anthropometrics v2

8/13/2019 Anthropometrics V2

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A n t h r o p o m e t r i c s

Sculpture by Claire Burbidge



Anthropometrics

Ergonomics: the study of man in relation to his working environment: theadaption of machines and general conditions to fit theindividual so that he may work at maximum efficiency

(Gr. Ergon, work.)

Anthropometrics: the measurement of the human body Anthrop-, anthropo- in composition, man, human.

(Gr. Metreein, to measure.)



Anthropometrics

“Anthropometry refers to the measurement of the size andproportions of the human body…..the dimensions andproportions of the human body affect the proportion of thingswe handle, the height and distance of things we try to reachand the dimensions of the furnishings we use for sitting,working, eating and sleeping”“In addition to the elements that we use in a building, thedimensions of the human body also affect the volume of spacewe require for movement, activity and rest”

Ching, F.D.K.(1996) Architecture, Form, Space and Order . 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons.



Bloomer, K, C. Moore, C, W (1977) Body, Memory, and Architecture. London : Yale University Press.

Caryatids.“There is , perhaps, no more clear and powerful image of our relation to the formsbuilt with our own hands than the caryatids of ancient Greek temples. These young

maidens, carrying the weight of ornamented and inhabited entablature andpediment, stand serenely, seemingly not burdened by the transfer of a great load.”



Fibonacci series A n unending sequence ofnumbers, each number beingthe sum of the precedingtwo.

1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21…

Ching, F D K. (1995 ) A Visual Dictionary Of Architecture. Canada: John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Golden Section A proportion between the twodimensions of a plane figure orthe two divisions of a line, inwhich the ratio of the smaller tothe larger is the same as theratio of the larger to the whole:a ratio of approximately1:1.618.



“Vitruvius described the harmoniousproportions of temples by comparing them withthe finely proportioned human body…..Theperfection of the human body manifested itself ,in his view, in the fact that the extended armsand fingertips together with the legs stretchedwide apart all lie on the circumference of animaginary circle. The navel marks the centre ofthe circle.”

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio(probably born 84BC)

De architectura decem libra (Ten Books on Architecture)

“For the Renaissance, it was the only completework on architecture to have survived fromClassical Antiquity.”

Biermann, V. Borngasser, K. Evers, B. Freigang, C. Gronert, A.Jobst, C. Kremeier, J. Lupfer, G. Paul, J. Ruhl, C. Sigel, P.Stewering, R. Thoenes, C. Zimmer, J. (2003) ArchitecturalTheory – From The Renaissance To The Present.Italy: Taschen Homo ad circulum. Vitruvian Man, from Vitruvius III, 1.

Image produced by Fra Giovanni Giocondo deVerona(1433 – 1515). Cited from source opposite.



Vitruvius wrote:“For if a man be placed flat on his back,with his hands and feet extended, and apair of compasses centred at his navel,the fingers and toes of his two handsand feet will touch the circumference ofa circle described therefrom. And, justas the human body yields a circularoutline, so too a square figure may befound from it. For if we measure thedistance from the soles of the feet to thetop of the head, and apply that measureto the outstretched arms, the breadthwill be found to be the same as theheight, as in the case of plane surfaceswhich are perfectly square.”

From Vitruvius III. Cited from:Fazio, M. Moffat, M. Wodehouse, L. (2008) A WorldHistory Of Architecture. London: Laurence KingPublishing Ltd.

Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruv ian Man, ca.1485Cited from source opposite.



Cesare Cesariano (1476/78 – 1543)Di Lucio Vitruvio Pollione de Architectura.

“Cesariano also invested a great deal of effort in the careful artistic reproductions of theproportional figures in the square and the circle, according to Vitruvius (III, I), which he depicted in

two woodcuts against the background of a fine grid. Its small modules make apparent therelationship of the size between the human limbs. This was how Cesariano illustrated Vitruvius’principle of “Symmetria”, a calculable regularity of the human figure and architecture.”

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o o d c u t

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Biermann, V. Borngasser, K. Evers, B. Freigang, C. Gronert, A. Jobst, C.Kremeier, J. Lupfer, G. Paul, J. Ruhl, C. Sigel, P. Stewering, R. Thoenes, C.Zimmer, J. (2003) Architectural Theory – From The Renaissance To ThePresent. Italy: Taschen



Nuttgens, P. (1997) The Story of Architecture.2nd edn. London: Phiadon Press Limited.

