Animals Animals sanssans Backbone Backbone

How are we related??How are we related??

Introduction Introduction

• Most (97%) of the amazing life which is located Most (97%) of the amazing life which is located within the oceans, or anywhere else, doesn’t have a within the oceans, or anywhere else, doesn’t have a backbone!backbone!

• In every class of invertebrate we can find a marine In every class of invertebrate we can find a marine example…convenient, eh?example…convenient, eh?

Summary of InvertebratesSummary of Invertebrates

• Sponges-spongeSponges-sponge• Cnidarians- “jellyfish” Cnidarians- “jellyfish” • Comb Jellies- comb jelliesComb Jellies- comb jellies• Symmetrical Worms-flat, round, segmented wormsSymmetrical Worms-flat, round, segmented worms• Molluscs-snails, clams, oysters, scallops, octopuses Molluscs-snails, clams, oysters, scallops, octopuses • Arthropods-copepods, shrimp, and lobsterArthropods-copepods, shrimp, and lobster• Echinoderms- seastars, brittlestarsEchinoderms- seastars, brittlestars• Chordates-seasquirtsChordates-seasquirts

SpongesSponges

• Sponges are really nothing but a loose aggregation Sponges are really nothing but a loose aggregation of specialized cells.of specialized cells.

• Of the 6,000 known spp. nearly all are marine.Of the 6,000 known spp. nearly all are marine.

• Amazingly enough, these cells don’t actually form Amazingly enough, these cells don’t actually form organs, but do serve similar functions, keeping the organs, but do serve similar functions, keeping the animal(s) alive.animal(s) alive.

James FatherreeJames Fatherree

Porifera-Sponges Porifera-Sponges (the pore bearers)(the pore bearers)

Spicules are like calcium carbonate or silica re-bar for sponges, providing support for a larger congregation.

SpongesSponges

• Do they “sits and thinks, or Do they “sits and thinks, or do they just sits??”do they just sits??”

• Sponges are Sponges are sessile sessile and and remain permanently remain permanently attached to the substrate attached to the substrate they alight upon.they alight upon.

Still, if you carve ‘em up, they come back for more!!Still, if you carve ‘em up, they come back for more!!

It’s more amazing than that. If you mix groups of sponges together, It’s more amazing than that. If you mix groups of sponges together, they will usually reorganize into their original groups. they will usually reorganize into their original groups.

Suspension feeding: natural water purificationSuspension feeding: natural water purification

Reproduction: Asexual vs. sexualReproduction: Asexual vs. sexual

Damage to a sponge can actually promote asexual reproduction, asDamage to a sponge can actually promote asexual reproduction, as““parts” can land elsewhere and form new sponges.parts” can land elsewhere and form new sponges.

Sexual reproductionSexual reproduction

• Many sponges are Many sponges are hermaphroditeshermaphrodites, containing , containing male and female reproductive male and female reproductive capabilities, yet do not self-capabilities, yet do not self- fertilize.fertilize.

•Tube sponges, such as this Tube sponges, such as this Verongia archeriVerongia archeri which is which is common in Caribbean waterscommon in Caribbean waters use use broadcast spawningbroadcast spawning to to disperse sperm and eggs in disperse sperm and eggs in a flurry of activity that isa flurry of activity that is often coordinated with lunaroften coordinated with lunar cycles.cycles.

General Sponge TypesGeneral Sponge Types

Sponges fall into several basic categories, mostly depending on Sponges fall into several basic categories, mostly depending on shape:shape:

branchingbranching

tubulartubular

roundround

encrustingencrusting

glassglass

boring (destructive)boring (destructive)

Hawaiian encrusting spongeHawaiian encrusting sponge

Sclerosponge (CaCOSclerosponge (CaCO33))Ceratoporella nicholsoniCeratoporella nicholsoni

Harvested spongesHarvested sponges

Cnidarians

Sea anemones, jellyfishes, coral, etc.Sea anemones, jellyfishes, coral, etc.

CnidariansCnidarians

• Finally, we see a pie that can Finally, we see a pie that can be sliced!be sliced!

• Cnidarians actually exhibit Cnidarians actually exhibit radial symmetryradial symmetry

in which similar body parts in which similar body parts can be grouped around a can be grouped around a central axis.central axis.

• Here we also observe a large Here we also observe a large jump on the evolutionary jump on the evolutionary scale: scale: tissuestissues that perform that perform specific functions.specific functions.

General Cnidarian StructureGeneral Cnidarian Structureand Functionand Function• Centrally located mouthCentrally located mouth

• Oral surface (mouth)Oral surface (mouth)

• Aboral surface (opposite end)Aboral surface (opposite end)

• TentaclesTentacles

• GutGut

• Nematocysts (cnidae)!Nematocysts (cnidae)!

• Polyp and Medusa: reproductivePolyp and Medusa: reproductive stagesstages

Beautiful, but deadly! This colonialBeautiful, but deadly! This colonialhydrozoan still contains cnidae.hydrozoan still contains cnidae.

