antimicrobial activity and effect of … zeylanicum exhibited antidiabetic, n. - 4330 vol 3, paper 1...

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND EFFECT OF CINNAMON POWDER

ON BLOOD GLUCOSE AND SERUM LIPID LEVELS OF MALE DIABETIC

SUBJECTS

Sivapriya T*, Sheila John*, Priya R Iyer

*Department of Home Science,

Chennai

Corresponding author.Email:[email protected].

ABSTRACT

Cinnamon Zeylanicum is used in India as an herbal remedy for diabetes due to their traditional

acceptability and availability. The present study was planned to investigate the antimicrobial

activity and the effect of cinnamon powder on blood glucose and serum lipid levels of type 2 male

diabetic subjects. A total of 24 type 2 male diabetic subjects were rando

experimental and control group. Experimental group subjects consumed 1 gm. of cinnamon powder

capsule daily for a period of 45 days.

against pathogens causing urinary tract infection

supplementation and the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon powder was compared against standard

antibiotics. The results revealed that the cinnamon supplemented group of diabetic subjects showed

a dramatic decrease in blood glucose (1% significant) and lipid levels (5% significant). Urine

culture examination indicated E

infection with ratio 43.9%. The zone of inhibition of cinnamon extract was 18 mm and

inhibitory concentration was 0.4521 mcg.

hypolipedimic and antimicrobial property.

Key words: Cinnamon, Diabetes Mellitus, Blood glucose, Serum lipids, Zone of inhibition,

Minimum inhibitory concentratio

Introduction

India,experiencing rapid socioeconomic progress and urbanization, carries a considerable share of

the global diabetes burden. Studies in different parts of India have demonstrated an escalating

Panacea Journal of Health Sciences

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Sivapriya T*, Sheila John*, Priya R Iyer#

*Department of Home Science, # Department of Biotechnology, Women’s Christian College,

Chennai-600006, TamilNadu, India.

Corresponding author.Email:[email protected].


ity and availability. The present study was planned to investigate the antimicrobial


diabetic subjects. A total of 24 type 2 male diabetic subjects were rando


e daily for a period of 45 days.Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon powder was evaluated

against pathogens causing urinary tract infection among diabetes patients before and after



in blood glucose (1% significant) and lipid levels (5% significant). Urine

culture examination indicated E. coli as the most predominant pathogen causing urinary tract

infection with ratio 43.9%. The zone of inhibition of cinnamon extract was 18 mm and

inhibitory concentration was 0.4521 mcg.Cinnamomum Zeylanicum exhibited antidiabetic,

hypolipedimic and antimicrobial property.


Minimum inhibitory concentration.

experiencing rapid socioeconomic progress and urbanization, carries a considerable share of



ISSN :2278- 4330 Vol 3, Paper 1



Department of Biotechnology, Women’s Christian College,


ity and availability. The present study was planned to investigate the antimicrobial


diabetic subjects. A total of 24 type 2 male diabetic subjects were randomly assigned into


Antimicrobial activity of cinnamon powder was evaluated

among diabetes patients before and after



in blood glucose (1% significant) and lipid levels (5% significant). Urine

as the most predominant pathogen causing urinary tract

infection with ratio 43.9%. The zone of inhibition of cinnamon extract was 18 mm and minimum

exhibited antidiabetic,


experiencing rapid socioeconomic progress and urbanization, carries a considerable share of


prevalence of diabetes not only in urban popu

urbanization of lifestyle parameters. The prevalence of prediabetes is also high. Because of the

considerable disparity in the availability and affordability of diabetes care, as well a

of the disease, the glycemic outcome in treated patients is far from ideal. Lower age at onset and a

lack of good glycemic control are likely to increase the occurrence of vascular complications

The long-term complications of diabetes occurring during the most productive years of lives create

a devastating burden of morbidity and mortality, which poses an economic and social burden both

at the individual and at the national level. Prevention seems

epidemic. (2)

The horizon of therapeutic management of type 2 diabetes mellitus is possibly

shrinking at a faster pace than it is expanding. Many new drugs introduced in the last decade face an

uncertain future due to safety issues, not withstanding their proven clinical effectiveness. With the

advent of thiazolidinediones (also called “glitazones”), the

took a giant leap forward as this is the only class of drugs, other than b

main pathophysiological defect in type 2

was mired in controversy because of their side effect profile due to which most drugs in this class

have gone off the therapeutic arm

Spices have been used to preserve food, enhance the flavour and as remedi

ailments. Today the pendulum is swinging back and researchers are confirming what herba

known all along that the spice rack can be potent as a medicinal chest. Herbs and spices are

excellent antioxidants, which work to neutralize the attacks made by

(4)Among spices, Cinnamon

antidiabetic,antihyperlipidemic and antimicrobial properties.

from cinnamon, procyanidin oligomers of the

antioxidants, potentiate insulin action, and may be beneficial in the control of

cholesterol. (5)Antimicrobial property is attributed to

cinnamon. (6)

