mly assignment

8/7/2019 MLY assignment

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mly-assignment 1/33

Malaysian Studies- UCF1003MLY Group Assignment

1 University College of Technology and Innovation[TP018017]

Title:

Achievement and developmentin Malaysia with our Prime

Ministers Corporate Study

Prime Ministers of Malaysia



Malaysian St u i s UCF ML Gr u Assi nment

2 Unive

sity¡

¢ £ £ e ¤ e

¢ ¥

¦

ec § nology ̈ nd Innov ̈ tion [¦

© 018017]

1.0 1st PRIME MINISTER OF MALAYSIA

The Late Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj

[31st August 1957 ± 21st September 1970]

Figure 1: Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj

Source: htt ://redzuan-tumin.blogspot.com/2009_04_05_ archi e.html

1.1 Intr ucti n

According to vir tualmalaysia.com (2010), Tunku A bdul Rahman has al ays been a revered

Malaysian leader who had made immense contr i butions to the country. For his sacr i ices in

br inging Malaysia from colonialism to Independence, it is self-explanatory why Tunku A bdul

Rahman is known as the Father of Independence. Tunku A bdul Rahman had become the

f irst pr ime minister of the Federation Malaya from 1957 to 1963 and of Malaysia from 1963

to 1970.

Thefamouspeople.com (n.d.) stated that, A bdul Rahman was born on 8 February 1903 in

Istana Pelamin, Alor Star in Kedah to the 24th Sultan of Kedah Sultan A bdul Hamid Halim

Shah and his sixth wife Cik Menjalara. He was the four teenth son and twentieth child of his

father. As a child A bdul Rahman was raised in Isatan, the Palace, which was built by a

Chinese contractor and had a royal childhood with a number of ser vants around him. Pr ince

A bdul was sent to a Malay Pr imary School Jalan Baharu in 1909 and was later moved to the

Government English School in Alor Star , which eventually became known as the Sultan

A bdul Hamid College. In 1911, little pr ince A bdul was sent to Debsir in School in Bangkok to

study with his three brothers.



Malaysian Stu ies UCF1003MLY Gr u Assi nment

3 Unive sity College of Tec nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Af ter that, A bdul Rahman returned to Malaya in 1915 and resumed his studies at Penang Free

School. In 1918, he enrolled St. Cather ine¶s College in Cambr idge University with the Kedah

State Scholarshi p and graduated with a bachelor degree of Ar ts in law and history in 1925. At

that time, A bdul Rahman drew national attention and was praised as the f irst student to

receive a scholarshi p from Kedah State for studying in the United K ingdom.

(thefamouspeople.com n.d.)

Fur thermore, vir tualmalaysia.com (2010) also stated that, A bdul Rahman leadershi p sk ills

also unveiled in England. He realized that the Malay students were not represented by any

organization and hence, he established the Malay Association of Great Br itain (Kesatuan

Melayu Great Br itain) and became its f irst secretary.

According to scr i bd.com (2010), A bdul Rahman worked in the Kedah public ser vice and was

appointed as Distr ict Off icer of Kulim and Sungai Petani af ter returning home. In colonial

Malaya, almost all the Distr ict Off icers were Br itish and A bdul Rahman was the only Malay

Distr ict Off icer at that time had the people¶s interest at hear t. This made him cross paths with

the Administration many times. However , sr i bd.com (2010) fur ther stated that, the Br itish

Administration in Kedah could not do anything as he was a pr ince and the son of the Sultan.

Later on, A bdul Rahman returned to England to complete his law studies at the Inner Temple

but was forced to stop in 1938 and, on the out break of Wor ld War II, he returned to Malaya.

(scrbd.com 2010)

1.2 Political

1.2.1 Early Political Career

According to thefamouspeople.com (n.d.), A bdul Rahman returned to Malaya in 1949 and he

was appointed at the Legal Off icer¶s off ice in Alor Star in the same year. Fur ther , he was

made a Deputy Public Prosecutor in Kaula Lampur and president of the session¶s cour t.





Dur ing this per iod, A bdul Rahman was also a member of the United Malays National

Organization, an organization struggling against Br itain¶s Malayan Union. In 1951, a conf lict

surfaced within the United Malays National Organisation (UM NO) forcing its president

Datuk onn Jaafar to resign and the person replacing him was A bdul Rahman, who eventually

seized the position for the next twenty years. (thefamouspeople.com n.d.)

1.2.3 Independence of Malaya

Scr idb.com (2010) stated that, A bdul Rahman led a delegation to London to seek

independence for Malaya, but the tr i p proved to be unfruitful. In the following year , the f irst

federal general election was held, and theAlliance Par ty (Per ikatan), a coaliation of UM NO,

Malayan Chinese Association (MCA) and the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC) won f if ty-one

out of the f if ty-two seats contested.A bdul Rahman was elected as Malaysia¶s f irst Chief

Minister. The Alliance was later joined by the MIC in 1955, representing the Indian

Community. Later on in 1955, A bdul Rahman made another tr i p to London to negotiate

Malayan independence, and 31 August 1957 was decided as the date for independence

Figure 2: Tunku Abdul Rahman proclaiming Malayan independence in 31st August

1957

Source: htt p://www.cpps.org.my/sub _ page.aspx?catID=2&ddlID=522





Figure 3: Tunku Abdul Rahman: Ride to Bandar Hilir Padang, Malacca to announce

Merdeka after return from London

Source: htt p://her itage.melakareview.com/

1.2.4 Premiership of Malaysia

According to thefamouspeople.com (n.d.), Malaya became Malaysia with the emergence of

Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei in 1963. In 1961, A bdul Rahman called upon these

states to form an amalgamation and was subsequently elected the f irst Pr ime Minister of

Malaysia on 16 September 1963.

However Singapore¶s addition in the federal proved disastrous which increased the Chinese

inf lux in the country. A bdul Rahman fear ing, that Lee Kuan Yew¶s Par ty could inf luence the

voters in Malaya, star ted demanding Singapore¶s exclusion from Malaysia. Af ter endless

clashes between A bdul Rahman and Lee Kuan, Singapore seceded and declared its

Independence on 9 August 1965.





