganglionic neurons:

brainstem and sacralsegments of spinal cord

Neurotransmitterreleased by

preganglionic neurons:acetylcholine

Location ofpostganglionic neurons:

in ganglia close to orwithin target organs

Neurotransmitterreleased by

postganglionic neurons:acetylcholine

Constricts pupilof eye

Stimulates salivarygland secretion

Constrictsbronchi in lungs

Slows heart

Stimulates activityof stomach and

intestines

Stimulates activityof pancreas

Stimulatesgallbladder

Promotes emptyingof bladder

Promotes erectionof genitalia

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Synapse

Sympatheticganglia

Dilates pupilof eye

Inhibits salivary gland secretion

Relaxes bronchiin lungs

Accelerates heart

Inhibits activity of stomach and intestines

Inhibits activityof pancreas

Stimulates glucoserelease from liver;inhibits gallbladder

Stimulatesadrenal medulla

Inhibits emptyingof bladder

Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractionsSacral

Location ofpreganglionic neurons:

thoracic and lumbarsegments of spinal cord

Neurotransmitterreleased by

preganglionic neurons:acetylcholine

Location ofpostganglionic neurons:some in ganglia close totarget organs; others ina chain of ganglia near

spinal cord

Neurotransmitterreleased by

postganglionic neurons:norepinephrine

Figure 48.22

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The sympathetic division Correlates with the “fight-or-flight” response

The parasympathetic division Promotes a return to self-maintenance

functions- “rest and digest”

The enteric division Controls the activity of the digestive tract,

pancreas, and gallbladder

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Summary Differentiate between the CNS and PNS