Francesco di Giorgio

“He related Da Vinci’s diagram explicitlyto the architecture of the time – acentralized Greek –cross plan withextended nave superimposed on a man’sbody”



Leon Battista Alberti

Santa Maria Novella, Florence 1456 - 1470

Wittkower’s Proportional Study



Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904)

sequential photographs of a woman walking

“Walking and turning around rapidlywith a satchel in one hand, a cane in theother” 1887



Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904)



Umberto Boccioni

Unique forms of continuity in Space (1913)



Marcel Duchamp (1887 – 1968)

Nude descending a staircase No.2



Le Corbusier(1887-1965)

“He [Man] has imposed order by means of measurement. In order

to get his measurement he has taken his pace, his foot, his elbowor his finger. By imposing the order of his foot or his arm, he hascreated a unit which regulates the whole work; and this work is onhis own scale, to his own proportion, comfortable for him, to hismeasure. It is on the human scale. It is in harmony with him: that isthe main point.”

Corbusier, L. (1946) Towards A New Architecture. London: The Architectural Press



The Modulor “First published in 1950. Basedon the time honoured GoldenSection proportion of 1:1.618, thissystem comprised twosuperimposed Fibonacci seriesthat he called “red” and “blue”serial dimensions, derived fromthe hypothetical standard human

stature of 1.83 metres (6ft).Consistently applied, thisdimensional system not onlygoverned the main proportions ofthe structure but had the effect ofproliferating Golden Section

proportions throughout thebuilding down to the smallestdetail.”

Frampton, K. (2001) Le Corbusier .London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.



Frampton, K. (2001) Le Corbusier . London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.

Modular Man shown in different postures in relation to

different harmonic furniture dimensions, 1946.



The Metric HandbookProvides detailed anthropomorphic information to assistwith designing various types of spaces .

Source of image: Tutt, P. Adler, D. (1985) TheMetric Handbook. London: The Architectural Press.



The Metric Handbook

Source of image: Tutt, P. Adler, D. (1985) The MetricHandbook. London: The Architectural Press.



“ Always design a thing by considering it in itsnext larger context – a chair in a room, a roomin a house, a house in an environment, an

environment in a city plan.”

Eliel Saarinien. (1873 – 1950 )

Father to Eero Saarinien

Cited from: Fredrick, M. (2007) 101 Things I learned in architecture school. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.



Alvar Aalto (18981976) Paimio lounge Chair (1930-31)

Designed by Aalto tofurnish his scheme forthe PaimioSanatorium. Theculimanation of a longperiod of

experimentation withplywood, that createdthe first chair builtwithout a rigidframework.

It is designed to aid thebreathing oftuberculosis patients.

www.designmuseum.org

http://www.designmuseum.org/

http://www.designmuseum.org/

http://www.architonic.com/mus/gal/4104485



Arne Jacobsen (1902 –1971)

Cutlery designed for the SASRoyal Hotel Copenhagen. (1956-61). Jacobsen also designedfurniture, lamps, glassware anddoor handles – he believed everyelement of the building should beharmonious.

Later chosen by Stanley Kubrickto be used on the set of his film2001: A Space Odyssey.

www.designmuseum.org/design

http://www.designmuseum.org/design

http://www.designmuseum.org/design



T@B Caravans – micro caravan



Breckenridge Perfect Cottage Christopher C Deam

“His revolutionary

solution still fits intothe category of RV,which means that isno larger than 37square metres andso does not countas a building. That

means in moststates it can beplaced on rural landwithout a permit.”

Slavid ,R. (2007) Micro – very small buildings . London: Laurence King Publishing.

Si Al I i i



Sir Alec Issigonis (1906-1988) creator of the Mini, Morris Minor and the Austin 1100.

Sectional view of the MiniSketch for the Mini

Copyright: British Motor Industry Heritage Trust



“A frivolity in my life. It was not so much a design exercise as a means ofteaching me to use my hands.”

The Lightweight Special 1933 -38

Alec Issigonis and George Dowson



John Woodburn, 1962 Cardiff-London record



Francois Vivier Naval Architect: http://www.vivierboats.com/

http://www.vivierboats.com/

http://www.vivierboats.com/



Images: Capsule Hotel in Tokyo

Source: Koichi Kamoshida / Getty Images

Capsule Hotels – TokyoPrefabricated sleeping capsules stacked within abuilding. Originally conceived as one nightaccommodation for businessmen who have worked

late at the office and consequently missed the trainhome.

