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Annals of Nuclear Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

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Annals of Nuclear Energy

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Mechanical and radiation shielding properties of mortars with additivefine aggregate mine waste

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2016.11.0220306-4549/� 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

⇑ Corresponding author.E-mail addresses:[email protected] (W. Gallala), hayouni.yousra@gmail.

com (Y. Hayouni), [email protected] (M.E. Gaied), [email protected] (M. Fusco),[email protected] (J. Alsaied), [email protected] (K. Bailey), [email protected](M. Bourham).

Please cite this article in press as: Gallala, W., et al. Mechanical and radiation shielding properties of mortars with additive fine aggregate mine wasNucl. Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2016.11.022

Wissem Gallala a,b, Yousra Hayouni c, Mohamed Essghaier Gaied a,c, Michael Fusco d, Jasmin Alsaied d,Kathryn Bailey d, Mohamed Bourhamd,⇑aHigher Institute of Fine Arts, University of Sousse, Station Square, 4000 Sousse, TunisiabResearch Unit of Geosystems, Georessources, Geoenvironments, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, 6072 Gabes, Tunisiac Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Environment, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, TunisiadNorth Carolina State University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Raleigh, NC 27695-7909, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history:Received 1 September 2016Received in revised form 8 November 2016Accepted 14 November 2016Available online xxxx

Keywords:Barite-fluorspar mine wasteRadiation shielding mortarsSand replacementFine aggregatesConcrete blendingGamma ray shielding

Incorporation of barite-fluorspar mine waste (BFMW) as a fine aggregate additive has been investigatedfor its effect on the mechanical and shielding properties of cement mortar. Several mortar mixtures wereprepared with different proportions of BFMW ranging from 0% to 30% as fine aggregate replacement.Cement mortar mixtures were evaluated for density, compressive and tensile strengths, and gammaray radiation shielding. The results revealed that the mortar mixes containing 25% BFMW reaches thehighest compressive strength values, which exceeded 50 MPa. Evaluation of gamma-ray attenuationwas both measured by experimental tests and computationally calculated using MicroShield softwarepackage, and results have shown that using BFMW aggregates increases attenuation coefficient by about20%. These findings have demonstrated that the mine waste can be suitably used as partial replacementaggregate to improve radiation shielding as well as to reduce the mortar and concrete costs.

� 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Research by Souissi et al. (2010) and Bouhlel (1982) has shownthat the Zaghouan fluorite district (in the North-Eastern Tunisia) ischaracterized by occurrences of F-(Ba-Pb-Zn) mineralization asso-ciated with Jurassic limestone. The study performed by Bouhlel(1982) on the distribution of baryum and strontium in the depositsof the Tunisian fluoridated province has indicated that extractionand processing of barite and fluorite in Hammam Jedidi mine havegenerated huge amounts of mine waste and tailings. However,mining in this province was ceased in 1992 and the mine wasabandoned but the waste dumps and tailings piles induces amulti-elemental contamination to the environment. Suchcompositions can be used replacing natural aggregates to minimizeenvironmental hazards and reduce the cost of concrete, thusmining and industrial wastes can be used as alternatives for theconstruction materials.

There is a record of increased use of natural fine aggregates dueto the fast growth within construction industries and the rapidurbanization expansions, which in turn depletes natural resourcesand deteriorates the environment. New approaches for the integra-tion of waste mine materials as partial fine aggregate replacementin concretes is an interesting alternative in concrete mixes that willpreserve fine aggregate for future generations. Several recent stud-ies have been conducted on the use of several waste materials aspartial replacements for fine aggregate (Kundu et al., 2016;Ugama and Ejeh, 2014; Oritola and Saleh, 2014; Vignesh andReddy, 2015; Argane et al., 2016; Shettima et al., 2016). Whilebarite-fluorspar mine waste (BFMW) is one of the waste materialsgenerated from the mining industry but it has not been widelydocumented in previous studies, and to the best of the authors’knowledge no work has been reported on the mechanical proper-ties of mortar containing BFWM as partial fine aggregate replace-ment material.

Previous mineralogical investigations conducted by Mhamdi(2010) and Hayouni (2014) have shown evidence of presence ofheavy minerals such as barite, celestine and galena in the Ham-mam Jedidi mining area. Such materials may also prove to be effec-tive in radiation shielding, especially for gamma ray attenuation,and when added to mortars. It has been reported that concretes

te. Ann.