A bdul Rahman¶s regime came to downfall in 1969, when the Alliance Par ty lost most of its

suppor t in the general election that year. A bdul Rahman lost its suppor t from the people

within UM NO who were highly cr itical of his headshi p and eventually, an emergency

committee captured the country from A bdul Rahman and declared a state of emergency

leaving him with no power. On 22 November 1970 A bdul Rahman resigned from the position

of Pr ime Minister and subsequently from UM NO in 1971. (thefamouspeople.com n.d.)

1.3 So cial

1.3.1 Involvement in Islam

According to scr i bd.com (2010), af ter mak ing Islam the off icial religion in 1960, A bdul

Rahman established the Islamic Welfare Organization (PERKIM) as a guiding body for

Muslim conver ts. He became the president of PERKIM and ser ved until a year before his

death. As President of PERKIM, he organized the f irst International Quran Recital

Competition in 1961.

Thefomouspeople.com (n.d.) stated that, A bdul Rahman played a key role when the

Organization of Islamic Conference was established in 1969 and ser ved as its f irst Secretary-

General. He was a co founder of the Islamic Development Bank and President of the

Regional Islamic Da¶wah Council of South East Asia and the Pacif ic (RISEAP), ser ving from

1982 till 1988. However he declared Islam the off icial religion of Malaysia, he stuck to his

idea of running Malaysia as a secular country where people of different beliefs and religion

lived and worked together.

Tunku A bdul Rahman lived in his house in Penang in his later years. He passed away on 6th

December 1990 at the age of eighty-seven and was laid to rest at the Langgar Royal

Mausoleum in Alor Star. (scr i bd.com 2010)



Malaysian Stu ies UCF1003MLY Grou Assi nment


2.0 2nd PRIME MINISTER OF MALAYSIA

The Late Tun Abdul Razak bin Dato¶ Hussien

[22nd September 1970 - 13th January 1976]

Figure 4: Tun Abdul Razak bin Dato¶ Hussien

Source: htt p://www.pmo.gov.my/?menu=page& page=1642

2.1 Introd uction

Tun Razak was born in Pulau Keladi, Pahang on 11th of March 1922, the only child to Dato¶

Hussein bin Mohd Taid and Hajah Teh Fatimah bt Daud. Tun Razak received his ear ly

education at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar in 1934. Af ter joining the Malay

Administrative Ser vice in 1939, he was awarded a scholarshi p to study at Raff les Collage in

Singapore in 1940. Tun Razak studies at the college ceased at the advent of the Second

Wor ld War. (vir tualmalaysia.com 2010)

According to k iat.net (2009), in 1947, with a Malayan Union scholarshi p, Tun Razak lef t to

Br itain to study law. In 1950 he received a Degree of an Utter Barr ister from Lincoln¶s Inn.

Dur ing his student days in England, Tun Razak was a member of the Br itish Labour Par ty

and a prominent student leader of Kesatuan Melayu Great Br itain (Malay Association of

Great Br itain). In addition, he also formed the Malaysia Forum, an organization for Malayan

students to discuss their country¶s political issues.



Malaysian Studies UCF1003MLY Grou Assi nment

8 Unive sity College of Tec ! nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Fur thermore, k iet.net (2009) also stated that, upon his return, Tun Razak joined the Malayan

Civil Ser vice. Owning to his political cali ber , in 1950 he became the youth chief for United

Malays National Organization (UM NO).

Two years later , he worked as the Assistant State Secretary of Pahang and in February 1955,

at just 33 years of age, Tun Razak became Pahang¶s Chief Minister. He stood in and won the

country¶s f irst general elections in July 1955 and was appointed as the Education Minister.

Moreover , Tun Razak was also a member of the February 1956 mission to London to seek

the independence of Malaya from the Br itish. (k iat.net 2009)

Af ter the general elections in 1959, he became the Minister of Rural Development in addition

to holding the por tfolios of Deputy Pr ime Minister and Minister of Defense. His

achievements include formulating the development policy known as the Red Book. On

September 1970, Tun Razak succeeded Tunku A bdul Rahman Putra as the Pr ime Minister of

Malaysia. (pmo.gov 2010)

Moreover , pmo.gov (2010) also stated that, Tun Razak renowned for launching the New

Economic Policy (NEP) in 1971. He also set up the National Front on January 1, 1973 to

replace the ruling Alliance Par ty. Tun Razak increased the membershi p of its par ties and

coalitions in an effor t to establish ³Ketahanan National´ (National Strength) through political stability.

The Sun (2007) stated that, the most signif icant components that make Malaysia what it is

today were introduced dur ing the tenure of the Tun Razak. In spite of a br ief tenure, many

attr i butes of Malaysia ± social, political and economical were Tun Razak¶s handiwork.

2.1 Ed uc ation

2.1.1 Education Report of 1956

As a Minister of Education, Tun Razak turned immediately to development of an education

policy that would be ³a char ter for the children of Independent Malaya.´ His repor t had

published in 1956 stamps him as a leader f irmly dedicated to the ideal of a united Malayan

nation. (rmaf.org 2010)




9 Unive " sity College of Tec # nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Opposing his education plan were many who thought it was not possi ble to br ing together

var ious types of schools with different languages under one national system of education. The

Malay teachers in par ticular , were intractable but cr iticism of him never went beyond the

mer its of the policy. His integr ity was never questioned. (rmaf.org 2010)

Rmaf.org (2010) stated that, f inally, as Tun Razak notes, he said that, ³with patience,

understanding, and goodwill we were able to produce a national education policy...

formulated to give our children the best education possi ble to make them useful and loyal

citizens of our country... every type of school has been brought under our national system of

education and has been given equal treatment. ́

2.2 Economic

2.2.1 ³Red Book´

According to rmaf.org (2010), in 1960, while continuing his duties as Deputy Pr ime Minister

and Minister of Defense, Tun Razak gave up his por tfolio of Internal Secur ity to become

Minister of National and Rural Development. His Rural Development ³Red Book ́ of 1960

provided a bluepr int for development in Malaya. This second major continuation of Tun

Razak to the country¶s growth, like the ear lier Education Repor t of 1956, reveals the hand of

a doer and consolidator who seeks to ensure that every gain is solid.