One gram of daily adjunct cinnamon in addition to usual care leads to dramatic

improvements in blood sugar, cholesterol,

at these levels, is very safe and has no side effects

The anticipated surge in the world wide incidence of type 2 diabetes is not inevitable.

passed the stage of a diabetes epide

"pandemic" proportions. Cinnamon and its products are more convenient for the treatment of Type


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prevalence of diabetes not only in urban populations, but also in rural populations as a result of the


considerable disparity in the availability and affordability of diabetes care, as well a

the glycemic outcome in treated patients is far from ideal. Lower age at onset and a

lack of good glycemic control are likely to increase the occurrence of vascular complications

term complications of diabetes occurring during the most productive years of lives create


at the individual and at the national level. Prevention seems to be the need of the hour to tackle this



to safety issues, not withstanding their proven clinical effectiveness. With the

(also called “glitazones”), the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

took a giant leap forward as this is the only class of drugs, other than biguanides, to address the

main pathophysiological defect in type 2 .However, right from the beginning, this class of drugs


have gone off the therapeutic armamentarium at some stage or the other. (3)

Spices have been used to preserve food, enhance the flavour and as remedi

Today the pendulum is swinging back and researchers are confirming what herba

the spice rack can be potent as a medicinal chest. Herbs and spices are

excellent antioxidants, which work to neutralize the attacks made by free radicals against the body

innamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

yperlipidemic and antimicrobial properties.Water-soluble po

procyanidin oligomers of the catechins and/or epicatechins

otentiate insulin action, and may be beneficial in the control of

Antimicrobial property is attributed to the terpenoids and phenyl


improvements in blood sugar, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Intake of cinnamon,

ry safe and has no side effects.(5,7,8)

The anticipated surge in the world wide incidence of type 2 diabetes is not inevitable.

passed the stage of a diabetes epidemic. The problem has now reached, in scientific language,

Cinnamon and its products are more convenient for the treatment of Type


ISSN :2278- 4330 Vol 3, Paper 1

lations, but also in rural populations as a result of the


considerable disparity in the availability and affordability of diabetes care, as well as low awareness

the glycemic outcome in treated patients is far from ideal. Lower age at onset and a

lack of good glycemic control are likely to increase the occurrence of vascular complications. (1)

term complications of diabetes occurring during the most productive years of lives create


to be the need of the hour to tackle this



to safety issues, not withstanding their proven clinical effectiveness. With the

management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

iguanides, to address the

However, right from the beginning, this class of drugs


Spices have been used to preserve food, enhance the flavour and as remedies for a long list of

Today the pendulum is swinging back and researchers are confirming what herbalists have

the spice rack can be potent as a medicinal chest. Herbs and spices are

free radicals against the body.

has promising

soluble polyphenol polymers

catechins and/or epicatechins may function as

otentiate insulin action, and may be beneficial in the control of diabetes and total

the terpenoids and phenylpropanoids present in


cholesterol and triglycerides. Intake of cinnamon,

The anticipated surge in the world wide incidence of type 2 diabetes is not inevitable. India has long

mic. The problem has now reached, in scientific language,

Cinnamon and its products are more convenient for the treatment of Type

2 diabetes due to their easy availability, low cost, minimum side effects and greater acceptance

amongst the users. This study about cinnamon supplementation will give diabetic care providers

and diabetic patients an easily accessible, safe and cheap alternative to help treat type 2

diabetes.With these backgrounds

powder on blood glucose and serum lipid levels of male diabetic subjects”

following objectives.

1. To supplement, study and compare the effect of cinnamon powder on the urine culture, blood

glucose, serum lipid profile of the selected type 2 diabetic subjects for a period of 45 days

between the experimental (n=12) and control group (n=12).

2. To compare the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon against standard antibiotics by determining

the zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

Materials and methods

The study was carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Independent Institutional Ethics

Committee. The experimental design used in the study is before and aft

Selection criteria included male diabetic subjects (40

subjects who are only on hypoglycemic drugs

therapy.Subjects with kidney, liver and cardiac diseases

not induce any gastric disturbance as it

The study was conducted in three

Phase 1: Cinnamon powder capsule was developed using

Zeylanicum bark was certified as true cinnamon bark by The Astoria Research and Analyticals,

Chennai, India. About 0.5 gram of powder was used to make a capsule. Capsules were packed in

plastic bags and enclosed in an air

capsules.

Phase 2:The study was carried out

Screening was done to identify fifty type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects between ages

From the fifty subjects, twenty four subjects were selected and were randomly assigned to

experimental (n=12) and control groups (n=12). An interview schedule was used to elicit

information regarding demographic profile, physical activity


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st the users. This study about cinnamon supplementation will give diabetic care providers


these backgrounds, the study on “Antimicrobial activity and effect of cinnamon

powder on blood glucose and serum lipid levels of male diabetic subjects”was undertaken with the

To supplement, study and compare the effect of cinnamon powder on the urine culture, blood


between the experimental (n=12) and control group (n=12).

To compare the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon against standard antibiotics by determining

of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).


