Unit 5: Europe

Answer the 12 questions over the short European geography video in your journals.

1. What rank does Europe hold in terms of size compared to the other continents?

2. What is the Southernmost sea that borders Europe? 3. What is the only continent more densely populated than Europe?4. Why have human populations lived and thrived here for so long?5. What does arable mean?6. What ocean current is responsible for Europe’s cool climate?7. What s Europe’s longest River?8. What are the large stretches of permanently frozen subsoil in

northern Europe called?9. What shields the southern parts of Europe from the cold

temperatures from the north?10. How is the continent of Europe usually divided?11. What country was formerly made from Eastern European countries

and Russia?12. What mountain range separates European Russia from Asian

Russia?

Bell Activity 11/18

Identify Europe's major landform regions.Identify the major rivers and bodies of water

found in Europe.

Lesson Objectives

Seas, Peninsulas, and IslandsStruggle with SeaNetherlands 25% lie below sea level Since Middle Ages Dutch built dikes to keep

out sea large banks of earth and stoneReclaimed land from sea called polders

Section 1: The Land

Northern PeninsulasEurope large peninsula made of smaller

peninsulasGlaciation carved out long narrow inlets

called fjordsNorway's coastal strip they provide fine harborsJutland Peninsula extends into the North Sea

and forms main part of DenmarkAlso has fjords from glaciers

Southern Peninsulas Iberian Peninsula Home to Spain and PortugalNorth Pyrenees Mountains cut it off rest of Europe Strait of Gibraltar separates it from AfricaApennine PeninsulaHome to ItalyShaped like boot extending into Mediterranean SeaGeographic spine the geologically young Apennine

Mountains Active volcano Mount Vesuvius near Naples

Balkan PeninsulaSurrounded by the Adriatic and Ionian Seas to

the South and East and the Aegean and Black Seas on the East

Tangle of mountain ranges stretching south from the Danube River

Overland travel difficult, historically most people traveled by sea or river

Europe's Islands Iceland located in Arctic CircleStraddles the Mid-Atlantic RidgeGlaciers lie next to volcanoes and hot

springsCapital Reykjavik pipes in hot water and

uses geothermal energy from hot springs British Isles2 large islands:Great Britain Mountain ranges and plateaus and deep

valleys make up Northern and Western Great Britain

Southern dominated by low hills and gently rolling plains

IrelandCalled the Emerald IsleLush green land with cool temperatures

and abundant rainfall

Many smaller islandsMountainous Islands lie in south Mediterranean SeaSicily, with Mount Etna highest active volcano in

EuropeSardinia, Corsica, Crete and CyprusSmaller islandsSpain's Balearic IslandsMalta's 5 IslandsGreece's 2000 islands in Aegean Sea Europe the second smallest continent

Mountain RegionsNorthwest mountains ancientBritish Isles highest peak Ben Nevis

rises only 4406 Pyrenees Mountains in the Iberian

PeninsulaRise more than 11000 feetAlpsForm crescent from Southern France to

Balkan PeninsulaSeparates warm climate in South from

cooler climates in NorthMajor rivers the Rhine and the Po

originate in AlpsMount Blanc at 15,771 highest peak Carpathians run through Eastern Europe

Mountains and Plains

Plains RegionsNorth European PlainStretches from southeastern England to RussiaMajor agricultural regionFertile because of loess fine rich wind-blown soil

Deposits of coal iron ore led to industrial development 1800s

Largest Cities, Paris and Berlin located on plain

Great Hungarian Plain extends from Hungary to Croatia, Serbia and Romania

Agricultural and livestock area along Danube River

Water systems flow inland mountains and highlands to coasts

By connecting rivers with canals Europeans have enhanced natural waterways as transportation links

England's ThamesAllows ocean-going ships to reach port of London

Water Systems

Rhine most important river in Western Europe

Connects many industrial cities to North Sea port of Rotterdam

Danube Eastern Europe's major waterway ships barges carry million of tons of cargo

Flows from Black Forests of Germany to Black Sea

Main-Danube Canal links the Rhine, via its tributary the Main River, with the Danube linking North and Black Seas

Europe has long history of utilizing its natural resources, including energy sources, agricultural areas water and minerals.