Fur thermore, rmaf.org (2010) also stated that, in presenting his f ive-year program, Tun Razak

pointed out that Malaya¶s new national rural development policy was designed ³to give full

recognition to the universal pr inci ple that no nation anywhere in the wor ld can hope to

develop or progress except by the full-hear ted cooperation and energetic effor ts of each and

every one of its citizens.´

Accordingly, Tun Razak¶s rural development program was planned and carr ied out in several

phases timed to take place at different per iods throughout the 1960-1965 Five-Year-Plan.

Successive phrase were run parallel and concurrent with other phases already underway.

(rmaf.org 2010).





2.2.2 ³Green book´

In March Tun R azak launched µGerak Ma ju¶ which was a program of self excel and the

³Green Book which was the First Malaysia Plan - .

(primeministerofmalaysia.net n.d.

Fi re 5: T e opening ceremony of MARDI off ice l nched by The L e T n Abdul

Razak in 1969

Source: http://blogmoa.moa.gov.my/?tag=aktiviti-kementerian

2.3 Politi al

After the bloodshed tragedy of May Parliament was dissolved and the country was

governed by the National Operation Council and TunR azak was its chairman. He managed

to restore once again peace in the country in a short time and then returned to the country to

the democratic parliament system. Thus R ukun Negara was introduced.

The R ukun Negara which contains the national ob jectives and their guiding principles

applicable to all serve as the nexus which hopefully will bind the nation together.

(primeministerofmalaysia.net n.d.




11 Unive $ sity College of Tec % nology and Innovation [TP018017]

National objectives:

y To achieving a greater unity of all people

y To maintaining a democratic way of life

y To creating a just society in which the wealth of the nation shall be equitably shared

y To ensur ing a li beral approach to r ich and diverse cultural traditions

y To building a progressive society which shall be or ientated to modern science and

technology

Guiding pr inci ples:

y Belief in God

y Loyalty to K ing and Country

y Upholding the Constitution

y Rule of Law

y Good Behavior and Morality

2.4 Economic s

2.4.1 The New Economic Policy

According to alloExpat Malaysia (2010), the New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in

1971 to reduce the economic divide between the Malays and the other races in the country by

according them special r ights, pr ivileges and preferences in order to aid them better ing

themselves.

The two main goals of NEP:

y To reduce and eventually eradicate pover ty

y To reduce and eventually eradicate economic function with race

On the 1st

of January 1973, Tun Razak set up the National Front (Bar isan National) to replace

the ruling Alliance Par ty. He increased the membershi p of its par ties and coalitions in an

effor t to establish national Strength though political stability.




12 Unive & sity College of Tec ' nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Pmo.gov (2010) stated that, the era of Tun Razak also pointed to an era of mental revolution

by por traying a cultural, social, political and national economic philosophy which were

relooked in a more comprehensive and pragmatic manner. Moreover , it was also seen as an

era of af ter achieving independence and providing citizens with education and development

to face the challenges and complexity of the future.

However , Tun Razak was unable to see the fruits of his long term plans as he succumbed to

leukemia in a London clinic at the age of 54 on the 14th

January 1976. For his achievements

and contr i butions to the country and its people especially in development, he is known as the

Father of Development. (pmo.gov 2010)





2.0 3rd PRIME MI ISTER OF MALAYSIA

Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn

[15 January 1976 - 1981]

Figure 6: Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn

Source: http://examsupport.blogspot.com/ 8/ /biodata-tun-hussein-onn.html

3. ( In)

r 0 duc)

i 0 n

According to perdana.org ( Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn was born onnd

February

and received his early education in English College (now College of Sultan Abu Bakar

Johor Bahru. Unfortunately Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn are unable to continue his education

after completing the Senior Cambridge cause of the outbreak of World War II. Tun Hussein

bin Dato'Onn continue to participate Military Johor (Johor Military Forces and to undergo

training at the Military College Sandhurst in the Dehra Dun India in and once

commissioned in Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn participate in the th Hyderabad

R egiment. Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn service as captain led his army to Egypt Syria

Palestine Iran and Iraq.

When World War II broke out he served in the Middle East.

Perdana.org ( also stated that after the war end he was sent to India at the Army

Intelligence Division in the Army Headquarters New Delhi. Given the extensive experience

make him coach of the British R ecruitment and Training Centre in Malaysia Police in

R awalpindi. He was the Captain rank.




14 Unive 1 sity College of Tec 2 nology and Innovation [TP018017]

3.2 Political

Tun Hussein returned to Malaya in 1945 and ser ved as Comander Police Depot, Johor

Bahru. Af ter six months in military ser vice in Malaya, he joined the Malay Administrative

Ser vices Assistant Administrative Off icer in the Distr ict of Segamat and then as a distr ict

off icer in Kuala Selangor and K lang. While the Br itish are submit a plan of the Malayan

Union and Datuk Onn himself played an impor tant role against the Malayan Union to set up

UM NO. (Scr i bd.com 2008)

Hussein Onn had resigned as an Off icer Distr ict to par tici pate in political activities UM NO.Datuk Onn has given duties as the Head of UM NO Youth, known as UM NO Youth Alliance

then in 1950 he was appointed as Secretary General of UM NO and work ing full time. He also

was appointed to the State Legislative Council Johor and the Federal Legislative Council. Dur ing the emergency, he was appointed as Off icer Guardian Control Team Village in

Johor. He was out of UM NO by his father , af ter a cr isis erupted in the par ty in August

1951. Then he establish Independence Par ty, the par ty was unfor tunately not well received.

While retired from politics, he went to London to study law at Lincoln's Inn, England and

graduated as a lawyer in 1958. (Alias 2008)

3.3 Education

Alias (2008) also fur ther mentioned that, in 1968 on the insistence of Tun A bdul Razak ,

Hussein Onn back into UM NO. In June 1969 he was appointed to the UM NO Supreme

Council of Work , and in that same year he won the general election in the constituency of

Johor Bahru East, and was appointed as Minister of Education on 22 September , 1970. As

Minister , he has faced a number of impor tant issues related to education, including the

dropout problem among school students. At this time also an agreement between Malaysia

and Indonesia on the new spelling system held in Kuala Lumpur. In 1972, Tun Hussein has

been selected as one of Vice President of UM NO.





