Marine Invertebrates

Marine Invertebrates

Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes) Kingdom Animalia (animals) No vertebra (backbone) 97% of all animal species on earth

Phylogenetics

Protostomes(mouth first)

Deuterostomes(mouth second)

Embryo cell division

simple ---------------------------- complex

Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

Pelagic vs. Benthic Zones

Suspension vs. Deposit Feeding

Sponges

Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) Structurally simple

No true tissues or organs Aggregate of 4+ kinds of cells

Most distinguishing – collar cell (filter feeding)

Spicules (CaCO3 or SiO2), spongin (protein mesh) internal skeleton No symmetry (asymmetry)

Sponges

spongin

http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/03180007.jpg

Active suspension feeders (filter feeders) Benthic

Sponges

Can reaggregate, regenerate

Sponges

Reproduction: Asexual

Break, regenerate

Sexual Broadcast sperm Internal fertilization Planktonic larvae

http://www.oceanicresearch.org/jpegs/spawning_sponge.jpghttp://www.sars.no/images/adamska_Research_Figure3.jpg

Sponges

Phylum Porifera – 3 classes: Class Calcarea (CaCO3 spicules) Class Hexactinellida (SiO2 spicules, glass sponges) Class Demospongiae (spongin, maybe SiO2 spicules, 95% of all sponges)

Sponges – Different Shapes

Tube, vase, barrel

Flat, encrusting

Ball

Finger, rope

http://www.dep.state.fl.us/parks/OPG/bahiahonda/photos/BAH-loggerhead-sponge.jpg http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/science/benthic/bc37a.jpg

Sponges – More Variety

http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/oee/vcd/photos/xmarine.htmlhttp://phage.sdsu.edu/imagery/gallery/images/full/opantos_205643651075.jpghttp://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/gallery/livingocean/livingocean.html http://www.aquaticvideo.com/reef_creatures_web/images/

← calcareous

“fire”→

Glass Sponges

http://www.naturalsciences.org/education/deepsea/images/

Silicon spicules Deep-sea, cold

http://www.science.widener.edu/~schultz/canon_10d/glass_sponge3.jpg

Long Island Sponges

http://www.mbl.edu/marine_org/images/animals/images/microciona.2.jpg

← Red beard sponge (Microciona prolifera)

← Boring sponge (Cliona sp.)

http://www.solaster-mb.org/mb/images/dyrynda-wale-cliona-celata-beta-wl.JPGhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock8l.jpg

Finger sponge (Haliclona oculata)

http://www.seamasters.be/images/bio/Peter/zakspons(vanBragt).jpg

Tufted vase sponge (Scypha ciliata)

Cnidarians

Phylum Cnidaria Stinging cells (nematocysts) for defense and feeding Radial symmetry True tissues, but no organs Planktonic (medusa) or benthic (polyp) – some alternate

CnidariansBody orientation: Medusa – tentacles down Polyp – tentacles up

Radial symmetry: body with gut central mouth circle of tentacles

Cnidarians

Tissue layers: Epidermis (outer) Gastrodermis (inner, digestive) Mesoglea (middle, jelly) No organs

Cnidarians

http://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent/images/nematocyst.gif

Cnidarians

Phylum Cnidaria – 4 classes: Class Hydrozoa – hydroids, some jellyfish, siphonophores, “fire coral” Class Cubozoa – box jellyfish Class Scyphozoa – most jellyfish Class Anthozoa – anemones, corals

Hydroids

http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/brink/pink_hearted_hydroids.jpg

http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/cnidaria/hydech.jpg

Pink-hearted hydroids (Tubuleria sp.)

Snail fur (Hydractinia echinata)→

http://i1.treknature.com/photos/2550/img029.jpg

Siphonophores

http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/plankton.htmlhttp://www.at-sea.org/missions/maineevent5/blowups/b_bargmannia_sp.jpg

http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm

Hydrozoan Jellyfish

NOAA

Ribbed hydromedusa (Aequorea sp.)

http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40108000/jpg/_40108958_velella203.jpg http://www.reefs.org/library/aquarium_net/1097/images/p_penici.jpg

Cubozoan Jellyfish

http://www.australianfauna.com/images/irukandjijellyfish.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/images/Carybdea_sivickisi_Guam.jpg

Scyphozoan Jellyfish

NOAA

http://www.njscuba.net/etc/cozumel/images/03220047.jpg

http://www.itchyfeet.org/roatan/upsidedown.jpg

Moon jelly (Aurelia aurita)

Sea nettle (Chrysaora spp.)

http://www.flickr.com/photos/hershman/253773774/

Lion’s mane (Cyanea capillata)