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2 W. Gallala et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

prepared with fractional content of heavy aggregates of differentminerals are useful radiation absorbents and improves the perfor-mance of concrete gamma ray attenuation (Makarious et al., 1996;Binici, 2010; Binici et al., 2014; Waly and Bourham, 2015; Orlovet al., 2015; Fusco et al., 2016). Some researchers, among themBinici (2010), Akkurt et al. (2006), and Ouda (2014) have indicatedthat gamma-ray attenuation coefficient was only a function of con-crete density while water/cement (W/C) ratio and compressivestrength did not have any significant effects. Slota (1987) investi-gated the incorporation of barite-processing byproduct as rawmaterial for developing cement-less building materials whenwater glass is used as an activating agent. Binici (2010) reportedthe possibility of using this waste barite as coarse and fine aggre-gates in the production of heavy concretes. The durability of theproduced concrete was conventional for the concrete production.Saidani et al. (2015) reported the use of barite, from HammamZriba (North-Eastern Tunisia) in concrete making as partial sub-stituent of sand, does not affect the concrete swelling but reducesmechanical resistance and shrinkage. The work presented hereininvestigates the effect of incorporating mine waste on the attenu-ation of gamma-rays and the mechanical strength of mortarblended with such mine waste.

2. Materials

2.1. Cement and aggregate

The materials used in this study are:

– Ordinary Portland CementOPC-CEM IIA/L (32.5 N), suppliedfrom Oum Al Kelil Cement Company, Tunisia.

– The natural river sand obtained from locally sourced andpotable water.

2.2. Barite-fluorspar mine waste

BFMW was sampled from Hammam Jedidi mining waste dump.Physical test data indicated that its density = 3.27 g/cm3 and fine-ness modulus = 1.1. Mineralogical characterization was carriedout using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and on polished thinsections by polarized optical microscopy (POM) methods. In theXRD diffractogram of BFMW as shown in Fig. 1, besides reflectionscorresponding to calcite, barite-strontian, fluorite and quartz,

Fig. 1. X-ray patte

Please cite this article in press as: Gallala, W., et al. Mechanical and radiation shNucl. Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2016.11.022

reflections corresponding to Celestine and galena are observedwith low intensity. This composition is confirmed by POM as illus-trated in Fig. 2.

Table 1 shows the metal concentrations were measured byInductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS). Tailingcontain Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr, P (mean 497.66, 4136.6, 11, 4.8, 6, and340.33) in higher concentrations. The evaluation of heavy metalswill qualify the tailing samples as hazardous materials.

3. Experimental

The mixtures made with sand were replaced by BFMW in differ-ent proportions (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%) by weight of sand asshown in Table 2.

Mortar samples were prepared according to the Cement testmethod EN 196-1. Prismatic test specimens 40 � 40 � 160 mm insize were used to determine the compressive strength. The speci-mens were cast from a batch of plastic mortar with a water-cement ratio (by weight) of 1:2. The specimens in the mould weresubjected in a moist curing for 24 h and after were stored underwater after de-moulding until strength testing. The density wasdetermined using a pycnometer. The Ultrasonic pulse velocity testwas measured according to standard EN 14579, using a frequencyof 54 kHz.Gamma attenuation experiments were performed usingstandard 5 lCi radiation sources; one Ba-133 (356 keV), one Cs-137 (662 keV), and three Co-60 (1173 keV and 1333 keV), and theywere stacked on each other to form an assembled multi-photonenergy source. The reason for using three Co-60 sources was forproducing a clearer and more defined spectrum of the 1173 and1333 keV photon peaks. The experimental setup uses a 200x200

sodium iodide (NaI) detector with built-in photomultiplier tube(PMT) and preamplifier, an amplifier, and a multichannel analyzer(MCA), all attached to a high voltage power supply. Sources wereplaced 60 cm from the detector, and the total source height was1.6 cm. The concrete was placed on a mesh holder away from thedetector to eliminate buildup. Fig. 3 illustrates the source place-ment and experimental setup for gamma attenuation measure-ments. Attenuation was determined by fitting full-energy photonpeaks to a Gaussian plus linear background and integrating thefunction to calculate the peak intensity. Linear attenuation coeffi-cients were then determined using the gamma ray exponentialattenuation law ITrans ¼ Iincidente�ld, where ITrans is the transmittedintensity through the sample, Iincident is the source incident

rn of BFMW.

ielding properties of mortars with additive fine aggregate mine waste. Ann.


Fig. 2. Optical images of BFMW. (left) under plane polarized light, (right) cross polarized light (Ba: barite, F: fluorite, Gl: galena, Qz: quartz).

Table 1Chemical composition of BFMW.

