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AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

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Page 1: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together

to form larger molecules macromolecules

4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Page 2: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating

building blocks in a chain monomers

building blocks repeated small units

covalent bonds

Page 3: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

H2O

HO

HO H

H HHO

How to build a polymer Synthesis http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=6

joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH–

other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O

requires energy & enzymes

enzymeDehydration synthesis

Condensation reaction

Page 4: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

H2O

HO H

HO H HO H

How to break down a polymer

Digestion http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=7&debug=0

use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time

H2O is split into H+ and OH–

H+ & OH– attach to ends requires enzymes releases energy

Hydrolysis

Digestion

enzyme

Page 5: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of __, __, __

carbo - hydr - ate

CH2O

(CH2O)x C6H12O6

Function: fast energy u energy storage raw materials ustructural materials

Monomer: sugars

ex: sugars, starches, cellulose

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

C6H12O6(CH2O)x

Page 6: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Functional groups determine function

carbonyl

ketone

aldehyde

carbonyl

Page 7: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution

Page 8: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides

simple 1 monomer sugars glucose

Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose

Polysaccharides large polymers starch

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

H

H

H

OH

O

Glucose

Page 9: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis

|glucose

|glucose

monosaccharides disaccharide

|maltose

H2O

Page 10: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis

|fructose

|glucose

monosaccharides

|sucrose

(table sugar)

disaccharide

H2O

Page 11: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars

costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy

What are they used for? energy storage

starch (plants) glycogen (animals)

in liver & muscles structure

cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)

Page 12: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

(a) The structure of the chitin monomer.

O

CH2OH

OHH

H OH

H

NH

C

CH3

O

H

H

(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emergingin adult form.

(c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical

thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.

OH

CHITIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CHITIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Page 13: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Polysaccharides in cells

starch(plant)

glycogen(animal)

energystorag

e

Page 14: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Polysaccharides in cells As starch is being stored, it undergoes

hydrolysis reactions (as needed) to release energy.

Page 15: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function

isomers of glucose structure determines function…

in starch in cellulose

Page 16: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy todigest enzyme

enzyme

cellulosehard todigest

only bacteria can digest

Page 17: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Starch Cellulose

Page 18: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

AP Biology

Cellulose Most abundant organic

compound on Earth herbivores contain a mechanism to digest

cellulose most carnivores do not

that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients

cellulose = “insoluble fiber”

Page 19: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

Regents Biology

Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars

Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Page 20: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

Regents Biology

Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Page 21: AP Biology Chapter 5 Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates

Regents Biology 2007-2008

Any Questions??


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