Anemones

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-304/htmldocs/chap11/images/rock7l.jpg

Frilled anemone (Metridium senile)

http://home.comcast.net/~milazinkova/Fogshadow.html

http://www.sherrysknowledgequest.com/Percula2a.jpg

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/69/186245645_0bcd7af4ab.jpg?v=0

Soft Hexacorals

http://oc-creative.com/7gal/SteveBOXzoos5.jpghttp://www.macalester.edu/geology/wirth/Photos/Dominica/

http://www.coralreefecosystems.com/images/blzoos.jpg

NOAA

Tropical Reef-Building Corals

http://www.floridamarine.org/images/gallery/ NOAA

Temperate & Deep Reef Corals

(Acropora pruinosa – Japan)

http://whelk.aims.gov.au/coralsearch/html/401-500/Species%20pages/468.htm

(Oculina arbuscula – Atlantic to NC)

http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2003/05/coral.jpg

(Lophelia pertusa – North Atlantic, deep)

http://www.lophelia.org/images/jpeg/43570008_cropped.jpg http://www.southernct.edu/includes/images.php?src=news_images&imgid=656

(Astrangia poculata/danae – Atlantic, inc. LI)

Octocorals

http://www.geoffschultz.org/Reef/Coral/images/20050303-113902.JPG

Cnidarian Reproduction Spawning of eggs and sperm (Anthozoans) Alternate between planktonic (sexual) and benthic (asexual) stages (other 3 classes) All have planktonic ciliated larva (planula)

http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis2/images/figures/Figure_4.gif

http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Labs/Lab03/Aurelia-planula+SEM.gifhttp://people.uncw.edu/szmanta/crbio_slides/crebioslides.html

Comb Jellies

Phylum Ctenophora Cilia combs (8 rows), prism effect Sticky cells (colloblasts), usually on 2 tentacles

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/260181162_b466c4c8b9.jpg?v=0

Comb Jellies

Biradial symmetry (radial/bilateral) True tissues, but not true organs All marine, almost all planktonic Important predators of copepods and larval organisms Large numbers aroundLong Island

Mnemiopsis leidyi

Comb Jellies

NOAA

http://www.coml.org/medres/img/figure_18full.jpg

NOAA

http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~haddock/plankton/Velamen.jpghttp://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/animals/radiata/ctenophora/beroe4.jpg

Phylogenetics

Protostomes(mouth first)

Deuterostomes(mouth second)

Embryo cell division

simple ---------------------------- complex

Worms, Worms, and More Worms

Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) Ribbon worms (Nemertea) Roundworms (Nematoda) Peanut worms (Sipuncula) Echiuran worms (Echiura) Segmented worms (Annelida)

Flatworms

Phylum Platyhelminthes Simplest phylum with true organs, organ systems, bilateral symmetry Central nervous system (brain) No respiratory system (diffusion) Incomplete digestive tract (food, waste through same opening)

Flatworms

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-4a/Class_Turbellaria_1/Lab_4a-01a.jpg

Turbellarians – free-living, colorful, mostly benthic

Flatworms Flukes, tapeworms – parasitic

http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20031208/87d4bff74e41427cb278526bd9cbe76a/5260_lores.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png/320px-Clonorchis_sinensis_2.png

Segmented Worms

Phylum Annelida Segmented body Circulatory system (some gills) Mostly benthic Most marine species are polychaetes (bristle worms) Others:

Oligochaetes (earthworms) Leeches

Segmented Worms

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb6pg7.htm

Parapodia – appendages for locomotion Setae – bristles

Segmented Worms

http://webmineral.com/specimens/Methanehydrate.jpg

Frozen methane hydrate with “ice worms”

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg/800px-Nereis_succinea_%28epitoke%29.jpg

Segmented Worms

http://storesense2.megawebservers.com/stores/h/HS2651/catalog/christmas-tree-worm.jpghttp://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition6/daily/ss020602/6.jpg

Hydrothermal vent, cold seep tube worms

Formerly Phylum Pogonophora No mouth, gut, or digestive system Absorb nutrients directly from water or from internal symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria

Segmented Worms

http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E84896E2-2F7E-4D2A-9D46-366B50558303/87497/p5365dop.jpg

Segmented Worms

Segmented Worms

http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2004/whalefall.html

Osedax mucofloris, bone (“zombie”) worm

Segmented Worms

http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm

http://mcb.berkeley.edu/labs/weisblat/media/AEBPARlifz1.jpghttp://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/images/parasites5.gif

Leeches not as common in the ocean as freshwater