Figure 7: The late Hon'ble Dato' Hussein bin Onn, then Minister of Education,

addressing the opening ceremony when he officially opened the 1st Malaysian Stampex

at the National Muzium on 14 December 1970.

Source: htt p://www.psmonline.org/his _ fr.htm

3.4 Economic

According to Perpustakaan Malaysia Malaysia (2000), onAugust 13, 1973, he was appointed

as the Deputy Pr ime Minister to replaced Tun Dr.Ismail, who had died. He also ser ved as

Coordinating Minister of Finance and the Public Corporation. On January 14, 1976, Tun

Hussein Onn became the 3rd

Pr ime Minister of Malaysia, when Tun A bdul Razak passed

away. He announced a new cabinet that surpr isingly, in which the vast oppor tunities

provided to young leaders UM NO to hold impor tant positions. He chose Datuk Ser i

Dr.Mahathir Mohamad as his deputy. He do the same as well as the previous leaders, Tun

Hussein Onn continued good relations between Malaysia and foreign countr ies including the

western countr ies and other ASEA N members.

Scr i bd.com (2008) stated that, at the end of 1977, the Government of Kelantan facing the

cr isis, the removal of Datuk Haji Mohamad Nasir as the Chief Minister of Kelantan. UM NO

has shown the way for PAS to solve the cr isis but are ignored by the PAS leadershi p.





Scr i bd.com (2008) fur ther stated that, due to the cr isis is likely lead to the chaos, Tun Hussein

Onn has declared a state of emergency in the state. In March 1978, an election for the State

had returned the state government af ter 18 years in opposition hands. In the general elections

held in 1978, Bar isan Nasional won cause of "A man whom you can trust" (Tun Hussein) had

good success with 131 seats of the 154 par liamentary seats, as well as control of all

government state government.

In the par ty of UM NO, Tun Hussein Onn str ive to maintain unity among members and

leaders that the par ty could face challenges that ar ise. As for the f irm to stand, he needs to

take some action to eliminate corruption in government or par ty. In addition he has received

pressure from members to eliminate the elements of the suspects involved in the activities of

Communist. The progress of the par ty, Tun Hussein has launched a cooperative effor t

Emirates (KUB) in May 1977. Cooperative accepts membershi p from among the members of

UM NO and the Malays in general in order enhance the par tici pation of the Malays in the

economy. (Scr i bd.com 2008)

Alias (2008) mentioned that, af ter acting as the President for two years, Tun Hussein Onn

elected as the 4th

President of UM NO in the UM NO General Assembly in 1978. He has

defeated his opponents, Tuan Haji Sulaiman Palestine with a large major ity. In 1979, TunHussein Onn launched the Ninth Malaysia Plan, Second Stage 3 implementation of the New

Economic Policy. One program under this Plan is to increase oppor tunities for the Malays

and other Bumi putra ownershi p of the share capital of the company.

At the 9th January 1981, he announced a change of Ownershi p Scheme National Trust is

managed by the Bumi putera Investment Foundation. Through this plan shows the progress

achieved in the Government's effor ts towards the goal of national unity by balancing

economic status between the races. In A pr il, 1981, he inaugurated the scheme of National

Trust (ASN), which was well received by the people. (Alias 2008)





In 1981, he was disturbed by the health and went to seek treatment abroad.Although

treatment is successful, he felt that his health condition is no longer allowed him to move

actively in politics. So he decided to retire. Tun Hussein Onn had resigned as Pr ime Minister

of Malaysia on the 16th

of July 1981. He was succeeded by Datuk Ser i Dr. Mahathir

Mohamad. (Scr i bd.com 2008)

3.5 Social

Scr i bd.com (2008) stated that, since Tun Hussien retir ing from politics, he is also active in

social and other contr i buting towards nation building. Once established the International

Islamic University. He was appointed by Datuk Ser i Dr. Mahathir as the f irst president. He is

also Chairman of the Institute of International and Strategic Studies, Petronas Advisor and

President of the Blind Malaysia. Now an Eye Hospital has captured his name and became

known as the Tun Hussein Onn Eye Hospital.

Histor ically, Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn will always be remembered as 'Br idging the Mia

Her itage¶. Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn also known as the 'Father of Unity' for successfully

promoting the spir it of solidar ity of different races more closely in the Community. Tun

Hussein bin Dato'Onn inher ited the leadershi p of UM NO, which was held by his father ,

inher ited the program generated by the development of his fr iend and loyal to implement

fully. Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn government will bequeath to Dr. Mahathir in stable

condition and UM NO in a very strong position. (Scr i bd.com 2008)

Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn returned to Rahmatullah on May 29, 1990 at the age of

68 years in San Francisco, United States, for a hear t attack. Tun Hussein bin Dato'Onn

bur ied in Makam Pahlawan, Masjid Negara. Tun Hussein Onn is remembered as the Father

of Unity for the recognition of the contr i butions and effor ts in promoting unity in the country.

(Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia 2000)




18 Unive 9 sity College of Tec @ nology and Innovation [TP018017]

4.0 4th PRIME MINISTER OF MALAYSIA

Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad

[16 July 1981 - 31 October 2003]

Figure 8: Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad

Source: htt p://www.mykedah2.com/e _20hall_ fame/e201a _2.htm

4.1 Introd uction

Tun Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad was four th Pr ime Minister of Malaysia, he is also known as

Father of Modernisation. He is the longest-ser ving Pr ime Minister as he held the position for

22 years (1981- 2003). He was born on 20 December 1925 in Alor Setar , Kedah. He is the

youngest child among nine children of Mohamed Iskandar and Wan Tempawan Wan.

(Wik i pedia 2010)

Wik i pedia (2010) stated that, Tun Mahathir f irst completed his higher education at the Sultan

A bdul Hamid College in predecessor of present-day National University of Singapore) in

Singapore. And Tun Mahathir met his wife, Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah binti Haji Mohamad Ali in

the medical college. Af ter his graduation, he ser ves as a Malayan Government medical off icer in Alor Setar , Jitra, Langkawi and Per lis from 1954 to 1957. He marr ied Tun Dr. Siti

Hasmah binti Haji Mohamad Ali on 5 August 1956. They have seven children, four sons and

three daughters: Mar ina Mahathir , Mirzan Mahathir , Melinda Mahathir , Mokhzani Mahathir ,

Mukhr iz Mahathir , Maizura Mahathir and Mazhar Mahathir.