. The experimental design used in the study is before and after design with control group.

criteria included male diabetic subjects (40-60 yrs) willing to participate in the study,

subjects who are only on hypoglycemic drugs, not under any other medication

liver and cardiac diseaseswere excluded from study.

gastric disturbance as it acts as a digestive aid and relieves gas and bloating

The study was conducted in three phases.

: Cinnamon powder capsule was developed using Cinnamon Zeylanicum

bark was certified as true cinnamon bark by The Astoria Research and Analyticals,

bout 0.5 gram of powder was used to make a capsule. Capsules were packed in

plastic bags and enclosed in an air tight bottle to ensure the cinnamon aroma was present in the

carried out in a diabetic clinic in Thanjavur city in Tamilnadu state, India.

Screening was done to identify fifty type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects between ages



information regarding demographic profile, physical activity pattern, family history of non


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st the users. This study about cinnamon supplementation will give diabetic care providers


Antimicrobial activity and effect of cinnamon

was undertaken with the

To supplement, study and compare the effect of cinnamon powder on the urine culture, blood


To compare the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon against standard antibiotics by determining

of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).


er design with control group.

60 yrs) willing to participate in the study,

not under any other medication and not on insulin

were excluded from study. Cinnamon will

acts as a digestive aid and relieves gas and bloating.

Cinnamon Zeylanicum bark. Cinnamon

bark was certified as true cinnamon bark by The Astoria Research and Analyticals,

bout 0.5 gram of powder was used to make a capsule. Capsules were packed in

oma was present in the

a diabetic clinic in Thanjavur city in Tamilnadu state, India.

Screening was done to identify fifty type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects between ages 40 and 60 years.



pattern, family history of non-

communicable diseases and meal pattern.

diet, have regular physical activity and diabetic medicine.

Phase 3 (Experimental procedure

analysed on 8-hour fasting and post

ml of venous blood was drawn from the subjects and analysed for blood glucose level (fasting and

post-prandial) and total lipid profile. Urine samples were collected to test for urinary infection.

Urine culture was examined for the presence of

albicans to determine the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon.

cinnamon was quantitatively assessed against standard antibiotics like erythromycin and

tetracycline by determining the zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration

(MIC) by disc diffusion method.

Based on researches conducted by Javed

supplementation dosage was determined

supplemented with sixty capsules of 0.5g of Cinnamon powder, 2 capsules per day for 30 days.

Patients were instructed to take one capsule after breakfast and one after lunch. Once the patients

finished the 60 capsules, they were given the second package of tablets. Compl

by using a compliance monitoring sheet in which the patient had to mark the intake of

as well as by telephone enquiries. Blood parameters and urine was analysed on 46

supplement) in both experiment and control groups to elicit the impact of supplementation of

Cinnamon powder.

All data as mean ± standard dev

sample t test were used for data analysis. Statistically sign

considered.

Results and discussion

The results pertaining to the study on antimicrobial

cinnamon powdered capsules on type 2 diabetes subjects are discussed under the following

headings:

Effect of supplementation on the biochemical profile of the type 2 diabetes subjects


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and meal pattern. All the patients were allowed to take their routine diabetic

diet, have regular physical activity and diabetic medicine.

Experimental procedure): On the first day of supplementation, blood parameters were

hour fasting and post-prandial state for subjects in experimental and control groups. 5


id profile. Urine samples were collected to test for urinary infection.

Urine culture was examined for the presence of Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida

to determine the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon. The antimicrobial activity



Based on researches conducted by Javed et al., 2012, Zimmet, 2009, Anderson et al., 2004 the

pplementation dosage was determined as 1 gm. The experimental group (n=12) was


take one capsule after breakfast and one after lunch. Once the patients

they were given the second package of tablets. Compl

ompliance monitoring sheet in which the patient had to mark the intake of

as well as by telephone enquiries. Blood parameters and urine was analysed on 46


standard deviation (SD) were presented. Paired sample t test and independent

sample t test were used for data analysis. Statistically significant level for all tests P<0.

The results pertaining to the study on antimicrobial activity and the effect of supplementation of




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All the patients were allowed to take their routine diabetic

ation, blood parameters were

prandial state for subjects in experimental and control groups. 5


id profile. Urine samples were collected to test for urinary infection.

Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida

The antimicrobial activity of



et al., 2012, Zimmet, 2009, Anderson et al., 2004 the

The experimental group (n=12) was


take one capsule after breakfast and one after lunch. Once the patients

they were given the second package of tablets. Compliance was monitored

ompliance monitoring sheet in which the patient had to mark the intake of capsule daily

as well as by telephone enquiries. Blood parameters and urine was analysed on 46th day (end of the


were presented. Paired sample t test and independent

ificant level for all tests P<0.05 was

activity and the effect of supplementation of



Oxidative stress has been described as key factor in obesity related diseases such as diabetes and

atherosclerosis. Reducing oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant dietary intakes could be a

possible method of reducing the incidence of the pathologies. In the dietary antioxidan

polyphenol from cinnamon could be of special interest in people with impaired fasting glucose

since it acts as insulin sensitizers as well as antioxidants

Fasting blood glucose

The mean fasting blood glucose of the subjects in the experiment

supplementation was 107.3 ± 10.3.

decreased to 100.7 ± 6.2. This decrease in blood glucose level was significant at 5%level. In case

the control group, the mean fasting blood glucose levels

134.5 ± 17.8 respectively.

