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AP BiologyP Biology

Ecologycology

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Ecology…cology…

….the study of the interactions

between organisms and the

living and nonliving 

components of their 

environment.

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Levels of EcologicalLevels of Ecological

OrganizationOrganization

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A Key Theme In EcologyA Key Theme In Ecology

Interconnectedness or Interconnectedness or 

Interdependence: AllInterdependence: All 5 5 levelslevels

of of Ecological OrganizationEcological Organization ,,

influence by biotic and abioticinfluence by biotic and abiotic

factors.factors.

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Biotic and Abiotic FactorsBiotic and Abiotic Factors

Biotic: all living thingsBiotic: all living things

Abiotic: temperature,Abiotic: temperature,humidity, pH, salinity, oxygenhumidity, pH, salinity, oxygen

concentration, sunlight,concentration, sunlight,

nitrogen, and precipitation.nitrogen, and precipitation.

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Properties ofroperties of

Populationsopulations SizeSize

DensityDensity

DispersionDispersion

Can Be Described By:Can Be Described By:

Survivorship CurveSurvivorship Curve

Age Structure DiagramAge Structure Diagram

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Properties ofroperties of

Populationsopulations Size: Total number of individuals in aSize: Total number of individuals in a

population.population.

Density: Number of individuals per unitDensity: Number of individuals per unitarea or volume. (Ex: number of antsarea or volume. (Ex: number of ants

living in an 1 acre of land)living in an 1 acre of land)

Sampling TechniquesSampling Techniques Mark and RecaptureMark and Recapture

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Properties ofroperties of

Populations-Dispersionopulations-Dispersion Pattern of spacing individuals within thePattern of spacing individuals within the

area the population inhibitsarea the population inhibits

Uniform, Random, ClumpedUniform, Random, Clumped

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Properties ofroperties of

Populations: Survivorshipopulations: Survivorship

or Mortality Curvesr Mortality Curves

Type 1 CurveType 1 Curve: Organisms with Low: Organisms with Low

Death Rates, in young and middle age,Death Rates, in young and middle age,high in old age. Example Humanshigh in old age. Example Humans

Type 2 CurveType 2 Curve: Constant Death Rate.: Constant Death Rate.

Examples: Reptiles & RodentsExamples: Reptiles & RodentsType 3Type 3: Curve:: Curve: High Death Rate inHigh Death Rate in

Young then constant rateYoung then constant rate

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Example of Survivorship Curves

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Properties ofroperties of

Populations- Ageopulations- Age

Structure Diagramstructure Diagrams

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Age Structure Diagram-ge Structure Diagram-

Uganda vs. Japanganda vs. JapanWhat Problems do these

Countries Face?

What is Zero Population

Growth? Which Graph

Shows It?

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Population Growthopulation Growth

Growth Rate: birth, death,Growth Rate: birth, death,

emigration, immigrationemigration, immigration

Demographers assumeDemographers assume

immigration and emigrationimmigration and emigration

are zero when calculatingare zero when calculatinggrowth rate.growth rate.

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Population Growth:Population Growth:

The Exponential modelThe Exponential model

Populations can only growuntil they reach their biotic

potential. The rate that

populations could increase at

ideal conditions.

Exponential Growth meets

the following conditions: no

immigration or emigration,

unlimited resources, nopredation, parasitism, or 

competition.

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Population Growth:Population Growth:

The Logistic ModelThe Logistic Model

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Population Growth:Population Growth:

Carrying Capacity (K)Carrying Capacity (K) The ultimate limit of individuals that canThe ultimate limit of individuals that can

occupy one area at a particular timeoccupy one area at a particular time

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Population Growth:opulation Growth:

Limiting Factorsimiting Factors Factors that limit population growth.Factors that limit population growth.

2 categories2 categories

Density-Dependent FactorsDensity-Dependent Factors resource limitations and are triggered byresource limitations and are triggered by

increasing population density.increasing population density. increases.increases.Example: food, shelter, spaceExample: food, shelter, space

Density-Independent FactorsDensity-Independent Factors Factors that are independent of populationFactors that are independent of population

density. Example: earthquakes, stormes,density. Example: earthquakes, stormes,volcanic activity, etc..volcanic activity, etc..