19 Unive A sity College of Tec B nology and Innovation [TP018017]

In 1957, Tun Mahathir resigned from the government ser vice and set up his own clinic. He is

the f irst Malay who opened the pr ivate clinic in Malaysia. (Wik i pedia 2010)

4.2 How was Tun Ma hathir St art hi s Po litical Career

Tun Mahathir became active in the politic activities when he took par t in the camping which

is against the Malayan Union. Af ter that, he joined UM NO in 1946; Tun Mahathir was

elected Member of Par liament for Kota Setar Selatan in the third general election of 1964. He

was defeating the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Par ty's (PAS) candidate. But unfor tunately, Tun

Mahathir was relieved of his par ty membershi p in 1969. (Wik i pedia 2010)

Tun Mahathir rejoined UM NO in 1972 when Tun A bdul Razak was the Pr ime Minister. He

was appointed as Senator in 1973. In 1974, he was win the general election in Kubang Pasu,

and was appointed as the Minister of Education. In 1975, he became the vice-president of

UM NO. When Tun Hussein Onn became the third Pr ime minister of Malaysia, he appointed

Tun Mahathir as Deputy Pr ime Minister. Tun Mahathir became the Minister of Trade and

Industry not long af ter that. (Wik i pedia 2010)

In 1981, Tun Hussein Onn stepped down and Tun Mahathir became the Malaysia¶s Four th

Pr ime Minister.

4.3 Development of Malaysia s Ed ucation

Tun Mahathir is known as the nation¶s headmaster , he was the pr inci pal architect behind

today¶s education system. When Tun Mahathir as the Minister of Education. He always

believed that "education for the masses". He also tr ied to realize this concept dur ing his term

as pr ime minister. (Wik i pedia 2010)

In the ear ly years af ter independent, English, Chinese and Tamil-medium schools were not

using the consistent syllabus. Those schools were establishing by pr ivate organizations. Tun

Mahathir introduced the KBSM syllabus in order to make Malay a compulsory subject which

would be taught in the schools. (Wik i pedia 2010) He also implements Si jil Pelajaran

Malaysia (SPM) and Si jil Rendah Pelajaran (SRP, now known as PMR ) as national

examinations. The pr ivate schools which conver ted to the national type can enjoy heavy

funding from the government. (Loh 2010)



Malaysian Studies UCF1003MLY Group Assi nment

20 Unive C sity College of Tec D nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Wik i pedia (2010) fur ther stated that, thousands of students were sent year ly to universities of

the f irst wor ld countr ies through the government scholarshi p. Education quota was introduced

in 1980. Under the quota system, many non-Bumi putera Malaysians who were unable to

study in the local universities also went to the f irst wor ld countr ies to continue their fur ther

studies. Af ter graduate, the students could devote their knowledge in order to developed

Malaysia.

Tun Mahathir leading to built branch campuses of the most prestigious universities in the

wor ld. These led to the construction of the branch campus of University of Nottingham (U.K )

in Malaysia, branch campus of Monash University (Australia), Malaysia University of

Science and Technology (M.U.S.T.) which in par tnershi p with M.I.T. (U.S.) and Motorola ,

and Cur tin University of Technology (Australia), Sarawak Campus. (Wik i pedia 2010)

The last thing he did before he retired is changed the teaching language of Mathematics and

Science subjects to English instead of Malay in all pr imary and secondary schools. This can

increase the competitive of Malaysian students in the university. (Wik i pedia 2010)

4.4 Economic Po lic ies that Tun Mahathir Implement ed

Tun Mahathir changed Malaysia from agr iculture based country into a regional high-tech

manufactur ing, f inancial, and industr ial country through the projects like Perwaja Steel, Astro,

and Proton Car Company. He also implemented var ious economic policies based on

corporate nationalism. Tun Mahathir put an even great effor t to made Malaysia become a

popular investment destination.

Tun Mahathir continue the New Economic Policy (NEP) which star ted in 1970. The aim of

this policy is to narrow down the gap of pover ty and restructure the society. Under this policy,

more employment oppor tunities are provided for all communities to involve in the trade and

industr ial sector. Modernized system was to improve the quality and quantity of agr icultural

production. NEP involved four f ive-year Malaysia plan (20 years).




21 Unive E sity College of Tec F nology and Innovation [TP018017]

The National Pr ivatization Policy was hel p to achieve the NEP in order to accelerate the

economic growth and to reduce the government¶s burden. Besides that, the objectives of

National Pr ivatization Policy are to improve the eff iciency, productivity and competitiveness

in all sectors. National Pr ivatization Policy also aims to reduce the involvement of public

sector in the economy and widen the corporate sector prospects. There are many sectors have

been pr ivatized like Telekom Malaysia, TV3, NTV7, TNB, and Indah Water.

In 1991, Tun Mahathir launched the National Development Policy (NDP) to replace the NEP.

It kept most of the strategies of NEP, likes balancing the economic growth between the urban

and rural areas. NDP is to strengthen social, economic, and political stability. NDP also focus

on the moral and ethics values to create an excellent society. FELDA is introduced under this

policy to provide training for the rural youths. Besides that, NDP also encourage to protect

the environment.

To attain high technology and modernization, the large scale national projects, such as the

Nor th-South Expressway, Multimedia Super Corr idor , the planned capital city of Putrajaya,

Johor's Por t of Tanjung Pelepas, Kuala Lumpur International Airpor t, the Bakun Dam in

Sarawak , and the Petronas Twin Towers were not only created jobs oppor tunities and also

ser ving the national pr ide. Especially the Petronas Twin Towers has become the land mark of

Malaysia.

According to expat.com (2010), the Multimedia Super Corr idor (MSC) is a zone covered

approximately 15x50 km² which stretches from the Petronas Twin Towers to the Kuala

Lumpur International Airpor t and also includes the towns of Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. The

government offer tax break and high speed internet facilities to attract the wor ld¶s leading

ICT (information and communication technology) companies to locate their industr ies in

MSC. MSC has desire environment to develop new products and technologies.