Macrorhynchia phillipina

Discharged Discharged nematocystsnematocysts, , stingingcells used for defense stingingcells used for defense and prey captureand prey capture, , have been have been the plague of more than fish. the plague of more than fish. Stings from certain jellyfish Stings from certain jellyfish have resulted in death in a have resulted in death in a matter of hours, especially matter of hours, especially for infants.for infants.

Irukandji syndrome:Irukandji syndrome:

A sting from this little guy can cause the following:A sting from this little guy can cause the following:

““It begins with a mild sting, followed by severe lower back pain, It begins with a mild sting, followed by severe lower back pain, muscle cramps in arms, legs, stomach and chest. It causes sweating,muscle cramps in arms, legs, stomach and chest. It causes sweating,anxiety, nausea, vomiting, headaches and palpitations, and has alsoanxiety, nausea, vomiting, headaches and palpitations, and has alsobeen known to cause cardiac failure.”been known to cause cardiac failure.”

Carukia barnesi: the badest of the bad!Carukia barnesi: the badest of the bad!

CnidariansCnidarians

1. 1. PolypPolyp: a sac-like attached : a sac-like attached stage with a mouth and stage with a mouth and tentacles (mostly sessile)tentacles (mostly sessile)

2. 2. MedusaMedusa: a mobile bell-like : a mobile bell-like upside down polyp upside down polyp (jellyfish).(jellyfish).

CnidariansCnidarians

Types of CnidariaTypes of Cnidaria

Sea fanSea fan

Cnidaria come in all shapes and sizes.Cnidaria come in all shapes and sizes.

•Hydrozoans- feathey hydroidsHydrozoans- feathey hydroids

•Siphonophores- man-o-warSiphonophores- man-o-war

•Scyphozoans- large jellyfishScyphozoans- large jellyfish

•Anthozoan-sea anemones and coralAnthozoan-sea anemones and coral

•Most of the animals found within Cnidaria Most of the animals found within Cnidaria are all carnivores.are all carnivores.

multiple comb jelliesmultiple comb jellies

Comb jellies: CtenophoraComb jellies: Ctenophora

Similar to cnidarians in most respects.

Nearly 100 spp.

Contain cilliary combs which assist in prey capture and mobility.

Marine Worms, etc.Marine Worms, etc.

• Marine worms, and organisms Marine worms, and organisms hereafter, kick it up a notch hereafter, kick it up a notch exhibiting exhibiting bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry (just like humans). (just like humans).

• Instead of addressing front and Instead of addressing front and back, we’ll discuss anterior, back, we’ll discuss anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral.posterior, dorsal and ventral.

• We’ll also pick up a CNS! We’ll also pick up a CNS!

• Bilateral symmetry, and all that Bilateral symmetry, and all that goes with it, results in goes with it, results in enhanced motion and enhanced motion and sophisticated behaviors.sophisticated behaviors.

Flatworms: PlatyhelminthesFlatworms: Platyhelminthes•These simple organismsThese simple organisms contain organs and contain organs and systems.systems.

•Nearly 20,000 spp. existNearly 20,000 spp. exist •The most common areThe most common are turbellarians, like this turbellarians, like this Pseudoiceros gratusPseudoiceros gratus from from the Great Barrier Reef (lowerthe Great Barrier Reef (lower right.) right.)

•About 6,000 spp. are parasitic, ex.About 6,000 spp. are parasitic, ex. flukes (trematodes) and flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes)tapeworms (cestodes)

(Steve Irwin would be proud(Steve Irwin would be proud ‘ ‘cause “She’s a beauty!”)cause “She’s a beauty!”)

Ribbon worms look like tapeworms.Ribbon worms look like tapeworms.

However, they exhibit a complete However, they exhibit a complete digestive tract and a circulatory system.digestive tract and a circulatory system.

~900 spp. exist~900 spp. exist

NematodeNematode

• Roundworm numbers are staggering in the marine Roundworm numbers are staggering in the marine world. world.

• Many animals have them.Many animals have them.

• Some even find there way into fish (which we Some even find there way into fish (which we ingest when we eat sashimi).ingest when we eat sashimi).

Segmented WormsSegmented Worms

• 20,000 spp. 20,000 spp.

• Known as AnnelidsKnown as Annelids

• First example of segmentation. First example of segmentation.

• Allows for flexability and excellent burrowing Allows for flexability and excellent burrowing ability.ability.

Polycheates-many bristles (setae)Polycheates-many bristles (setae)

~10,000 spp.~10,000 spp.

Exhibit parapodiaExhibit parapodia

Evolution of gills.Evolution of gills.

FirewormFirewormHermodice carunculataHermodice carunculata

Sandworm Sandworm NereisNereis

This feather-duster worm, This feather-duster worm, Sabella melanostigmaSabella melanostigma, is a perfect example, is a perfect exampleof beauty, form and function.of beauty, form and function.

Next time…Next time…

• Gastropods, Molluscs, and ArthropodsGastropods, Molluscs, and Arthropods