ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Working on presentations is one of the important aspects in an engineering students carrier. It is to strengthen the practical concepts. These presentation seminars make the student more acquainted with the latest technology and recent developments in their field. Also, enhances ones communication and presentation skills.

Firstly, I convey my sincere thanks to all the employees of CSE Department of IIMT Engineering College, Meerut. Doing a task in a better manner is never one mans effort. It is often the result of the invaluable contribution of number of individuals in a direct or indirect manner. I convey special thanks to our HOD, Amit Sir, for his special guidance and for providing me the opportunity to make and present a seminar, and I express my gratitude to all the department members for their help and cooperation.

Km. Anjali Verma

PREFACE

Engineering students gain only theoretical knowledge through books. But theoretical knowledge alone is not sufficient for absolute mastery in any field. The knowledge provided by our books is not of much use without knowing its practical implementation. It has been experienced that theoretical knowledge is volatile in nature, however, practical knowledge imparts solid foundation in our mind.

This report is in fact a summary oPA f, what I have learnt and seen and done in my presentation titled PER BATTERY. Succeeding chapters give details of all the necessary data- the details of this new innovative technology that turns the surface of the human body as a safe, high speed network transmission path.

Km. Anjali Verma

ABSTRACT

The Batteries form a significant part of many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical batteries or cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries based on the charging ability are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely used because of their rechargeable nature. Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space and contributes to a large part of the device's weight. There is strong recent interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New research suggests that carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of implementing the flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more.

The paper batteries could meet the energy demands of the next generation gadgets. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are separate in traditional electronics. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic, flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical technologies.

The various types of batteries followed by the operation principle, manufacturing and working of paper batteries are discussed in detail.

Keywords: paper batteries, flexible, carbon nanotubes

Table of ContentsChapter

Page No1. Introduction To Batteries..51.1 Terminologies......61.2 Principle Of Operation Of Cell...71.3 Types Of Battery....81.4 Recent Developments.....91.5 Life Of Battery....91.6 Hazards......102. Paper Battery...113. Carbon Nanotubes......154. Fabrication Of Paper Battery........205. Working Of Paper Battery.....216. Advantages Of Paper Battery........227. Limitations Of Paper Battery........238. Applications Of Paper Battery.....249. Conclusion.....25References..26List Of FiguresFigures

DescriptionFigure 1aSymbolic View Of The BatteryFigure 1b...Conventional Battery

Figure 1.2..Principle Operation Of BatteryFigure 1.3a....Primary CellFigure 1.3b....Secondary CellFigure 1.4..USB CellFigure 1.5..Life Of Battery

Figure 1.6..Electronic WasteFigure 2.....Paper BatteryFigure 3.....Carbon NanotubesFigure 4.....Fabrication Process

Figure 5.....Working Process

CHAPTER-1 1. INTRODUCTION TO BATTERIESAn electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.

Batteries are represented symbolically as

Fig. 1a Symbolic view

Fig. 1b conventional batteryElectrons flow from the negative terminal towards the positive terminal.

Based on the rechargeable nature batteries are classified as

a. Non rechargeable or primary cells

b. Rechargeable or secondary cells

Based on the size they are classified as

a. Miniature batteries

b. Industrial batteries

Based on nature of electrolyte

a. Dry cell

b. Wet cell

1.1 Terminologies

1.1.1 Accumulator - A rechargeable battery or cell

1.1.2 Ampere-Hour Capacity - The number of ampere-hours which can be delivered by a battery on a single discharge.

1.1.3 Anode - During discharge, the negative electrode of the cell is the anode. During charge, that reverses and the positive electrode of the cell is the anode. The anode gives up electrons to the load circuit and dissolves into the electrolyte.

1.1.4 Battery Capacity - The electric output of a cell or battery on a service test delivered before the cell reaches a specified final electrical condition and may be expressed in ampere-hours, watt- hours, or similar units. The capacity in watt-hours is equal to the capacity in ampere-hours multiplied by the battery voltage.