22 Unive G sity College of Tec H nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Figure 9: The Grand launching of Cyberjaya, the IT city of Malaysian government

initiated MSC (Multimedia Super Corridor), in Cyberjaya's APEC Garden. Looking on

are the IAP members. July 8, 1999

Source: htt p://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=115161& page=4

When the Asian f inancial cr isis of 1997 spread in Malaysia, IMF (International Monetary

Fund) tr ied to stabilize the f inancial situation by suggested a recovery package for Malaysia.

Af ter analyzed the situation, Tun Mahathir decided to reject the package. Many people

cr iticized the way of Tun Mahathir solving this problem. Af ter the f inancial cr isis, Tun

Mahathir's approach had settled the problem and made the economic grew. The attitude of

Tun Mahathir that not depending on the other country and agencies is gets the high esteem by

many people. (Wik i pedia 2010)

Development of Malaysia in Social and Culture

Tun Mahathir said that, everyone should work hard with a vision in front of them. He set

Vision 2020 in order to unite all Malaysian regardless the races to work hard with a vision.

Vision 2020 was not a concrete policy; it was a motto to motivate Malaysian to transform

Malaysia into an advanced country. Tun Mahathir had come with a positive slogan of

µMalaysia Boleh¶, which means Malaysia is able and capable to encourage Malaysian to

achieve the higher level of accomplishment. (Saabin 2010)




23 Unive I sity College of Tec P nology and Innovation [TP018017]

The objectives of Vision 2020 are form a high moral and ethics society, mature democratic

and community or iented politic environment, the resource distr i bution is fair and in

par tnershi p among all races, competitive and resilient economics, and a forward-look ing

scientif ic society. (Saabin 2010)

Tun Mahathir was success to change Malaysian¶s negative mental attitude positive mental

attitude. This improves the conf idence of Malaysian to achieve the Vision 2020. Although the

Pr ime Minister Dato Ser i Naji b Tun Razak comes with the slogan of µSatu Malaysia¶, in my

opinion, the basis of Vision 2020 is same with µSatu Malaysia¶. Both of them are aim to unite

the people in this country to mak ing Malaysia to become a developed nation.

Figure 10: Tun Mahathir Mohamed received ³The Father of Vision 2020 Award´ by

the CEO of the Nrandlaureate, Dr K.K. Johan (second, left) on behalf of the Asia Pasific

Brands foundation (APBF)

Source: htt p://www.sun2surf.com/ar ticle.cfm?id=35204




24 Unive Q sity College of Tec R nology and Innovation [TP018017]

5.0 5th PRIME MINISTER OF MALAYSIA

7th

FOREIGN MINISTER OF MALAYSIA

Y.A.B. Dato' Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi

[31 October 2003 ± 2009]

Figure 11: Y.A.B. Dato' Seri Abdullah bin Haji Ahmad Badawi

Source: htt p://merdeka.vir tualmalaysia.com/fastfact/ pr ime _ minister.cfm?sec=1&mnu=3)

5.1 Introd uction

Dato' Ser i A bdullah Ahmad Badawi became the 5th Pr ime Minister of Malaysia on 31st

October 2003, was also known as Bapa Pendemokrasian Malaysia (Father of

Democratisation).

Born on 26 November 1939 in Kampung Per lis, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Dato' Ser i

A bdullah received his ear ly education at Sekolah Kebangsaan Pematang Ber tam. He later

attended Buk it Mer tajam High School, Penang Methodist Boys' School and a religious school

star ted by his family. Dato' Ser i A bdullah pursued his ter tiary education at the University of

Malaya where he graduated with B.A.(Hons) in Islamic studies in 1964.

(vir tualmalaysia.com 2010)

Upon graduating, Dato' Ser i A bdullah joined the civil ser vice, where he star ted his career as

Assistant Secretary in the Public Ser vices Depar tment in 1964. In 1969, Dato' Ser i A bdullah

moved to the National Operation Council (NOC) or Majlis Gerakan Negara (MAGER A N), a

body responsi ble to exercise the ruling powers for the country af ter the May 1969 racial r iots.





25 Unive S sity College of Tec T nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Vir tualmalaysia.com (2010) stated that, Dato' Ser i A bdullah was later promoted to the

Ministry of Culture, Youth & Spor ts as Director General (1971-1973) and Deputy Secretary

General in 1974.

Dato' Ser i A bdullah resigned from Government ser vice in 1978 to pursue a political career. A

loyal UM NO member since 1965, he was elected UM NO Supreme Council Member in 1981,

and UM NO Vice President in 1984 and UM NO Deputy President in 1999.


According to vir tualmalaysia.com (2010), Dato' Ser i A bdullah won his f irst election for the

Par liamentary seat of the Kepala Batas constituency in 1978, (a seat he has retained since). In

the same year , Dato' Ser i A bdullah was appointed to his f irst post in the administration of the

Government of Malaysia, as the Par liamentary Secretary to the Federal Terr itory Ministry.

He was then promoted to Deputy Minister in the same Ministry in 1980. Dato' Ser i A bdullah

later held the post of Minister in the Pr ime Minister's Depar tment from 1981 to 1984; and

Minister of Education from 1984 to 1986; Minister of Defence from 1986 to 1987; and

Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1991 to January 1999. In January 1999, Dato' Ser i A bdullah

was appointed as the Deputy Pr ime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs.

Dato' Ser i A bdullah is marr ied to Datin Ser i Endon Bt. Dato' Mahmood since 1965. The

couple is blessed with two children, a son, Kamaluddin (marr ied to Azrene) and a daughter ,

Nor i (marr ied to Khairy Jamaluddin). (vir tualmalaysia.com 2010)

5.2 Co ntributions

Dato' Ser i A bdullah Ahmad Badawi was a low prof ile person who is more concerned with

di plomacy and proper procedures than his f lamboyant, tough-talk ing predecessor.

Af ter 23 years of a "visionary" Malaysia, A bdullah emphasized on tack ling major everyday

problems, like corruption, education and police ineff iciencies, which were deter iorating.




26 Unive U sity College of Tec V nology and Innovation [TP018017]

5.2.1 Malaysians Stocks/Shares on the Rise

Secondly, when Dato¶ Ser i A bdullah Ahmad Badawi take over , Singaporeans are repor ted to

have star ted buying more Malaysian stocks since A bdullah's takeover because of two reasons

- his new reforms and the possi bility of a stronger r inggit.