Major elements Trace elements

Element (%) Min Max Mean Element (ppm) Min Max Mean

LOI 4.06 16.03 9.09 Pb 366 566 497.66SiO2 11.68 14.33 13.30 Zn 3316 4670 4136.66Al2O3 0.22 2.84 1.11 Cd 9.9 13.1 11Fe2O3 0.75 2.5 1.46 Hg <0.5 <0.5 <0.5CaO 7.22 25.74 14.73 Co 4.5 5.1 4.8MgO 0.05 0.32 0.14 Cr 3.3 7.4 6Na2O 0.01 0.03 0.016 Cu 12 25 17.33K2O 0.04 0.41 0.16 Mn 4.4 121.9 43.63SO3 0.68 4.61 3.16 Mo 2.02 2.49 2.18Sr 0.18 5.75 3.38 Ni 0.03 2.34 0.81

P 251 417 340.33Ti 11.8 118.6 48.3

Table 2Mixture proportion of mortars.

Sample Composition

Cement (g) Water (g) Natural Sand BFMW

% g % g

211G 450 225 100 1350 0 012G 450 225 95 1282.5 5 67.513G 450 225 90 1215 10 13514G 450 225 85 1147.5 15 20215G 450 225 80 1080 20 27016G 450 225 75 1012.5 25 337.517G 450 230 70 945 30 405

W. Gallala et al. / Annals of Nuclear Energy xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 3

intensity, is the linear attenuation coefficient of the material(cm�1) and d is the sample thickness (cm). The mass attenuationcoefficient is calculated from the linear attenuation coefficient bydividing l by the mass density q of the concrete material. Thehalf-value layer (HVL) is the thicknesses of an absorber that willreduce the gamma radiation to half of its initial intensity, andcan be calculated using X1=2 ¼ HVL ¼ ln 2=l, where l is calculatedfrom the attenuation equation (Akkurt and Canakci, 2011). Theattenuation coefficients were also assessed based on material com-position and measured density and were calculated using Micro-Shield version 9.05 package (Grove Software, 2012) to compareto experimental results.


4. Results and discussion

4.1. Density of mortar samples

Themeasured density of hardenedmortar is displayed in Table 3along with mechanical properties of each sample. It is obvious thatthere is a slight increase in the density ofmortar, up to 19%,with theincrease of BFMW quantity. This is mainly due to the higher 3.37 g/cm3 specific gravity of BFMW as compared to 2.6 g/cm3 for sand.The sample 16G can be considered as heavy-weight mortar accord-ing to EN TS206-1 (2002) and UNE-EN (2009), which classifies con-crete greater than 2600 kg/m3 as heavy-weight concrete.



Fig. 3. Experimental setup for measuring Gamma-ray attenuation.

Table 3Physical and mechanical properties of mortars.

Sample BFMW (%) Density (g/cm3) Mechanical Strength (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Ultrasonic pulse velocity (km/s)

11G 0 2.13 46.5 3.7 4.7612G 5 2.10 44.1 3.5 4.4913G 10 2.27 43.9 3.1 4.4914G 15 2.18 43.7 2.6 4.4915G 20 2.23 49.7 3.8 4.4916G 25 2.63 50.3 3.7 4.4917G 30 2.24 46.7 2.4 4.25


4.2. Compressive strength

Test results show that the compressive strength of mortar hasincreased when the BFMW ratio was increased up from 20% to25% as illustrated in Fig. 4, however, it decreased when the addi-tion was higher than 25%. This can be explained by the significantincrease in the free water persisting in the mix than that neededfor hydration of the cement (Al-Jabri and Al-Saidy, 2011). The pres-ence of free water with high BFMW content in the mixes affects the

Fig. 4. Compressive strengths of the prepared mortar samples.


separation of the particles causing the creation of pores in thehardened mortar, which consequently leads to the reduction ofthe mortar strength. Moreover, the decrease of compressivestrength can be caused by the low strength of mineralogical asso-ciation of BFMW compared to quartz sand.

4.3. Tensile strength (Brazilian test)

Samples were tested for tensile strength according to NF P 18-408 (EN 12390-6, 2000) .The tensile strength of the rock is calcu-lated using the formula rt ¼ 2P=pDL where rt is the tensilestrength, P is the applied load, and D and L are the diameter andthickness of the sample, respectively. It can be seen from theresults of the splitting tensile test (after 28 days) that the tensilestrength values decreased for 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% BFMW replace-ment. However at 15% and 20% the obtained results are very closecompared to the reference as shown in Table 3. The same behaviorhas been observed for the compressive strength, and hence indi-cates relationship between the two parameters.

4.4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test

This test is used to diagnose the quality and sound insulation ofthe concrete. It was carried out on mortar for different mixes at theage of 28 days. It can be seen fromTable 3 that the ultrasonic



Fig. 5. Linear attenuation coefficients of synthesized mortar samples.