1.1.5 Cutoff Voltage final - The prescribed lower-limit voltage at which battery discharge is considered complete. The cutoff or final voltage is usually chosen so that the maximum useful capacity of the battery is realized.

1.1.6 C - Used to signify a charge or discharge rate equal to the capacity of a battery divided by 1 hour. Thus C for a 1600 mAh battery would be 1.6 A, C/5 for the same battery would be 320 mA and C/10 would be 160 mA.

1.1.7 Capacity - The capacity of a battery is a measure of the amount of energy that it can deliver in a single discharge. Battery capacity is normally listed as amp-hours (or milli amp-hours) or as watt-hours.1.1.8 Cathode - Is an electrode that, in effect, oxidizes the anode or absorbs the electrons. During discharge, the positive electrode of a voltaic cell is the cathode. When charging, that reverses and the negative electrode of the cell is the cathode.

1.1.9 Cycle - One sequence of charge and discharge.1.1.10 Cycle Life - For rechargeable batteries, the total number of charge/discharge cycles the cell can sustain before its capacity is significantly reduced. End of life is usually considered to be reached when the cell or battery delivers only 80% of rated ampere- hour capacity.

1.1.11 Electrochemical Couple - The system of active materials within a cell that provides electrical energy storage through an electrochemical reaction.1.1.12 Electrode - An electrical conductor through which an electric current enters or leaves a conducting medium

1.1.13 Electrolyte - A chemical compound which, when fused or dissolved in certain solvents, usually water, will conduct an electric current.

1.1.14 Internal Resistance - The resistance to the flow of an electric current within the cell or battery.1.1.15 Open-Circuit Voltage - The difference in potential between the terminals of a cell when the circuit is open (i.e., a no-load condition).1.1.16 Voltage, cutoff - Voltage at the end of useful discharge. (See Voltage, end-point.)

1.1.17 Voltage, end-point - Cell voltage below which the connected equipment will not operate or below which operation is not recommended.

1.2 Principal of Operation of cell

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a number of voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode. The other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions) migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode, while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half cells allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.

Fig. 1.2 principle operationEach half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts. Likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emf of 3 volts or more.1.3 Types of batteries

Batteries are classified into two broad categories. Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality) transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means. Secondary batteries can be recharged. That is, they can have their chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring their original composition.

Primary batteries: This can produce current immediately on assembly. Disposable batteries are intended to be used once and discarded. These are most commonly used in portable devices that have low current drain, are only used intermittently, or are used well away from an alternative power source, such as in alarm and communication circuits where other electric power is only intermittently available. Disposable primary cells cannot be reliably recharged, since the chemical reactions are not easily reversible and active materials may not return to their original forms. Battery manufacturers recommend against attempting recharging primary cells. Common types of disposable batteries include zinc-carbon batteries and alkaline batteries.

Secondary batteries: These batteries must be charged before use. They are usually assembled with active materials in the discharged state. Rechargeable batteries or secondary cells can be recharged by applying electric current, which reverses the chemical reactions that occur during its use. Devices to supply the appropriate current are called chargers or rechargers.

Fig. 1.3a Primary cell

Fig. 1.3b Secondary cell1.4 Recent developments

Recent developments include batteries with embedded functionality such as USBCELL, with a built-in charger and USB connector within the AA format, enabling the battery to be charged by plugging into a USB port without a charger USB Cell is the brand of NiMH rechargeable battery produced by a company called Moixa Energy. The batteries include a USB connector to allow recharging using a powered USB port. The product range currently available is limited to a 1300 mAh.

Fig. 1.4 USB cell1.5 Life of battery

Even if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary") batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a temperature of about 2030C. [54] This is known as the "self-discharge" rate and is due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions, which occur within the cell even if no load is applied to it. The rate of the side reactions is reduced if the batteries are stored at low temperature, although some batteries can be damaged by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce battery performance. This will affect the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.6 volts.

Rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly than disposable alkaline batteries, especially nickel-based batteries a freshly charged NiCd loses 10% of its charge in the first 24 hours, and thereafter discharges at a rate of about 10% a month. Most nickel- based batteries are partially discharged when purchased, and must be charged before first use.

1.6 Hazards related to batteries

1.6.1 Explosion

A battery explosion is caused by the misuse or malfunction of a battery, such as attempting to recharge a primary (non-rechargeable) battery, or short circuiting a battery.

1.6.2 Corrosion

Many battery chemicals are corrosive, poisonous, or both. If leakage occurs, either spontaneously or through accident, the chemicals released may be dangerous1.6.3 Environmental pollutionThe widespread use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. Battery manufacture consumes resources and often involves hazardous chemicals. Used batteries also contribute to electronic waste.Americans purchase nearly three billion batteries annually, and about 179,000 tons of those end up in landfills across the country.

1.6.4 Ingestion

Small button/disk batteries can be swallowed by young children. While in the digestive tract the battery's electrical discharge can burn the tissues and can be serious enough to lead to death.

Fig 1.6 Electronic waste CHAPTER-2 PAPER BATTERY

Energy has always been spotlighted. In the past few years a lot of inventions have been made in this particular field. The tiny nuclear batteries that can provide energy for 10 years, but they use radioactive elements and are quite expensive. Few years back some researchers from Stanford University started experiments concerning the ways in which a copier paper could be used as a battery source. After a long way of struggle they, recently, concluded that the idea was right. The batteries made from a plain copier paper could make for the future energy storage that is truly thin.

The anatomy of paper battery is based on the use of Carbon Nanotubes tiny cylinders to collect electric charge. The paper is dipped in lithium containing solution. The nanotubes will act as electrodes allowing storage device to conduct electricity. Its astounding to know that all the components of a conventional battery are integrated in a single paper structure; hence the complete mechanism for a battery is minimized to a size of paper.

One of the many reasons behind choosing the paper as a medium for battery is the well-designed structure of millions of interconnected fibers in it. These fibers can hold on carbon nanotubes easily. Also a paper has the capability to bent or curl.

You can fold it in different shapes and forms plus it as light as feather. Output voltage is modest but it could be increased if we use a stack of papers. Hence the voltage issues can be easily controlled without difficulty. Usage of paper as a battery will ultimately lead to weight diminution of batteries many times as compared to traditional batteries.

It is said that the paper battery also has the capability of releasing the energy quickly. That makes it best utilization for devices that needs burst of energy, mostly electric vehicles. Further, the medical uses are particularly attractive because they do not contain any toxic materials. CHAPTER-3 CARBON NANOTUBESCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties, making them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields. They may also have applications in the construction of body armor. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors. Fig 3.1 Carbon nanotubesTheir name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the width of a human hair), while they can be up to 18 centimeters in length (as of 2010). Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).

In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electric current density of 4 109 A/cm2 which is more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as copper, where for copper interconnects current densities are limited by electro migration.

In paper batteries the nanotubes act as electrodes, allowing the storage devices to conduct electricity. The battery, which functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor, can provide a long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a super capacitors quick burst of high energy and while a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

Carbon nanotubes have been implemented in Nano electromechnical systems, including mechanical memory elements(NRAM being developed by Nantero Inc.)

A recent research done by a group of researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York are back to using paper with a high-tech twist. Carbon nanotubes are infused into a material that is 90 per cent cellulose and which is virtually identical to ordinary paper. The nanotubes, which colour the paper black, act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity. The results originally appeared online in RPI News on August 13, 2007.

The device functions as both a lithium-ion battery and a super-capacitor, which stores charge like a battery but has no electrolyte. The paper battery provides a long, steady power output as against a conventional battery and also as a super-capacitor's quick burst of high energy. The ionic liquid electrolyte that is soaked into the paper is a liquid salt and contains no water, so it won't freeze or boil. The paper battery also uses no toxic chemicals. Not only does it help power electronic devices, but in larger configurations the paper battery could be moulded into shapes like the door of a car.

