Organic Organic MacromoleculeMacromolecule

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4 major classes: 4 major classes: carbohydrates, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsnucleic acids

•Large Large molecules that molecules that are found in all are found in all living living organismsorganisms

Organic:Organic:

Defined as any molecule that has Defined as any molecule that has multiple-linked carbons. Usually come multiple-linked carbons. Usually come from living components from living components

3 possible shapes:3 possible shapes:(draw pictures)(draw pictures)

How organic How organic molecules are broken molecules are broken down and built updown and built up

1.1. Dehydration Dehydration Synthesis Synthesis (condensation): join 2 (condensation): join 2 smaller molecules to smaller molecules to create a large create a large molecule by removing molecule by removing water.water.De-off, hydro-water, De-off, hydro-water, synthesis: synthesis: create/makecreate/make

(draw picture)(draw picture)

2. Hydrolysis: breaking 2. Hydrolysis: breaking down a large down a large molecule into smaller molecule into smaller molecules by adding molecules by adding water. water.

Hydro-water, lysis- to Hydro-water, lysis- to splitsplit

(draw pictures)(draw pictures)

2. Hydrolysis: breaking 2. Hydrolysis: breaking down a large down a large molecule into smaller molecule into smaller molecules by adding molecules by adding water. water.

Hydro-water, lysis- to Hydro-water, lysis- to splitsplit

(draw pictures)(draw pictures)

Organic MacromoleculesOrganic Macromolecules

Class Typical Monomer Roles & Functions Examples

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Monosaccharide(Simple Sugars)

1. Store/source of Energy1. Store/source of Energy

2.Glues strength and 2.Glues strength and rigidity to plants rigidity to plants (structural (structural componentcomponent

Glucose (starch, Glucose (starch, glycogen) glycogen)

CelluloseCellulose

Chitin Chitin

Lipids Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

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Glycerol Glycerol

1. Store/source of Energy1. Store/source of Energy

2.Forms protective layer2.Forms protective layer

3.Structural Component 3.Structural Component

4.Stereriod hormones4.Stereriod hormones

WaxWax

Body fatsBody fats

Cell membraneCell membrane

TestosteroneTestosterone

Cholesterol Cholesterol

ProteinsProteins Amino AcidsAmino Acids 1. Serve as Enzymes2 Structural Components3. Peptide Hormones

Lactase, muscles, Lactase, muscles, hair, cartilage, skin, hair, cartilage, skin, insulininsulin

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Nucleotides Nucleotides 1.Manufaturing Proteins1.Manufaturing Proteins

2.Store (heredity) 2.Store (heredity) informationinformation

DNA & RNA

Section 2.3 Organic Section 2.3 Organic MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Classify an variety of organic Classify an variety of organic compoundscompounds

Describe how polymers are formed and Describe how polymers are formed and broken down in organicsbroken down in organics

Compare the chemical structure of Compare the chemical structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and how they are related nucleic acids and how they are related to living things.to living things.

MonomerMonomer

A monomer is a molecule that is able to A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains.bond in long chains.   Here is a monomer:     Here is a monomer:     

PolymerPolymer PolymerPolymer means many monomers. means many monomers.Sometimes polymers are also known as Sometimes polymers are also known as macromolecules or large-sized macromolecules or large-sized molecules. molecules. Usually, polymers are organic (but not Usually, polymers are organic (but not necessarily).necessarily). A polymer can be made up of thousands of A polymer can be made up of thousands of monomer.monomer.This linking up of monomers is called This linking up of monomers is called polymerizationpolymerization. .

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesAny of the group of organic compounds Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,oxygen, examples examples

sugarsugarstarchstarchCellulose Cellulose   

Carbohydrates are produced in green Carbohydrates are produced in green plants by photosynthesis and serve as a plants by photosynthesis and serve as a major source of energy in animal diets. major source of energy in animal diets. They also serve as structural components, They also serve as structural components, such as cellulose in plants and chitin in such as cellulose in plants and chitin in some animals. some animals.

Monosaccharide Monosaccharide

(1) A simple sugar(1) A simple sugar examples examples

Fructose Fructose

GlucoseGlucose

Ribose Ribose   

(2) The simplest form of carbohydrate; (2) The simplest form of carbohydrate; therefore, it cannot be broken down to therefore, it cannot be broken down to simpler sugars by hydrolysis.simpler sugars by hydrolysis.

Disaccharide Disaccharide

A sugar made of two monosaccharides A sugar made of two monosaccharides exampleexample

SucroseSucrose

Lactose Lactose

Maltose Maltose

Polysaccharide Polysaccharide

A sugar made of multiple A sugar made of multiple monosaccharides monosaccharides exampleexample

StarchStarch

Glycogen Glycogen

Cellulose Cellulose

Could be made up of several thousand Could be made up of several thousand unitsunits

LipidsLipids Are composed of glycerol and usually two or Are composed of glycerol and usually two or three fatty acid moleculesthree fatty acid molecules 3 fatty acids would be called … triglyceride3 fatty acids would be called … triglyceride ““Bread” and pastries often contain mono- and Bread” and pastries often contain mono- and

diglycerides as “dough conditioners.”diglycerides as “dough conditioners.”

  Are hydrophobicAre hydrophobic

  This group of molecules includes fats and oils, This group of molecules includes fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids (like waxes, phospholipids, and steroids (like cholesterol).cholesterol).

ProteinsProteins

Very complex molecules composed of Very complex molecules composed of different numbers and types of monomers different numbers and types of monomers called amino acidscalled amino acids

  A typical protein contains 200–300 amino A typical protein contains 200–300 amino acids but some are much smaller.acids but some are much smaller. the smallest are often called peptidesthe smallest are often called peptides some much larger (the largest to date is some much larger (the largest to date is

titin a protein found in skeletal and titin a protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; it contains 26,926 amino cardiac muscle; it contains 26,926 amino acids in a single chain!).acids in a single chain!).

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsThe building blocks of living organismsThe building blocks of living organisms DNADNA RNARNA

  Monomers: NucleotidesMonomers: Nucleotides

  These nucleotides are made of three parts. These nucleotides are made of three parts. 1. A 5-carbon sugar 1. A 5-carbon sugar 2. A nitrogenous base2. A nitrogenous base (N) atom (N) atom3. Phosphate 3. Phosphate