In addition to the single sleeping area, the capsulesalso contain a television , radio, a mirror and asmall shelf. A fan is provided for cooling on hot

nights.

“Residents” either pay at a reception of vendingmachine and obtain a token or a wrist band thatindicates a capsule number.

Personal belongings are left in a locker before youenter the capsule. During your stay ,someestablishments require you to change into a“Yukata”.

Bathing facilities are located separately within thebuilding.



www.yocompany.biz

Image: Yotel Cabin.Source: The observer, Sunday12th August, 2007.

Image: Yotel Standard Cabin Floor Plan.Source: www.yotel.com

YOTELPrefabricated technology and an efficient use ofspace combine to create a seven square metre“cabin style” bedroom. Simon Woodroffe, theowner of the “Yo” group of companies, wanted torecreate the Japanese “Capsule Hotels” for awestern market. The was idea conceived afterbeing upgraded to a “sleeper bed” on a British

Airways flight.Designs by Priestman Goode.

http://www.yocompany.biz/

http://www.yotel.com/

http://www.yotel.com/

http://www.yocompany.biz/



Walker Modular COMPOSITE BATHROOM

PODS

“MINI-SERIES”

1391mm x 1014mm



Fredrick, M. (2007) 101 Things I learned in architecture school. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.

For example:Undesirable circulation / Good Circulation

Design an architectural space to accommodate a specificprogram, experience, or intent.



Herman Herzberger “Place Capacity”

“is the quality of that part of the floor space that is notneeded for getting from one place to another. A majorcriterion for the quality of a floor plan is that theavailable space is used as efficiently as possible, that

there is no more circulation “space” than strictlynecessary, i.e. that space is organized in such a waythat optimal place capacity is achieved.”

Hertzberger, H. ( 1991) Lessons For Students in Architecture.Rotterdam: Uitgeverij 010.



Herman Herzberger “Place Capacity”

A: original

B: after conversion

Dwelling, Amsterdam. Hertzberger, H. ( 1991) Lessons For Students in Architecture.Rotterdam: Uitgeverij 010.

Definitive

Possible

Th J T H



The Japanese Tea House

“Crawling through this tiny entrancemakes one more conscious of one's

own body, and in addition, it requireseveryone to bow and be humbled,regardless of social status in theordinary world.”

“psychologically it enlarges the feelingof the size of this three tatami roomafter one has squeezed oneselfthrough such a narrow gate”.

Nitschke, G. (1993) From Shinto To Ando. Great Britain: Academy Editions.

View of the Fushinan tea arbour with its nirji-guchi, “the crawlthrough entrance” of 60 x 60cm width for guests to enter.

Mi C tH Ri h dH d



Micro Compact Home – Richard Horden2.6m cube.Derived from aircraft seating and the

Japanese tea House.The units can be combined in a number ofways.

Mi C tH



1.Terrace2.Entrance/Shower 3.Storage4. Dining Area5. Kitchen

Horden has incorporated a full height shower and kitchen area, and a sunken dining area with a fold downdouble bed above it. Storage is both beneath the floor and behind the dining area.

Micro Compact Home

Source: Horden, Cherry, Lee Architects . (2004) “Micro Compact Home in Munich”, Detail, No.12 , pp. 1470-71.

MicroCompactHome



Source: Horden, Cherry, Lee Architects . (2004) “Micro Compact Home in Munich”, Detail, No.12 , pp. 1470-71.

Micro Compact HomeSection AA Section BB



“Before I started my formal education in architecture, a student(whom I recall as being in his fifth year) advised me that it was

important to know the size of things. At the time this seemed anobvious statement, but on reflection, I realized that I only had arudimentary understanding of the real dimensions of anybuilding component…..

The measure of things has become an important aspect of theway we work. We are always pacing out the dimensions of aspace or measuring the height of a door handle, verifying if thewalls of a room are parallel.”

Jonathan Sergison – “On teaching”Sergison Bates Architects

Sergison, J. Bates, S. (2007) Papers 2 Sergison Bates architects.Sergison Bates architects.



Statue of Liberty

New York 1883Steel Structure, G Eiffel,Sculptor, Bartholdi.

anthropometrics v2

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