Postprandial blood glucose

The mean postprandial blood glucose levels of the subjects in the experimental group before the

supplementation was 174.3 ± 37.6

the postprandial glucose levels decreased to 147.4 ± 13.2. This decrease in blood glucose level was

significant at 5% level. In case of the control group, the mean postp

before and after was 176.1 ± 17.5

Total serum cholesterol profile

Cinnamate, a phenolic compound found in cinnamon bark lowers cholesterol levels by inhibiting

hepatic 5-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl

levels of the subjects in the experimental group before the supplementation was 202.5 ± 17.8.

(Table 2) After supplementation the mean serum cholesterol l

decrease in cholesterol level was significant at 1

cholesterol levels before and after supplementation was

Serum triglyceride

The serum triglyceride levels of the su

supplementation was 210.1 ± 59.5 and 180.3 ± 35.4 respectively.

triglyceride level of the experimental group was too much after supplementation. The decrease in

serum triglyceride was statistically significant at 5% level. In case of the control group the


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described as key factor in obesity related diseases such as diabetes and


possible method of reducing the incidence of the pathologies. In the dietary antioxidan


since it acts as insulin sensitizers as well as antioxidants. (9)

The mean fasting blood glucose of the subjects in the experimental group before the

supplementation was 107.3 ± 10.3.(Table 1) After the supplementation the fasting glucose

decreased to 100.7 ± 6.2. This decrease in blood glucose level was significant at 5%level. In case

the control group, the mean fasting blood glucose levels before and after was


ation was 174.3 ± 37.6 (Table 1). After the supplementation of the cinnamon capsule,


significant at 5% level. In case of the control group, the mean postprandial blood glucose levels

176.1 ± 17.5 and 185.5 ± 46.0 respectively.


methylglutaryl-coenzyme Areductase activity. (10)

The mean serum cholesterol


After supplementation the mean serum cholesterol levels decreased to 191.1 ± 19.1

erol level was significant at 1% level.In case of control group, the mean serum

before and after supplementation was 211.2 ± 11.4and 208.3

The serum triglyceride levels of the subjects in the experimental group before and after

supplementation was 210.1 ± 59.5 and 180.3 ± 35.4 respectively. (Table 2)


ride was statistically significant at 5% level. In case of the control group the


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described as key factor in obesity related diseases such as diabetes and


possible method of reducing the incidence of the pathologies. In the dietary antioxidant group,


al group before the

After the supplementation the fasting glucose

decreased to 100.7 ± 6.2. This decrease in blood glucose level was significant at 5%level. In case of

before and after was 128.1 ± 13.3 and


After the supplementation of the cinnamon capsule,


randial blood glucose levels


The mean serum cholesterol


evels decreased to 191.1 ± 19.1.The

% level.In case of control group, the mean serum

and 208.3 ± 10.9 respectively.

bjects in the experimental group before and after

(Table 2) The reduction in the


ride was statistically significant at 5% level. In case of the control group the

triglyceride levels were 230.7 ± 22.1 and 223.8 ±11.8 before and after supplementation

respectively.

Low density lipoproteins

The low density lipoprotein levels of the

114.6 ± 20.3 before and after supplementation respectively

level of the low density lipoproteins after supplementation of cinnamon. The reduction of low

density lipoproteins level was however not significant.The subjects in the control group did not

consume cinnamon and the level of low density lipoproteins before and after supplementation

remained the same and was 107.4 ±14.5 and 107.4 ±14.5 respectively.

High density lipoprotein

The level of high density lipoprotein in the experimental group before and after supplementation

remained almost same and was 40.5 ± 4.4 and 40.1 ± 4.0 respectively

density lipoprotein did not rise significantly after supplementation. In case of control group, the

levels of high density lipoprotein were 55.7 ± 7.4 and 56.9 ± 8.5 respectively.

Very low density lipoproteins

The mean values of very low density lipoprote

supplementation were 42 ± 11.8 and 36.1 ± 7.1 respectively

considerably after supplementation. The reduction was significant at 5% level. In case of control

group the mean values of very low density lipoproteins before and after supplementation were 46.0

± 4.3 and 44.5 ± 4.3.

Total cholesterol/HDL Ratio

The mean values of Total cholesterol/HDL ratio for the subjects in the experimental group before

supplementation was 5.0 ± 0.6 were and it reduced to 4.0 ± 0.7 after supplementatio

decrease was however not statistically significant. In case of control group the mean values were

3.8 ± 0.4 before supplementation and after supplementation it came to 3.7 ± 0.6.