The paper battery resulted from an accidental collaboration of three laboratories at Rensselaer that were melding the contributions of students in the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering; materials science; and electrical engineering. Dr. Robert Linhardt's group was making thin cellulose membranes to help in kidney research. A student in another lab suggested carbon nanotubes to make the membranes stronger, and a student in the third lab saw the potential for use as a battery and super-capacitor.

The researchers have now formed a company called as the Paper Battery Company. Now their goal is to take the process that they began in the lab and adapt it to large-scale fabrication that would lend it to commercial applications. They now need to boost the battery's energy capacity, and also lower the cost of making the batteries on a large scale. In addition to transportation, they hope to adapt their design for use with windmills and with photovoltaic cells, which produce electricity from sunlight. These batteries would be used to store energy for u he sun is not shining or when the wind is not blowing.The nanoengineered battery is lightweight, ultra thin, completely flexible, and geared toward meeting the trickiest design and energy requirements of tomorrows gadgets, implantable medical equipment, and transportation vehicles.

Along with its ability to function in temperatures up to 300 degrees Fahrenheit and down to 100 below zero, the device is completely integrated and can be printed like paper. The device is also unique in that it can function as both a high-energy battery and a high-power supercapacitor, which are generally separate components in most electrical systems. Another key feature is the capability to use human blood or sweat to help power the battery.

Details of the project are outlined in the paper Flexible Energy Storage Devices Based on Nanocomposite Paper published Aug. 13 in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The semblance to paper is no accident: more than 90 percent of the device is made up of cellulose, the same plant cells used in newsprint, loose leaf, lunch bags, and nearly every other type of paper.

Rensselaer researchers infused this paper with aligned carbon nanotubes, which give the device its black color. The nanotubes act as electrodes and allow the storage devices to conduct electricity. The device, engineered to function as both a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor, can provide the long, steady power output comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitors quick burst of high energy.

The device can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into any number of shapes with no loss of mechanical integrity or efficiency. The paper batteries can also be stacked, like a ream of printer paper, to boost the total power output.

Its essentially a regular piece of paper, but its made in a very intelligent way, said paper co-author Robert Linhardt, the Ann and John H. Broadbent Senior Constellation Professor of Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering at Rensselaer.

Were not putting pieces together its a single, integrated device, he said. The components are molecularly attached to each other: the carbon nanotube print is embedded in the paper, and the electrolyte is soaked into the paper. The end result is a device that looks, feels, and weighs the same as paper.

The creation of this unique nanocomposite paper drew from a diverse pool of disciplines, requiring expertise in materials science, energy storage, and chemistry. Along with Linhardt, authors of the paper include Pulickel M. Ajayan, professor of materials science and engineering, and Omkaram Nalamasu, professor of chemistry with a joint appointment in materials science and engineering. Senior research specialist Victor Pushparaj, along with postdoctoral research associates Shaijumon M. Manikoth, Ashavani Kumar, and Saravanababu Murugesan, were co-authors and lead researchers of the project. Other co-authors include research associate Lijie Ci and Rensselaer Nanotechnology Center Laboratory Manager Robert Vajtai.

The researchers used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the batterys electrolyte. Its important to note that ionic liquid contains no water, which means theres nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate. This lack of water allows the paper energy storage devices to withstand extreme temperatures, Kumar said.

Along with use in small handheld electronics, the paper batteries light weight could make them ideal for use in automobiles, aircraft, and even boats. The paper also could be molded into different shapes, such as a car door, which would enable important new engineering innovations.

Plus, because of the high paper content and lack of toxic chemicals, its environmentally safe, Shaijumon said.