Supply of coal and iron fueled the development of modern industry

Major reserves of coal found in:United Kingdom, Germany, Ukraine and PolandMany mines now either depleted or too expensive for

profitable production Iron ore found in:Sweden, France and Ukraine Peat, an organic fuel found in swamps, is dried and

burned when no other fuel source availableVast oil natural gas lies under North Sea France heavily invested nuclear power

Natural Resources

Section 1 AssignmentComplete Unit 5 Europe Physical/Political Map

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Water and LandVary from barren cold tundra in the subarctic to

the warm shrub-covered Mediterranean coastsWeather influenced by sea winds

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation

Marine west coast climate Mild winters Cool summers Abundant rainfallAtlantic Ocean's Gulf Stream and the North

Atlantic Drift bring warm waters from Gulf of Mexico Equator and winds that carry warm moist air across surface of landmass

Western Europe

Trees, HighlandsDeciduous trees; ash, maple and oak

thrive in the marine west coast climate of Western Europe

Coniferous trees; fir, pine and spruce grow to timberline in the Alps, an elevation above which trees can't grow

Alps have a highland climateColder temperaturesMore precipitationSudden changes occur when dry winds

called foehns drift down into the lower valleys

Trigger avalanches, destructive masses snow, ice and rock sliding down mountain side

Ireland's ForestPrior to 1600s much of

Ireland covered with forestGained independence 1922Only 1% was woodland due

to over timbering for firewood and need for farmland

Since WWII state-sponsored reforestation efforts have increased woodland area

Mediterranean climate over the majority of the area

Warm dry summersMild rainy wintersHumid subtropical climate from Northern

Italy to the Balkan PeninsulaAlps block most Atlantic winds area dryer

than Western EuropeLocal winds can change these normal

weather patternsMistral north wind from Alps sends

bitterly cold air into FranceSiroccos high dry winds from Africa

bring high temperaturesChaparral shrubs small trees native to

Mediterranean climate like Cork and Olive

Southern Europe

Eastern and parts of Northern Europe has a humid continental climate

Cold snowy wintersHot summersBeing further away from the oceans provides

less regulation of the temperaturesVegetation is a mix of deciduous and

coniferous forestsParts covered by grasslands and plain North subarctic has a tundra climate Bitterly cold wintersShort cool summers Permafrost soil permanently frozen

below surfaceLittle vegetation except for mosses small

shrubs wildflowers

Eastern and Northern Europe

Complete the Ch. 11 Vocabulary WSSection 2 Assignment

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Ethnic DiversityEthnic Groups people with shared ancestry

language customs religionSome have homogenous culturesSweden89% of the population are Swedes Germanic descent Swedish language Lutheran religionOthers have two or more ethnic groups Belgium2 ethnic groups = Flemings- descended from Germanic tribe who

invaded in the 5th century Walloons- descended from Celtic peoples there

before Germanic invasionBoth are Roman CatholicDifferent languages have led to bitter relationships Have kept from endangering national unity

Chapter 12: Cultural Geography Section 1: Population Patterns

Ethnic TensionsBalkan PeninsulaShatterbelt area caught between internal

and external conflict1990s breakup of Communism worst

fighting since WWII between Serbs, Croats, Bosnian, Muslims & Kosovar Albanians

Centers of most brutal warfare Bosnia-Herzegovina Kosovo

Ethnic cleansing Serb leaders expelled or killed rival ethnic groups

Many people became refugees people who flee to foreign country

Sources of UnityMost Europeans value the importance of past

cultural achievements of ancestorsShare commitment to democracy and the

free marketValues of family at the center of social life

Population Density Europe's population density greater than any

other continent expect AsiaIndustrial areas most heavily populatedPopulation distributionClosely associated with physical geographyMountain and Northern areas cold and less

populated Common features of populated areasFavorable climatePlains fertile soilMineral resourcesInland waterway

Population Characteristics

Large cities face overcrowding and pollutionParis London Rome Berlin Budapest

Stockholm Athens Kiev and Madrid Urban FeaturesNaples brought past present together well Population Movements 1800s 1900s Europeans migrated to

Americas, Africa and South Pacific 1950s boom in economy labor shortageLed to guest workers from other countries

in Asia Africa and the Caribbean 1970s tensions rose as economy slowed

between locals and ImmigrantsGovernments limited immigrationOverall population shrinkingWorld’s lowest birthrates in Italy and

Germany

Urbanization

What cultural factors unite Europeans?What factors divide them?