Comparison of biochemical profiles between the experimental and control groups after

supplementation

Our study indicates that supplementation of 1

controlling the blood fasting glucose and post prandial levels. We found significant reduction in


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The low density lipoprotein levels of the subjects in the experimental group were 120.9 ± 14.4 and

114.6 ± 20.3 before and after supplementation respectively (Table 2). There was a reduction in the


y lipoproteins level was however not significant.The subjects in the control group did not


remained the same and was 107.4 ±14.5 and 107.4 ±14.5 respectively.


remained almost same and was 40.5 ± 4.4 and 40.1 ± 4.0 respectively (Table 2)



The mean values of very low density lipoproteins for the experimental group before and after

supplementation were 42 ± 11.8 and 36.1 ± 7.1 respectively (Table 2). The levels have dropped


alues of very low density lipoproteins before and after supplementation were 46.0


.6 were and it reduced to 4.0 ± 0.7 after supplementatio



parison of biochemical profiles between the experimental and control groups after

Our study indicates that supplementation of 1 gm. of cinnamon powder has a supporting role in



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subjects in the experimental group were 120.9 ± 14.4 and

. There was a reduction in the


y lipoproteins level was however not significant.The subjects in the control group did not



(Table 2). The level of high



ins for the experimental group before and after

. The levels have dropped


alues of very low density lipoproteins before and after supplementation were 46.0


.6 were and it reduced to 4.0 ± 0.7 after supplementation (Table 2). The



parison of biochemical profiles between the experimental and control groups after

of cinnamon powder has a supporting role in


fasting blood glucose, statistically significant at 1% level.

glucose results between the experimental and control group were compared statistically the results

were significant at 5% level.

Cinnamon acts as a synergistic agonist with insulin in Vivo t

The results of our study clearly indicate

profile and thus corroborating the results of

regard to total cholesterol levels the statistically proved results were significant at 5%

4) When the mean triglyceride levels were compared between experimental and control subjects,

the results showed significant results at 1% level and clearly declares the hypolipedimic action of

cinnamon. High density lipoproteins did not impr

results were statistically significant at 1% level.

Comparison of VLDL cholesterol level between the two groups revealed a statistically significant

result at 1% level. (Table 4) TC/HDL ratio called the r

experimental and control group indicating the beneficial effect of cinnamon over serum lipid

profiles. Among the experimental group, a positive trend in the control of lipid profile was evident

with 1 gm. cinnamon supplementation and longer periods of dietary supplementation of cinnamon

could help to maintain the lipid levels.

Being a potential antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemidic and antimicrobial agent, active agents of

cinnamon can be used to prepare nutraceutic

communicable diseases at bay.

Anti-microbial activity of cinnamon powder

Urine culture analysis

Patients with diabetes are more prone to heart attacks, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, as

well as damage to the eyes, nerves, and kidney. There is another common complication of diabetes

that gets less attention and affects thousands of patients every year, is the urinary tract infection.

Diabetes has a number of long-term effects on the genitourinary system.

and severity of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients, prompt diagnosis and early therapy is

warranted. Bacteriuria is more common in diabetic men than in non

combination of host and local risk fac


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fasting blood glucose, statistically significant at 1% level. (Table 3)When the postprandial blood

s between the experimental and control group were compared statistically the results

agonist with insulin in Vivo to decrease blood glucose levels

The results of our study clearly indicate the positive role of cinnamon in lowering the serum lipid

profile and thus corroborating the results of Balasasirekha(2011) (12)

, Kumar(13

regard to total cholesterol levels the statistically proved results were significant at 5%

When the mean triglyceride levels were compared between experimental and control subjects,


cinnamon. High density lipoproteins did not improve significantly after the supplementation but the

results were statistically significant at 1% level.


TC/HDL ratio called the risk factor was significant at 1



on supplementation and longer periods of dietary supplementation of cinnamon

could help to maintain the lipid levels.


cinnamon can be used to prepare nutraceuticals that will keep infections as well as non

microbial activity of cinnamon powder


to the eyes, nerves, and kidney. There is another common complication of diabetes


term effects on the genitourinary system. Because of the frequency


warranted. Bacteriuria is more common in diabetic men than in non-diabetic men because of a

combination of host and local risk factors.


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When the postprandial blood

s between the experimental and control group were compared statistically the results

o decrease blood glucose levels. (11)

the positive role of cinnamon in lowering the serum lipid

(13) et al., (2010). With

regard to total cholesterol levels the statistically proved results were significant at 5% level. (Table

When the mean triglyceride levels were compared between experimental and control subjects,


ove significantly after the supplementation but the


isk factor was significant at 1% between the



on supplementation and longer periods of dietary supplementation of cinnamon


als that will keep infections as well as non-


to the eyes, nerves, and kidney. There is another common complication of diabetes


Because of the frequency


diabetic men because of a

The most common cause of urinary tract infection is gram negative bacteria that belong to the

family Enterobacteriaceae. Members of these families include

Enterobacter and Proteus Sp. Escherichia coli

causing urinary tract infection in humans

urine samples varies in studies from 40 percent

Purpose of our present study was to identify and isolate

Candida albicans from the urine culture of study sample and test for anti

cinnamon powder. But the urine culture analysis of our study samples revealed the presence of

Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginos

antimicrobial activity of cinnamon was determined using

present in majority of the urine samples

It can be interpreted from the table

percent in experimental group and 58.3 percent in control group had

culture analysis.