Paper is also extremely biocompatible and these new hybrid battery/supercapcitors have potential as power supplies for devices implanted in the body. The team printed paper batteries without adding any electrolytes, and demonstrated that naturally occurring electrolytes in human sweat, blood, and urine can be used to activate the battery device.

Its a way to power a small device such as a pacemaker without introducing any harsh chemicals such as the kind that are typically found in batteries into the body, Pushparaj said.

The materials required to create the paper batteries are inexpensive, Murugesan said, but the team has not yet developed a way to inexpensively mass produce the devices. The end goal is to print the paper using a roll-to-roll system similar to how newspapers are printed.

When we get this technology down, well basically have the ability to print batteries and print supercapacitors, Ajayan said. We see this as a technology thats just right for the current energy market, as well as the electronics industry, which is always looking for smaller, lighter power sources. Our device could make its way into any number of different applications.

The team of researchers has already filed a patent protecting the invention. They are now working on ways to boost the efficiency of the batteries and supercapacitors, and investigating different manufacturing techniques.

"Energy storage is an area that can be addressed by nanomanufacturing technologies and our truly inter-disciplinary collaborative activity that brings together advances and expertise in nanotechnology, room-temperature ionic liquids, and energy storage devices in a creative way to devise novel battery and supercapacitor devices," Nalamasu said.

The paper energy storage device project was supported by the New York State Office of Science, Technology, and Academic Research (NYSTAR), as well as the National Science Foundation (NSF) through the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center at Rensselaer.

In this highly technological world with advanced machines, electronics have been woven into almost every aspect of everyday life. Batteries are integrated into the majority of any electric appliance found in the home and work place, and therefore could be titled as one of the most important tools to ever be invented. The knowledge of how batteries operate is substantial to understanding the basics of any electrical contraption.

The first evidence of batteries was dated to be from in the neighborhood of 250B.C. These ancient batteries were discovered in archaelogical digs in Baghdad, Iraq. These antiquated batteries were used in simple operations to electroplate objects with a thin layer of metal, much the same way we plate things with gold and silver. Much later, batteries were re-discovered in 1800 by a man named Alessandro Volta. The electrical unit of potential was named after him-the volt. Alessandro Volta was born in 1745 and died in 1827, and in this time period he re-produced one of the most important parts of life. He developed the battery by alternating pieces of electrolyte soaked discs (sodium chloride), zinc, and copper plates. These plates and discs were stacked in a 1 2 3 order, and when a wire was placed on the two poles of the battery it would produce electricity.

Battery chemistry is a complex science to gain complete knowledge about, but basic battery chemistry will be covered. An electrochemical cell uses energy released from a spontaneous chemical redox reaction to generate electric current. The current is derived from the flow of electrons conducted through the metal and the movement of ions in a solution, called electrolytic conduction. A battery consists of a single electrochemical cell or a number of cells connected in series.(Fisher,518) A battery could be created by using a Zinc anode and a copper cathode. An anode is a part of an electrochemical cell that releases electrons to the cathode, therefore being oxidized, and a cathode receives the electrons from the anode, therefore it undergoes reduction. So to create the Zinc/Copper battery, the Zinc rod would be placed into a Zinc Sulphate solution(ZnSO4), and the Copper rod would go into the Copper Sulphate solution(CuSO4). When the two rods are connects in some way, by wire or by deliberate touch, many things happen. ...

Fig 3.2 Battery in OpertaionCHAPTER-4 FABRICATION OF PAPER BATTERY

The materials required for the preparation of paper battery are

a. Copier paper

b. Carbon nano ink

c. Oven

The steps involved in the preparation of the paper battery are as follows

Step 1: The copier paper is taken.

Step 2: carbon Nano ink which is black in color is taken. Carbon nano ink is a solution of nano rods, surface adhesive agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on one side of the paper.

Step 3: the paper is kept inside the oven at 150C temperature. This evaporates the water content on the paper. The paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.

Step 4: place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and we can see voltage drop is generated.

Fig 4. Fabrication processAfter drying the paper becomes flexible, light weight in nature. The paper is scratched and rolled to protect the nano rods on paper.