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Growth Patterns:rowth Patterns:K-Strategists vs. r-Strategists-Strategists vs. r-Strategists

r  Unstable environment, density

independent

K 

Stable environment, density dependentinteractions

small size of organism large size of organism

energy used to make each individual is low energy used to make each individual is high

many offspring are produced few offspring are produced

early maturitylate maturity, often after a prolonged period of 

parental care

short life expectancy long life expectancy

each individual reproduces only onceindividuals can reproduce more than once in their 

lifetime

type III survivorship patternin which most of the individuals die within

a short timebut a few live much longer 

type I or II survivorship patternin which most individuals live to near the

maximum life span

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Population Growth-Caseopulation Growth-Case

Study: Thetudy: The Hare and theare and the

Lynxynx

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Species Interactionspecies Interactions

CompetitionCompetition

PredationPredation

MutualismMutualism

CommensalismCommensalism

ParasitismParasitism

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CompetitionCompetition

…….Competitive Exclusion.Competitive Exclusion

2 Species coexist in a community if 2 Species coexist in a community if 

they share a niche.they share a niche. Niche= resources usedNiche= resources used

These birds havedifferent niche

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What will happen to specieshat will happen to species

in an environment ofn an environment ofcompetitive exclusion?ompetitive exclusion? (1) Extinction of one species (Ex. Paramecium)(1) Extinction of one species (Ex. Paramecium)

(2) Resource Partitioning: the(2) Resource Partitioning: the

evolution of one species toevolution of one species to

exploit different resources.exploit different resources.

(3) Character Displacement: A divergence in(3) Character Displacement: A divergence in

body structure. (i.e. the Galapagos Islandbody structure. (i.e. the Galapagos Island

Finch Beaks)Finch Beaks)

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Predation: that which hasredation: that which has

been eaten.een eaten.

How not to be eaten:How not to be eaten:

Plants: evolve spines, thorns, and chemicalPlants: evolve spines, thorns, and chemical

poisons. (Plant poisons: strychnine,poisons. (Plant poisons: strychnine,morphine, nicotine)morphine, nicotine)

 Animals: evolve Animals: evolve

 Active defenses: hide, flee, defend (High energy) Active defenses: hide, flee, defend (High energy)

Passive defenses: camouflage, cryptic colorationPassive defenses: camouflage, cryptic coloration Aposematic coloration:Aposematic coloration: warning colorswarning colors

Batesian mimicry:Batesian mimicry: monarch deadly, viceroy harmlessmonarch deadly, viceroy harmless

Mullerian mimicry:Mullerian mimicry: two poisonous species look aliketwo poisonous species look alike

spines

thorns

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The three symbiotic relationships:he three symbiotic relationships:

Mutualism, Commensalism, andutualism, Commensalism, and

Parasitismarasitism Mutualism:Mutualism: both benefit. You and the 1.5 lbsboth benefit. You and the 1.5 lbs

of bacteria living in your gut. The bird and theof bacteria living in your gut. The bird and the

Crock. The cleaner rass and their fish.Crock. The cleaner rass and their fish.

Commensalism:Commensalism: one benefits, the other isone benefits, the other is

unaffected. The cattle egret and the cow.unaffected. The cattle egret and the cow.

Parasitism:Parasitism: One benefits the other is harmed.One benefits the other is harmed.

You and your athlete’s foot. The leach and theYou and your athlete’s foot. The leach and the

fish or you.fish or you.

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The food web:The food web: you can occupyyou can occupy

different tropic levels dependingifferent tropic levels depending

on what you eat!n what you eat!

Biological

Magnification: In this

food web, who has the

most DDT in their bodies?

Is there a problem with

being human?

Decomposers:

Bacteria and Fungi

Recycle nutrients into

the soil that plants later 

use.

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The food chain:he food chain: Who eatsho eats

whoho

10 % rule: only 10% of the

energy stored in any tropic level

is converted to organic matter.