An important characteristic of cinnamon and its components is their hydrophobicity,

them to partition the lipids of the bacterial cell membrane and mitochondria, disturbing the cell

structures and rendering them more permeable. Extensive leakage from bacterial cells or the exit of

critical molecules and ions will lead to dea

essential oils than gram-negative bacteria

In the present study supplementation of cinnamon capsule did not have any significant effect on

these gram negative organisms as observed from the urine

supplementation period of 45 days.

It seems that the variability in the resistance of these organisms to the inhibitory action of cinnamon

may be due to the difference between strains of the same species

The dosage of cinnamon powder capsule 1 gm. /day for 45 days is not sufficient to inhibit the

activity of the gram negative organisms as the anti

the zone of inhibition test. Another probability for the vain

gram negative stain is the mutation of

survive the unfavourable condition.


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family Enterobacteriaceae. Members of these families include Escherichia coli, Klebsiell

Escherichia coli are one of the most common bacteria capable of

causing urinary tract infection in humans.(14)

The frequency of the presence of

urine samples varies in studies from 40 percent – 75 percent.

Purpose of our present study was to identify and isolate Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris,

from the urine culture of study sample and test for anti


Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Enterobacter

antimicrobial activity of cinnamon was determined using Escherichia coli, which was found to be

present in majority of the urine samples

table 5 that before the supplementation of cinnamon capsules, 41.6

percent in experimental group and 58.3 percent in control group had Escherichia coli

An important characteristic of cinnamon and its components is their hydrophobicity,



critical molecules and ions will lead to death. Gram-positive bacteria were more resistant to the

negative bacteria. (15)


these gram negative organisms as observed from the urine culture examination after the

supplementation period of 45 days.


may be due to the difference between strains of the same species. (16)


activity of the gram negative organisms as the anti-microbial activity of cinnamon is well proved by

the zone of inhibition test. Another probability for the vainness of cinnamon capsule to inhibit the

gram negative stain is the mutation of Escherichia coli after the supplementation of cinnamon to

survive the unfavourable condition.


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Escherichia coli, Klebsiell

ommon bacteria capable of

The frequency of the presence of Escherichia coli in

coli, Proteus vulgaris, and

from the urine culture of study sample and test for anti-microbial activity of


a, Klebsiella Enterobacter species. Hence the

which was found to be

before the supplementation of cinnamon capsules, 41.6

Escherichia coli in their urine

An important characteristic of cinnamon and its components is their hydrophobicity, which enable



positive bacteria were more resistant to the


culture examination after the



microbial activity of cinnamon is well proved by

ness of cinnamon capsule to inhibit the

after the supplementation of cinnamon to

Further research can be carried out by increasing the dosage of cinnamon capsule pe

the anti-microbial activity of cinnamon in the urine culture of diabetic subjects. Additional in vivo

studies and clinical trials would be needed to justify and further evaluate the potential of cinnamon

as an antibacterial agent.

Zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamon compared against

standard antibiotics

The spread of drug resistant pathogens is one of the most serious threats to successful treatment of

microbial diseases. Down the ages extracts of spices have e

products. They have been screened for their potential use as alternative remedies for the treatment

of many infectious diseases. Cinnamon extracts have been shown to possess antibacterial,

antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, germ

The antibacterial activity of cinnamon may be due to its antimicrobial compound, cinnamaldehyde,

thymol, carvacol, carvone, eugenol which is considered to bind to proteins and prevent the act

amino acid decarboxylase. (18)

The

bacterial pathogens was determined by many researchers and has

depending upon the micro-organism tested in their trials.

The results of the present study were in close agreement with Babu et al,

cinnamon extract inhibits the growth of

strong inhibitory effect of cinnamon extract on

extract of cinnamon was found to be a most effective antibacterial agent against

isolated from urine of the diabetic subjects.

The sensitivity of the cinnamon extract

zone as per the procedure of Ponce et al (2003)

Cinnamon is high in antioxidant and antimicrobial activity by the mechanism of decreasing the

DNA binding activity and by inhibiting

polysaccharide chain of bacterial cell wall and also by activating cyclic enzymes

From the above table 7, it is construed that cinnamon possesses antimicrobial activity. The results

obtained in this study indicated that the bacterial pathogen tested against the extract of cinnamon

was found to be highly sensitive to its action. The results obtained from this study were comparable


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Further research can be carried out by increasing the dosage of cinnamon capsule pe

microbial activity of cinnamon in the urine culture of diabetic subjects. Additional in vivo


hibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamon compared against


microbial diseases. Down the ages extracts of spices have evoked interest as sources of natural



cidal, germicidal and antioxidant property. (17)


thymol, carvacol, carvone, eugenol which is considered to bind to proteins and prevent the act

heefficacy of essential oil of cinnamon in inhibiting different human

bacterial pathogens was determined by many researchers and has reported varying results

organism tested in their trials.