More than f ive years ago, Malaysia sent investors f leeing with its capital controls and the

shutting down of trading of Malaysian share in Singapore.

The Business Times repor ted last week : "You would have expected Singapore investors to

have sworn off Malaysian stocks af ter the Clob debacle... but surpr ise, surpr ise - many are in

fact getting back into the country." (Chiang N. 2004)

Much is due to an expected revalue of the r inggit's peg to the US-dollar - or e

ven its remo

ve -

which will give the under valued r inggit a boost. (Chiang N. 2004)

The weakening greenback is mak ing the r inggit even more under valued.

"His emphasis on transparency and mer itocracy will win the hear ts of foreign fund

managers," she added. (Chiang N. 2004)

5.2.2 Clamping Down Corruption

In regards of corruption cases, Wik i pedia (2010) stated that, ever since coming into power as

pr ime minister , A bdullah Badawi has promised to clamp down on corruption, thus

empower ing corruption agencies and providing more avenues for the public to expose corrupt

practices. He also arrested several public f igures from the Mahathir era for corruption, a

move which has widely applauded by the public. A bdullah Badawi has advocated an

interpretation of Islam known as Islam Hadhar i, which advocates the intercompati bility

between Islam and economic and technological development. His administration has also

been emphasising a revival of the Malaysian agr icultural sector.

In addition, A bdullah Badawi continues to be heavily involved in the foreign policy mak ing.

He is the chairman of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference since his premiershi p in

2003. As of 2005, he is the chairman of the ASEA N. A bdulla Badawi also ser ved as

chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement from October 2003 until September 2006.

(Wik i pedia 2010)




27 Unive W sity College of Tec X nology and Innovation [TP018017]

5.2.3 Economic Policies

According to Wik i pedia (2010), agr iculture and biotechnology are some of the highlighted

issues in 9MP that the government believes such sectors are still able to generate wealth for

many Malaysians, especially those in rural areas.

In late 2005, Badawi successfully led Malaysia into a histor ic free trade agreement with

Japan enabling the two countr ies to scrap tar iffs on essentially all industr ial goods and most

agr icultural, forestry and f ishery products within a decade. (Wik i pedia 2010)

Wik i pedia (2010) also stated that, under the A bdullah Badawi administration, the country is

moving down to a value chain economy by developing its inherent strengths in agr iculture

without losing its existing manufactur ing base. However , A bdullah has been cr iticized as to

his handling of the sudden hikes in the pr ice of petrol and electr icity through the restructur ing

of government subsidies, especially as it is detr imental to Malaysia's position as a traditional

expor ter.

Figure 12: Prime Minister Badawi learns more about Cell's Malaysian plans as

discussions continue with Senior Australian Trade Commissioner to Malaysia, Peter

Kane.

Source: htt p://www.cellaqua.com/ projects.asp




28 Unive Y sity College of Tec ̀ nology and Innovation [TP018017]

5.2.4 Diplomatic

³Work with me, not for me´ wasA bdullahAhmad Badawi¶s memorable quote upon assuming

off ice as Pr ime Minister of Malaysia on 31 October 2003.

Under his watch as Foreign Minister , A bdullah also played an impor tant par t in diffusing

many tense moments between Malaysia and Indonesia caused by the dispute over the

ownershi p of Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Si padan; and with Singapore over Batu Puteh, Middle

Rocks and South Ledge. [Institute of Di plomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR ) 2009]

Both sets of disputes were peacefully resolved through adjudication by the International

Cour t of Justice in 2002 and 2008 respectively. Although such disputes did put strains on

bilateral relations, Malaysia never wavered in its quest to make ASEA N stronger , consistent

with its f irm belief in the policy of inclusiveness and the benef its of regional unity and

stability. For example, Malaysia was the leading advocate of the inclusion of the remaining

four Southeast Asian countr ies in ASEA N. ASEA N-10 was f inally accomplished with the

admission of Vietnam in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997 and Cambodia in A pr il 1999.

(IDFR 2009)

5.2.5 Transfer of Power

A bdullah faced a political cr isis not only from the onslaught of the Opposition which gained

much ground by tak ing the r ichest and most impor tant states (Selangor and Penang, which

incidentally is the hometown of A bdullah Badawi). He also faced growing discontent from

within his own ranks in the UM NO par ty. (Wik i pedia 2010)

Contr i bution of A bdullah Badawi soon came to an end on 10 July 2008 when A bdullah

announced he would step down as UM NO President and Pr ime Minister in June 2009.

(Wik i pedia 2010)




29 Unive a sity College of Tec b nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Wik i pedia (2010) also stated that, A bdullah Badawi handed his resignation letter to the Yang

di-Per tuan Agong on 2 A pr il 2009. The Deputy Pr ime Minister , Naji b, was off icially sworn

in as the Pr ime Minister the following day. A bdullah was then conferred with a "Tun" title by

the Agong. Never theless, shor tly before he resigned, Naji b gave promises to A bdullah that

his constituency in Kepala Batas would continue to receive development funds, where he

would continue to ser ve as its Member of Par liament.

Sadly however , A bdullah¶s greatest contr i bution to Malaysian di plomacy is not known in the

country. This per tains to the success he achieved in presenting Malaysia as an enlightened

Muslim nation f irmly rooted upon good governance based on the approach of Islam Hadhar i.

(IDFR 2009)

Dur ing his f ive years as Pr ime Minister , A bdullah took every oppor tunity he had at var ious

international conferences and meetings with other wor ld leaders to explain how Malaysia has

adopted Islam Hadhar i as the country¶s guide for just management and fair administration.

He implanted in the minds of his audience the image of a dynamic Muslim country,

committed to the progress and development of all Malaysians, regardless of their religion or

their race.