1,000 g plant matter 

100 g

10 g

1g

Producer : Plants, mostbiomass

Primary consumers:

herbivores

Secondary consumers:

Carnivores

Tertiary consumers:least biomass, top of 

food chain,

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Ecological Successioncological Succession

Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession

SuccessionSuccession

Climax Community:Climax Community: Destroyed by BlowoutDestroyed by Blowout

Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession

For More

Detail click

here

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Biomesiomes Temperature and Rainfall DependentTemperature and Rainfall Dependent

Characterized by Vegetation andCharacterized by Vegetation and

 Animals Animals

Largest Biome is Marine (3/4 of Earth)Largest Biome is Marine (3/4 of Earth) Most Stable due to water high heat capasityMost Stable due to water high heat capasity

Most of Earth’s Food and OxygenMost of Earth’s Food and Oxygen

Divided by distance from shore, water depth,Divided by distance from shore, water depth,

and sunlightand sunlight

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Terrestrial EcosystemsTerrestrial Ecosystems

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Biomes- Tropicaliomes- Tropical

Rainforest vs. Desertainforest vs. Desert

Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest High Rainfall, Humidity & Stable TemperaturesHigh Rainfall, Humidity & Stable Temperatures

4% of Land Surface, 20% of Carbon Fixation4% of Land Surface, 20% of Carbon Fixation Most Diverse Biome, Trees form CanopyMost Diverse Biome, Trees form Canopy

Epiphytes: Cling to Trees (i.e. Spanish Moss)Epiphytes: Cling to Trees (i.e. Spanish Moss)

DesertDesert Less than 10 in. of rain per year Less than 10 in. of rain per year 

Highest Temperature Fluctuations (158Highest Temperature Fluctuations (158 °°F- 30F- 30°°F)F)

Drought Resistant Plants (CAM), Small Animals-Drought Resistant Plants (CAM), Small Animals-

NocturnalNocturnal

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omes:mes:Temperate Grassland vs.emperate Grassland vs.

Temperature Deciduousemperature Deciduous

Forestorest Temperate GrasslandTemperate Grassland

Covers Large Areas (Great Plains)Covers Large Areas (Great Plains)

Seasonally Unevenly Low RainfallSeasonally Unevenly Low Rainfall C-4 Plants, Think: Bison, Prairie Dogs, andC-4 Plants, Think: Bison, Prairie Dogs, and

WildebeestWildebeest

Temperature Deciduous ForestTemperature Deciduous Forest Northern Climates: Trees drop leaves, Rich SoilNorthern Climates: Trees drop leaves, Rich Soil

Hibernating AnimalsHibernating Animals

Vertical Stratification: Species live on the ground,Vertical Stratification: Species live on the ground,

low branches, and tree topslow branches, and tree tops

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Biomes: Conifer Forest-iomes: Conifer Forest-

Taiga vs. Tundraaiga vs. Tundra

Conifer Forest-TaigaConifer Forest-Taiga Northern Canada, Pine treesNorthern Canada, Pine trees

Largest Terrestrial Biome, Very Cold WintersLargest Terrestrial Biome, Very Cold Winters

Think: Moose, Bear, Lynx, Porcupine, Birds, andThink: Moose, Bear, Lynx, Porcupine, Birds, and

MosquitoesMosquitoes

TundraTundra Permafrost- Permanently Frozen GroundPermafrost- Permanently Frozen Ground Frozen Desert= Little RainFrozen Desert= Little Rain

Bugs and Birds, Reindeer,Caribou, & Polar Bear Bugs and Birds, Reindeer,Caribou, & Polar Bear 

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Chemical Cycles-hemical Cycles-

The Water Cyclehe Water Cycle

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Chemical Cycles-hemical Cycles-

The Carbon Cyclehe Carbon Cycle

 

Photosynthesis

Remove CO2 Adds O2

↕Respiration

Bacteria, Animals, &

Burning Fossil FuelsRemove O2 Adds CO2

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Chemical Cycle:hemical Cycle:

The Nitrogen Cyclehe Nitrogen Cycle

Most N Fixed

By Bacteria

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The Effects of Humans:he Effects of Humans:

The Bad and The Uglyhe Bad and The Ugly

Eutrophication: Runoff Eutrophication: Runoff 

 Acid Rain Acid Rain

Toxin: DDTToxin: DDT

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Loss of OzoneLoss of Ozone

Introduction of New Species: KudzuIntroduction of New Species: Kudzu

Pesticide vs. Biological ControlPesticide vs. Biological Control

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Sixth Mass ExtinctionSixth Mass Extinction

…….Loss of habitat, pollution, over .Loss of habitat, pollution, over hunting and fishing.hunting and fishing.

Oil Rig Disasters…oops!Oil Rig Disasters…oops!

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The Great Pacific

Garbage Patch