CHAPTER-5 WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY

The battery produces electricity in the same way as the conventional lithium-ion batteries that power so many of today's gadgets, but all the components have been incorporated into a lightweight, flexible sheet of paper.

The devices are formed by combining cellulose with an infusion of aligned carbon nanotubes. The carbon is what gives the batteries their black color. These tiny filaments act like the electrodes found in a traditional battery, conducting electricity when the paper comes into contact with an ionic liquid solution.

Ionic liquids contain no water, which means that there is nothing to freeze or evaporate in extreme environmental conditions. As a result, paper batteries can function between -75 and 1500C.

The paper is made conducting material by dipping in ink. The paper works as a conductive layer. Two sheets of paper kept facing inward act like parallel plates (high energy electrodes). It can store energy like a super capacitor and it can discharge bursts of energy because of large surface area of nano tubes.

Fig.5 working of a paper batteryChlorine ions flow from the positive electrode to the negative one, while electrons travel through the external circuit, providing current. The paper electrode stores charge while recharging in tens of seconds because ions flow through the thin electrode quickly. In contrast, lithium batteries take 20 minutes to recharge.

CHAPTER-6 ADVANTAGES

The flexible shape allows the paper battery to be used small or irregularly-shaped electronics:

One of the unique features of the paper battery is that it can be bent to any such shape or design that the user might have in mind. The battery can easily squeeze into tight crevasses and can be cut multiple times without ruining the battery's life. For example if a battery is cut in half, each piece will function, however, each piece will only contain 1/2 the amount of original power. Conversely, placing two sheets of paper battery on top of one-another will double the power. The paper battery may replace conventional batteries completely:

By layering sheets of this paper, the battery's voltage and current can be increased that many times. Since the main components of the paper battery are carbon nanotubes and cellulose, the body structure of the battery is very thin, "paper-thin". Thus to maximize even more power, the sheets of battery paper can be stacked on top of one another to give off tremendous power. This can allow the battery to have a much higher amount of power for the same size of storage as a current battery and also be environmentally friendly at the same time.

Supply power to an implanted pacemaker in the human body by using the electrolytes in human blood:

An improvement in the techniques used in the health field can be aided by the paper battery. Experiments have taken place showing that batteries can be energized by the electrolyte emitted from one's own blood or body sweat. This can conserve the usage of battery acid and rely on an environmental friendly mechanism of fueling battery cells with the help from our bodies.

The paper battery can be molded to take the shape of large objects, like a car door:As stated earlier, the key characteristics that make the paper battery very appealing are that it can be transformed into any shape or size, it can be cut multiple times without damaging it, and it can be fueled through various ways besides the typical harmful battery acid that is used in the current day battery. LIMITATIONS

Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to make it commercially viable.Carbon nanotubes are very expensive, and batteries with large enough power are unlikely to be cost effective. Cutting of trees leading to destroying of the nature.APPLICATIONS

Pace makers in heart (uses blood as electrolyte) Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets

Powered smart cards RF id tags

Smart toys, children sound books

E-cards, greetings, talking posters

Girls/boys apparel CONCLUSION

We have discussed the various terminologies, principle of operation of a battery and recent developments related to it. The life of a battery is an important parameter which decides the area of application of the battery. Increased use of batteries gives rise to E-waste which poses great damage to our environment.

In the year 2007 paper battery was manufactured. The technology is capable of replacing old bulky batteries. The paper batteries can further reduce the weight of the electronic gadgets.

The adaptations to the paper battery technique in the future could allow for simply painting the nanotube ink and active materials onto surfaces such as walls. These surfaces can produce energy. REFERENCES

Thin, Flexible Secondary Li-Ion Paper Batteries Liangbing Hu, Hui Wu, Fabio La Mantia, Yuan Yang, and Yi Cui

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305.

David Linden Handbook of batteries

Fig 1.5 Life cycle

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