Section 1 Assessment

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Rise of EuropeEarly PeopleFossils suggest humans lived in Europe more than 1

million years agoIntroduction of farming early Europeans settled in

agricultural villagesAncient Greece and Rome Both laid foundations of Western civilizationGreeceFormed separated communities called city-states Each independent linked by language culture City-state Athens introduced democracyGreek art, literature, drama, philosophy,

mathematics, medicine and warfare All left lasting impression on world RomeHuge empire Developments in government law engineering Built vast network of roads bridges aqueducts Influenced other cultures

Section 2: History and Government

Christian EuropeA.D.300 Christianity official religion of Roman EmpireLater one world's major religionsRoman Empire split into two:Western ½ became Roman CatholicEastern ½ became Byzantine Empire Have their own sect of Christianity known as Eastern

OrthodoxyMiddle AgesAfter fall of Rome before modern times called Middle

Ages Feudalism system where monarchs or lords gave

land to in return for pledges of loyaltyRoman Catholic Church brought Roman government

culture law to areas Germanic peopleJewish communities made contributions to towns cities Sometimes persecutedIslam based on preaching of Muhammad lived during

600s Muslims developed culture in Spain Passed to Europe achievements in science

mathematics medicine

Crusades series brutal wars to win Palestine from Muslims

Birthplace of ChristOpened trade routes spices other

goods sparked interest in other parts of world

Expansion of Europe

Renaissance300 year period of discovery and learning

brought great advances in European civilization

New interest in Greek and Roman cultureScientific advances movable type led to

printingSpread new ideas quicklyReformation increased production of

books led to this religious movementLessened power of Roman Catholic

ChurchEuropean Explorations1400s Portugal developed new trade routes

around Africa to AsiaSpanish rulers financed Christopher

Columbus reached Americans late 1400sVoyages resulted in conquering the

Americas resulting in destruction of Native Americans already thriving

Enlightenment stressed the importance of reason question traditions values

Revolutions1600s English Parliament

passed Bill of rights limited power of monarch

1700s French revolution overthrew monarch

Spread ideals of democracy1900 most European

countries had constitutions limited monarchs gave citizens rights

Changing Europe

Industrial Revolution began in England spread to other countries

Power-driven machines transformed life

Led to raise industrial capitalism economic system business leaders use profits to expand companies

Led to rise of middle class working class, were poorly paid with harsh work conditions

These social problems led to communism philosophy that called for economic equality and workers controlled factories

Governments soon passed laws improving working conditions, improving access to education, housing and healthcare

Conflict and DivisionRivalry between European powers for colonies and

economic power eventually led to WWI Treaty of Versailles 1919 found Germany guilty

starting war demanded reparations payment for damages

Monarchies in Eastern Europe fell after WWI and many declared their independence

Unresolved problems from the end of WWI and worldwide economic depression led to fascist dictators, Hitler in Germany and Mussolini in Italy rising to power

WWII started 1939 ended 1945 involved most worldHolocaust horror killing of 6 million Jews others Genocide killing of group national ethnical racial

religiousWar left Europe and its major cities in ruins Divided onto eastern under communist control of

Soviet Union Western democratic received economic military aid

from U.S. Division brought about Cold War, a power struggle

between Soviet Union U.S.

Cold War in EuropeGermany was divided into 4 zones

at end of WWIISoviet controlled area became

East Germany with Berlin as capital, also divided in ½ between East and West

Many tried to escape East Germany to West Germany

Berlin Wall built to prevent thisRest became part of West Germany

with Bonn as capitalWestern Europe became

productive capitalistic democracies

East had lower standards of living due to harsh punishments enacted by the U.S.S.R.

New Era for EuropeThroughout 50’s to 80’s Soviets

suppressed all revolts against Communist rule

1980s communism and its economy began to crumble in Eastern Europe

Berlin Wall came down in 19901990 free elections installed

democratic leadersEuropean Union Goal was the unification of Europe

economically with free movement of goods, services and workers

Has a central government, The Hague, Netherlands, with a central bank and a common currency launched in 1999, the Euro

What two civilizations form the foundation for Western Europe?

Which city-state pioneered the Democratic form of government?

What led Europe to become more interested in exploring and trading with the rest of the world?

Besides discovery, what did Columbus’ arrival in the new world lead to?

What did the increase production of books do to the church?