The results of the present study were in close agreement with Babu et al, (2011

cinnamon extract inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli. Friedman et al (2002)

strong inhibitory effect of cinnamon extract on Escherichia coli. From the laboratory analysis, the

extract of cinnamon was found to be a most effective antibacterial agent against

isolated from urine of the diabetic subjects.

sensitivity of the cinnamon extract was classified (Table 6) by the diameter of the inhibition

zone as per the procedure of Ponce et al (2003) (21)

and Moreira et al (2005). (22


DNA binding activity and by inhibiting transpeptidation enzyme involved in cross linking of

polysaccharide chain of bacterial cell wall and also by activating cyclic enzymes

it is construed that cinnamon possesses antimicrobial activity. The results

study indicated that the bacterial pathogen tested against the extract of cinnamon



ISSN :2278- 4330 Vol 3, Paper 1

Further research can be carried out by increasing the dosage of cinnamon capsule per day to prove

microbial activity of cinnamon in the urine culture of diabetic subjects. Additional in vivo


hibition and minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamon compared against


voked interest as sources of natural




thymol, carvacol, carvone, eugenol which is considered to bind to proteins and prevent the action of

efficacy of essential oil of cinnamon in inhibiting different human

reported varying results

2011)(19)

who found that

. Friedman et al (2002) (20)

reported the

From the laboratory analysis, the

extract of cinnamon was found to be a most effective antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli

diameter of the inhibition

22)


transpeptidation enzyme involved in cross linking of

polysaccharide chain of bacterial cell wall and also by activating cyclic enzymes.(23)

it is construed that cinnamon possesses antimicrobial activity. The results

study indicated that the bacterial pathogen tested against the extract of cinnamon


with the results of Babu et al., 2011

mm, followed by tetracycline which had an inhibition zone of 36mm whereas erythromycin had an

inhibition zone of 17 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of cinnamon extract

was found to be 0.4521 mcg whereas the

mcg and 30 mcg respectively. Although cinnamon powder has a zone of inhibition of 18 mm less

than tetracycline, its minimum inhibitory concentration is

tetracycline. Hence cinnamon powder proves to be a promising antibacterial agent

The present investigation with previous studies provides support to th

cinnamon. It can be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of the cinnamon extract

helpful in treating various kinds of infectious diseases.

Crude extracts of cinnamon and their mechanism of interaction with different active fractions of the

plants needs to explore. The bioactive compounds from

further studies. (24)

Conclusion

In conclusion, one gram of cinnamon powder consumed daily in addition to usual care reduced

serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL

diabetes. Because cinnamon would not contribute to caloric intake, those who have type 2 diabetes

or those who have elevated glucose, triglyceride, LDL

benefit from the regular inclusion of cinnamon in their daily diet. In addition, ci

beneficial for the remainder of the population to prevent and control elevated glucose and blood

lipid levels. Cinnamon extract was found to be the most effective with the lowest minimum

inhibitory concentration and in future its bioactive co

is as effective as an antibiotic with

List of tables

Table 1 Comparison of mean blood glucose levels

Blood

values

Study group

Fasting

blood

glucose

(mg/dl)

Experimental

Control


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with the results of Babu et al., 2011.(19)

Cinnamon extract had an inhibition zone (IZD) of about 18



was found to be 0.4521 mcg whereas the MIC of erythromycin and tetracycline were found to be 10


than tetracycline, its minimum inhibitory concentration is 0.452 mcg which is higher than

ence cinnamon powder proves to be a promising antibacterial agent

The present investigation with previous studies provides support to the antibacterial activity of the

cinnamon. It can be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of the cinnamon extract

helpful in treating various kinds of infectious diseases.


plants needs to explore. The bioactive compounds from cinnamon can be used as antibacter


serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels in people with type 2

on would not contribute to caloric intake, those who have type 2 diabetes

or those who have elevated glucose, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, or total cholesterol levels may

benefit from the regular inclusion of cinnamon in their daily diet. In addition, ci



inhibitory concentration and in future its bioactive components can used to prepare an antibiotic that

is as effective as an antibiotic with minimal side effects to those who consume.

Comparison of mean blood glucose levels before and after supplementation.

Study group Before

Test

Mean±SD

After

Test

Mean±SD

Test of significance

‘t’ value

Experimental 107.3±

10.3

100.7±

6.2

2.177*

128.1±

13.3

134.5 ±

17.8

1.373 NS


ISSN :2278- 4330 Vol 3, Paper 1

ition zone (IZD) of about 18



MIC of erythromycin and tetracycline were found to be 10


.452 mcg which is higher than

ence cinnamon powder proves to be a promising antibacterial agent.

e antibacterial activity of the

cinnamon. It can be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of the cinnamon extract would be


can be used as antibacterial after


cholesterol levels in people with type 2

on would not contribute to caloric intake, those who have type 2 diabetes

cholesterol, or total cholesterol levels may

benefit from the regular inclusion of cinnamon in their daily diet. In addition, cinnamon may be



mponents can used to prepare an antibiotic that

minimal side effects to those who consume.

supplementation.