Fig. 6. Measured and calculated c-ray linear attenuation coefficient of mortar samples as a function of photon energy.


velocity does not vary with the BFMW ratios from 5 to 25%. How-ever, the results illustrate that the increase is more significant forthe sample containing 30%. This reduction could be attributed tothe presence of cleaved structures of calcite, fluorite and baritewhich constitute weaker bonds between atoms in the crystal lat-tice. According to the classification proposed by Leslie and Chees-man (Leslie and Cheesman, 1949), shown in Table 4, and basedon ultrasonic pulse measurements the mortar made by BFMW isclassified as good concrete.

Table 4Classification of concrete based on ultrasonic pulse velocity(Leslie and Cheesman, 1949).

Ultrasound velocity (m/s) Concrete classification

V > 4575 Excellent4575 > V > 3660 Good3660 > V > 3050 Questionable3050 > V > 2135 PoorV < 2135 Very poor


4.5. Linear attenuation coefficients

The linear attenuation coefficients (l) for the 7 different mor-tars have been measured at photon energies of 356, 662, 1173and 1333 keV. Results indicate that the linear attenuation coeffi-cient of different samples decreases with increasing energy, as isexpected. The attenuation decreases dramatically from 356 keVto 662 keV photons, and the decrease in attenuation slows forhigher energies. This trend is attributed to the dominance of pho-toelectric absorption and Compton scattering for low- andintermediate-energy gammas (Erdem et al., 2010; El-Khayatt,2010; Akkurt et al., 2005; Akkurt et al., 1476). Furthermore, theresults revealed that samples containing higher amount of BFMWhas the highest attenuation ability, as shown in Fig. 5.

However, the attenuation is different at different photon ener-gies and is also coupled to the specific density of each sample.All samples with BFMW greater than 20% are of higher attenuationthan samples with BFMW below 20%. Samples 15G, 16G and 17Gare of higher attenuation for the photon energy of 662 keV and1173 keV than all other samples. Similarly, at lower photon energy



Fig. 7. Linear attenuation coefficient versus the mortar density for different energies.

Fig. 8. Variation of half-value Thickness of mortar samples.


of 356 keV except sample 16G which shows higher attenuationthan 15G (20% BFMW) and 17G (30% BFMW). This is attributedto the higher density of sample 16G (2.63 g/cm3) as compared tosample17G (2.24 g/cm3). It is also of higher mechanical strength(50.3 MPa) while sample 17G is 46.7 MPa. It can also be seen fromFig. 4 that sample 16G has higher compressive strength.

Linear attenuation coefficients were also calculated usingMicro-Shield v9.05 based on the composition of each sample. A samplecomparison between MicroShield and experimental values isshown in Fig. 6 for the mortar sample (17G). It can be seen that cal-culated attenuation coefficients generally lie within experimentaluncertainty with the exception being for the 662 keV gamma ray.Differences between MicroShield and experimental attenuationcoefficients may be attributed to inhomogeneity within the mortaror slight compositional differences, which would affect attenuationand are not taken into account for MicroShield calculations.

The linear attenuation coefficient for the samples versus theirrespective density is plotted in Fig. 7 at various photon energies.It is clear that the shielding is enhanced with the addition of


BFMW, as the data show a general trend of increasing attenuationwith density. Furthermore, when BFMW is used, a shielding wallcould be between 3 and 10% thinner than when ordinary mortaris used.

Sample 13G has 10% BFMW, 2.27 g/cm3, 43.9 MPa mechanicalstrength, 3.1 MPa tensile strength, and has the lowest compressivestrength. While the specific density is higher than 15G (2.23 g/cm3)but sample 13G has low compressive strength indicating possibleformation of voids in the mortar mix, which affects the transmis-sion of gamma ray through the bulk of the sample and reducesthe attenuation effectiveness.

The HVL is the thickness at which an absorber will reduce theradiation to half. The material which has the lower values of HVLis considered a better radiation shielding material in terms ofthickness requirements (Mann et al., 2016; Tarim et al., 2013).Fig. 8 shows the variation of the half-value thickness of mortarsamples. It is obvious that the HVL increases with the increase inthe photon energy, however, HVL decreases with the increase inthe ratio of the BFMW.




5. Conclusions

The following major conclusions can be drawn based on theresults from the study. Barite-fluorspar tailing may be utilized forthe partial replacement for natural fine aggregates up to 30%replacement. Mortar containing 25% BFMW consistently showedhigher compressive strength than the ordinary mortar. The linearattenuation coefficients (l) are higher for mortar made withBFMW than that of ordinary mortar, which leads to the conclusionthat BFMW could be a potential and important material to be usedin enhancing radiation shielding of mortars. Furthermore BFMWcould be used in mortar and concrete as a sand substitute whichwould reduce cost, environmental impact and ensure sustainabil-ity of natural resources.

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