Section 2 Assessment

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Expression of CultureLanguages 50 different languages, most Indo-European

familyLanguage family group of related

languages developed from earlier languageEastern Europe speaks Slavic languagesNorthern Europe Germanic languagesSouthern Europe Romance languagesWhich come from Latin, the dead language

of the Roman civilization100 different dialects or local forms within

languagesSometimes people speaking same language

can’t understand one anotherMost countries have one or more official

languages

Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles

ReligionMain religion ChristianityOthers Muslim Jews othersMost Christians in Northeast,

South and parts of West Europe are Roman Catholics, headed by Pope in Rome

Protestants, Anglican, Lutheran or Reform are dominate in Northern and Northwestern Europe

Muslims dominate in Southern part of Eastern Europe

Northern IrelandReligious conflicts between CatholicsWanted become part of Republic of

IrelandProtestants wanted to keep ties with

United Kingdom1998 Good Friday Peace

Agreement paved way for both Catholics and Protestants to hold office

Balkan PeninsulaTorn apart by religious warsRoman Catholic Croats, Eastern

Orthodox Serbs and Muslim Bosnians fought in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Later E. Orthodox Serbs v. Muslim Albanians in Serb province of Kosovo

Art and Architecture European art forms have spread around world

and influenced countless otherDue to European global influences in the

1800 & 1900s Reflects history as well as the ideals and

values of its peopleReligion, Art and Architecture have long hand

and hand throughout European history Parthenon in Athens & Pantheon in Rome

examples of temples built to gods Islam invaders built mosque in Cordoba,

Spain now Catholic Church Orthodox Churches in Salonika Greece is an

example of Byzantine art Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris shows the

Gothic architecture in Western Europe from the 1100 -1400s

Artist Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarotti influenced generations

Writers Shakespeare wrote plays and Cervantes wrote Don Quixote

1600 & 1700s new music forms of Opera and symphony emerged in Europe

French painter Eugene Delacroix, British writer Sir Walter Scott, and German Ludwig Van Beethoven reflected Romanticism – Focus on emotions, stirring historical events and exotics

In the 1800s a new painting style, realism accurately show details everyday life

Impressionists artist moved outdoors and captured immediate experiences or “impressions” of natural world

Abstract art Pablo Picasso used geographic forms and cubism

Western Europe, with urban and industrial growth, experiences a higher standard of living than Eastern and Southern Europe

EducationLiteracy rates 90% except for war-torn

Balkan countriesNumber of years required vary from

country to countryPortugal 6 yrs., UK 12yrs.State-Sponsored Human ServicesSweden and the United Kingdom are

welfare states Tax-supported programs for higher

education, health care and social security

In recent years proposed government cuts to social services met with opposition from voters and unions

Quality of Life

Home LifeToday women entered workforce families

are more mobileGovernment tends to social concerns that

were once family concernMost maintain close ties to extended family

and family life still very importantSports, RecreationSoccer major sportRugby football popular in UK ,France and

IrelandTennis, British tournament at Wimbledon

major international championshipBullfighting in Spain was most popular until

only just recently Ice skating marathon in Netherlands along

frozen canals and riversFigure skating in Ukraine Cross-country skiing in Alpine areas

Lifestyles

CelebrationsGreeks celebrate Easter with roast lambUkrainians intricately decorate eggs

called pysankyJews make potato pancakes called latkes

during HanukkahMuslims have family feast at end of

Ramadan, a month long period of fasting during daylight hours

British Isles Yule logs and mistletoe for winter solstice

French celebrate July 14 Bastille Day start of French Revolution

Celebrations maintains peoples cultural heritages when progressing forward in a continually shrinking world

Complete Ch. 12 Vocabulary/Section 3 Review WS *due tomorrow 12/4

Chapter 12 Section 3 Assignment

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Changing EconomicsEuropean Union1992 countries signed Maastricht Treaty which set up

European Union Goals included the free movement of goods, services

and workers between members Unify all Europe with a Central bank and common

currency Working towards a unified foreign policyEnjoys larger volume of trade than any other single

countryEastern EuropeAfter WWII for 40 years or more countries under

communism Government planned everything under the command

economySince 1989 countries have moved from command

economy to market economyAre overcoming: Outdated equipment and methods, acquiring new

technology and pollution

Chapter 13: Europe Today Section 1: Living in Europe

ManufacturingHeavy industry manufacture of

machinery industrial equipmentLight industry textiles processed foodThe Ruhr and Middle Rhine districts in

Germany lead Europe in manufacturingService, Technology Industries Service employs 60% peopleBanking, insurance led by UK and