Test of significance –

‘t’ value

Glucose-

post

prandial

(mg/dl)

Experimental

Control

* Significant at 5% ** Significant at 1%

Table 2 Mean total Serum cholesterol profile before and

Blood

values

Study group

Total

cholesterol

(mg/dl)

Experimental

Control

Triglycerides

(mg/dl)

Experimental

Control

LDL (mg/dl) Experimental

Control

HDL (mg/dl) Experimental

Control

VLDL

(mg/dl)

Experimental

Control

TC/HDL Experimental

Control


Table 3 Comparison of mean blood

after supplementation

Blood values


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37.6

147.4±

13.2

2.202*

176.9±

17.5

185.5±

46.0

0.478 NS

** Significant at 1% NS Not Significant

olesterol profile before and after supplementation.

Study group Before

Test

Mean±SD

AfterTest

Mean±SD


‘t’ value


17.8

191.1±

19.1

3.212**

211.2±

11.4

208.3±

10.9

1.198 NS


59.5

180.3 ±

35.4

2.057*

230.7±

22.1

223.8 ±

11.8

4.046**


14.4

114.6±

20.3

1.315 NS

0.886 NS 107.1 ±

14.5

107.4 ±

14.5

Experimental 40.5±

4.4

40.1±

4.0

0.296 NS

55.7 ±

7.4

56.9 ±

8.5

1.017 NS

Experimental 42.0 ±

11.8

36.1 ±

7.1

1.996*

46.8 ±

4.3

44.5 ±

4.3

3.978**

Experimental 5.0 ±

0.6

4.8 ±

0.7

0.885NS

3.8 ±

0.5

3.7 ±

0.6

0.932 NS


Comparison of mean blood glucose between the experimental and control groups

Mean Difference Test of significance


ISSN :2278- 4330 Vol 3, Paper 1

NS Not Significant

supplementation.

Test of significance –

‘t’ value

NS Not Significant

glucose between the experimental and control groups


Fasting blood glucose(mg/dl)

Glucose-post prandial(mg/dl)

* Significant at 5% level

Table 4 Comparison of mean serum lipid profile between the experi

after supplementation

Blood values

Total cholesterol(mg/dl)

Triglycerides(mg/dl)

LDL(mg/dl)

HDL(mg/dl)

VLDL(mg/dl)

TC/HDL


Table 5 Pathogens identified in urine culture analysis before and after supplementation of

cinnamon powder

Microorganism

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Klebsiella pneumonia

No growth of organism

Table 6 Sensitivity of the cinnamon extract

Sensitivity

Non sensitive (-)


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Experimental Control –

Fasting blood glucose(mg/dl) 100.7 ± 6.2 128.1 ± 13.3

post prandial(mg/dl) 147.4 ± 13.2 185.5 ± 46.0

** Significant at 1% level NS Not Significant

Comparison of mean serum lipid profile between the experimental and control groups

Mean Difference Test of significance

“t” value

Experimental Control

191.1± 19.1 208.3 ± 10.9

180.3 ± 35.4 223.0 ± 21.8

114.6 ± 20.3 107.4 ± 14.5

40.1 ± 4.0 56.9 ± 8.5

36.1 ± 7.1 44.5 ± 4.3

4.8 ± 0.7 3.7 ± 0.6


Pathogens identified in urine culture analysis before and after supplementation of

Study group Before test

N=12

N % N

Experimental 5 41.6 5

Control 7 58.3 7


Control 1 8.3 1


Control 0 0 0


Control 4 33.3 4

of the cinnamon extract

Diameter of Zone of inhibition (mm)

) Less than 8 mm


ISSN :2278- 4330 Vol 3, Paper 1

– “t” value

7.244**

2.390*

NS Not Significant

mental and control groups

of significance –

“t” value

2.251*

3.434**

0.897 NS

5.345**

3.298**

3.096**

NS Not Significant

Pathogens identified in urine culture analysis before and after supplementation of

After test

N=12

N %

5 41.6

7 58.3

3 25.0

1 8.3

1 8.3

0 0

3 25.0

4 33.3

Diameter of Zone of inhibition (mm)

Sensitive(+)

Very sensitive (++)

Extremely sensitive (+++)

Table 7 Comparison of bacterial Inhibition (Escherichia coli.) between antibiotics and

cinnamon powder

Petri dish

Antimicrobial agent Cinnamon powder

Width of Zone of

inhibition( (mm)

18

Sensitivity + +

Minimum inhibitory

concentration

.4521 mcg

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Saraf A, Mohit M and Sharma K. (2011) Antibacterial activity of commercial and wild

Journal of Phytology3, 102-106.


ISSN :2278- 4330 Vol 3, Paper 1

Saraf A, Mohit M and Sharma K. (2011) Antibacterial activity of commercial and wild

antimicrobial activity and effect of … zeylanicum exhibited antidiabetic, n. - 4330 vol 3, paper 1...

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