According to IDFR (2009), the international audience liked his message that the religion of

Islam is not inconsistent with modernization, that Islam cer tainly does not enjoin Muslims to

turn their backs against the rest of the wor ld. In the midst of the grave misconceptions about

Islam and Muslims in many par ts of the globe especially in the West, A bdullah showcased

Malaysia as a model Muslim country, at peace with itself and the rest of the wor ld. In the

process, he succeeded in putting Malaysia into the good books of the countr ies that are

impor tant to us. Yet, this legacy of his may simply dissi pate over time for lack of follow-

through as there is no awareness or appreciation, in his own country, about this impor tant

contr i bution of his to Malaysia¶s history of international di plomacy. (IDFR 2009)




30 Unive c sity College of Tec d nology and Innovation [TP018017]

6.0 References

Alias A., 2008, Biodata Tun Hussein Onn [online], Blogspot, Available from,

htt p://examsuppor t.blogspot.com/2008/11/ biodata-tun-hussein-onn.html,

[Accessed on 13th August 2010]

Allo¶ Expat, 2010, History of Malaysia [online], allo Expar t Malaysia, Available from,

htt p://www.malaysia.alloexpat.com/malaysia _information/history _ of _ malaysia.php?page=0,

5,

[Accessed on 23th July 2010]

Chiang N. 2004, Relations under Abdullah [online], Little Speck , Available from,

htt p://www.littlespeck.com/region/CForeign-My-040209.htm,

[Accessed on 5th

August 2010]

Expat.com, 2010, Multimedia Super Corridor MSC Malaysia [online], Expatr iate Malaysia

on Multimedia Super Corr idor MSC Malaysia, Available from,

htt p://www.expat.com.my/Multimedia%20Super%20Corr idor%20MSC%20Malaysia.htm,


K iat.net, 2009, History of Malaysia- Tun Abdul Razak Bin Dato¶ Hussein [online],

GoDaddy.com, Inc., Available from,

htt p://k iat.net/malaysia/ past-PM.html,

[Accessed on 24th

July 2010]

Institute of Di plomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR ), 2009, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi,

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia, viewed on 30th

July 2010,

< htt p://www.idfr.gov.my/en/dmdocuments/Prof ilesTunA bdullah.pdf >




31 Unive e sity College of Tec f nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Loh S., 2010, Mahathir turns 85: Achievements and gallery [online], Msn News,

Available from,

htt p://news.malaysia.msn.com/ photogallery.aspx?cp-documentid=4206859,

[Accessed on 10th

August 2010]

Nazaruddin M.J., Redzuan m., Samah A., Rashid I., 2003, Malaysian Studies: Nationhood

and Citizenship, Prentice Hall, Malaysia.

Perdana.org, 2010, Tun Hussein Onn Full Biography [online], Perdana Leadershi p

Foundation, Available from,

htt p://www.perdana.org.my/index.php?option=com _ content&view=ar ticle&id=186&Itemid=

132, [Accessed on 14

th August 2010]

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia, 2000, National Personalities: Tun Hussein Onn [online],

Available from,

htt p://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/ por talBI/detail.php?section=sm02&spesif ik _id=100&ttl_id=5,


Pmo.gov, 2010, Tun Abdul Razak Hussien [online], Off ice of the Pr ime Minister ,

Available from, htt p://www.pmo.gov.my/?menu=page& page=1642,

[Accessed on 23rd

July 2010]

Pr imeministerofmalaysia.net, n.d., Tun Abdul Razak b. Hussein- Father of development

[online], Available from,

htt p://www.pr imeministersofmalaysia.net/2.php,

[Accessed on 25th

July 2010]

Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadershi p, 2010, Biography of Tun Abdul Razak

[online], rmaf.org, Available from,

htt p://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyA bdulRazak.htm,

[Accessed on 24th

July 2010]




32 Unive g sity College of Tec h nology and Innovation [TP018017]

Saabin N., 2010, The Great Statesman of Malaysia- Tun Dr Mahathir [online], Wordpress,

Available from,

htt p://mthago.wordpress.com/2010/02/24/the-great-statesman-of-malaysia-tun-dr-mahathir /,


Scr i bd.com, 2010, Leaders of Malaysia [online], Scr i bd, Available from,

htt p://www.scr i bd.com/doc/3439614/Tokoh-Malaysia,

[Accessed on 2nd

August 2010]

Scr i bd.com, 2008, Bapa Perpaduan [online], Scr i bd, Available from,

htt p://www.scr i bd.com/doc/3972558/Bapa-Perpaduan,

[Accessed on 12th

August 2010]

Thefamouspeople.com, n.d., Tunku Abdul Rahman [online] Famous People, Available from,

htt p://www.thefamouspeople.com/ prof iles/tunku-abdul-rahman-93.php,

[Accessed on 2nd

August 2010]

Vir tual Malaysia, 2010, In History- Prime Minister [online], Vir tualMalaysia.com Sdn Bhd.,

Available from,

htt p://merdeka.vir tualmalaysia.com/fastfact/ pr ime _ minister.cfm,

[Accessed on 26th

July 2010]

Wik i pedia, 2010, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi [online], Wik i pedia, Available from,

htt p://en.wik i pedia.org/wik i/A bdullah _ Ahmad _ Badawi,

[Accessed on 25th

July 2010]

Wik i pedia, 2010, Mahathir bin Mohamad [online], Wik i pedia, Available from,

htt p://en.wik i pedia.org/wik i/Mahathir _ bin _Mohamad#Other _ controversies,

[Accessed August 10 2010]




Zulf ida S., 2002, Y .A.Bhg. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad [online], Available from,

htt p://www.mykedah2.com/e _20hall_ fame/e201a _2.htm,

[Accessed on 10th

August 2010]

Pictures References

1. htt p://redzuan-tumin.blogspot.com/2009_04_05_ archive.html

2. htt p://www.cpps.org.my/sub _ page.aspx?catID=2&ddlID=522

3. htt p://her itage.melakareview.com/

4. htt p://www.pmo.gov.my/?menu=page& page=1642

5. htt p:// blogmoa.moa.gov.my/?tag=ak tiviti-kementer ian

6. htt p://examsuppor t.blogspot.com/2008/11/ biodata-tun-hussein-onn.html

7. htt p://www.psmonline.org/his _ fr.htm

8. htt p://www.mykedah2.com/e _20hall_ fame/e201a _2.htm

9. htt p://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=115161& page=4

10. htt p://www.sun2surf.com/ar ticle.cfm?id=35204

11. htt p://merdeka.vir tualmalaysia.com/fastfact/ pr ime _ minister.cfm?sec=1&mnu=3)

12. htt p://www.cellaqua.com/ projects.asp

mly assignment

Documents