Switzerland are top employersTourism in Western and Southern

Europe also large part of service sectorHigh technology is a growing sector of

Europe’s economyIreland leading manufacturer computer

products software

Industry

More Europeans earn a living from farming than any other economic activity

Percentage of farmers varies greatly country to country Albania 50%, UK 2%Farming techniquesIn western Europe, farmers use advanced technology to

make better use of limited space Mixed farming raising several kinds of crops

livestock on same farm common Most western Europeans own farm averaging 30

acresDenmark farm cooperatives, where farmers share in

growing selling products Reducing costs increasing profits Eastern Europe under communism farmers worked

on collective farms, government-owned farms Received wages and share of crops and profits Or worked in State farms wages only, like factory

worker After fall of Soviet Union countries shifted to private

ownership of land Yields and profits increased with better equipment

and fertilizers

Agriculture

Agricultural IssuesGenetically modified foods genes

altered to make grow faster bigger resistant to pest

Opposed by many Europeans Organic farming use natural

substance instead of chemicals for increase crop yields

2001 outbreak foot-and-mouth disease, a prion virus in livestock, depleted United Kingdom

Threatened to spread across Europe

U.S. banned all imports of animal’s milk meat

Increased regulations have improved quality controls

Railways and Highways TGV "very fast trains" France introduced in 1981 High-speed rail triangle links Paris Brussels London Passes beneath English Channel called ChunnelGermany's 4 lane superhighway called autobahn Best roads in EuropeSeaports and WaterwaysEurope handles half of the world’s international shippingLarge ports in: London, England; Antwerp, Belgium; Genoa, Italy; Le

Havre and Marseille, France; Odessa, Ukraine; and Gdansk, Poland

Largest port in the world in size, volume, and docks is Rotterdam in the Netherlands at the mouth of the Rhine

Communication LinksUse series of satellites to broadcast TV programs Eurovision links Western Europe Intervision network links Eastern EuropeCellular telephones and high speed internet have

revolutionized Europe Spread faster in West than the East, but East is making

large strides to reduce gap

Transportation, Communication

What challenges do eastern and western Europeans face as they move toward unification

What are some European products that you know of are sold in the US today?

What is your opinion on the organic food debate?

What are the benefits and potential problems of high speed rail, like the ones used in Europe, in the U.S.?

Section 1 Assessment

Bell Activity

Lesson Objectives

Humans and EnvironmentFarmers in arid areas of south Europe

practice dry farming techniques These don’t use irrigation and conserves

soil moisterDelta project 1953 severe Atlantic storms killed 1800

people in Southwest NetherlandsNext 30 years Dutch engineers built

dams and dikes to prevent that from ever happening

Floods Recent years much of Europe has

floodedSome scientist blame natural cycle

global warming

Section 2: People and Their Environment

Black triangle industrial area of Poland eastern Germany Czech Republic

Soot covers ground, air smells like sulphur Acid Rain Acid rain is pollution from industrial sites combined with

moisture that falls as acid rain Most severe in Eastern Europe Damaged 35% Hungary's forest 82% Poland 73% Czech

Republic Slovakia Runoff and meltwater from snow runs into lakes and

rivers killing aquatic life Car exhaust also adds acid-forming compounds to

atmosphere acid Acid deposition harms natural environment historical

buildings (Acropolis and Tower of London) Air PollutionTraffic exhaust and industrial fumes cause respiratory

problems deaths Eastern European countries are the most polluted in

world

Pollution

Global Climate ChangeEnvironmentalists are people

concerned with environmentStudy effect carbon dioxide in

atmosphereGreenhouse effect traps the sun's

heat near EarthWithout it everything would freeze

there would be no life on earthBurning of fossil fuel raised

greenhouse effect raising global temperatures as much as 2 since 1980 and 3.5 since 1860

Sea levels have risen in ever increasing amounts almost every year on record

Scientists call this Global climate change and its effects will be felt for centuries to come

Water Pollution Mediterranean Sea countries use it for

transportation recreationUnfortunately it is also used for waste

disposal dumping sewage garbage industrial waste

Takes almost century to renew itselfHealth hazard for people animalsDanube River full of fertilizersCaused growth of algaeRobs river of oxygen led to loss of fishRaw sewage dumped into riverSeas and rivers in most parts of Europe

have been overfishedDisease and invasive species have

endangered or outright wiped out native species of fish, seals, shellfish and seaweed

Environment Concerns Europeans enjoy nature and want to preserve what little

wilderness is left, while promoting economic growth which can sometimes contradicts themselves

Reintroducing wolves in some parts of Europe in underway

Protection of last untouched forests in Poland and the Carpathian Mts.

Cleanup Efforts EU fines countries for pollution and not meeting

standards Biologists, scientists who study plant and animal life, are

researching effects of acid rain levels on fish Eastern European cities put acid-resistant coating on

buildings statues England successfully cleaned up Thames RiverFuture PlansPower plants are now burning clean natural gas instead of

lignite coal U. S. & Western Europe aiding Eastern Europe to help

modernize industry, clean up pollution

‽ Reducing Pollution