AnimalsAnimals

1.1. heterotrophs heterotrophs

2.2. multicellular multicellular

3.3. lack cell wallslack cell walls

4.4. move from place to placemove from place to place

5.5. most reproduce _________most reproduce _________

6.6. characteristic pattern of ___________characteristic pattern of ___________

7.7. possess unique tissuespossess unique tissues

• lack lack of symmetry:of symmetry:• SpongesSponges

Radial : Radial : body arranged around a central axisbody arranged around a central axis cnidarians cnidarians _____ embryonic layers_____ embryonic layers

1.1. outerouter ectoderm=ectoderm= epidermis epidermis2.2. inner inner endoderm=endoderm= gastrodermis gastrodermis

bilateral:bilateral: body has left and right mirror imagesbody has left and right mirror images __________________________ ____ embryonic layers____ embryonic layers

1.1. Ectoderm=Ectoderm= epidermis epidermis2.2. Endoderm=Endoderm= gastrodermisgastrodermis3.3. Mesoderm=Mesoderm= skeleton, muscles skeleton, muscles

Symmetry-embryonic layersSymmetry-embryonic layers

Body CavityBody Cavity

Improves the animal body design:Improves the animal body design:1.1. Circulation: Circulation: fluids that move fluids that move

2.2. Movement: Movement: fluid makes the animal’s body rigid fluid makes the animal’s body rigid permitting resistance to muscle contractionpermitting resistance to muscle contraction

3.3. organ function: organ function: organs function without being organs function without being deformed by surrounding musclesdeformed by surrounding muscles

Bilateral Bilateral animals:animals: Acoelomate: Acoelomate: no cavity no cavity Pseudocoelomate: Pseudocoelomate: cavitycavity between mesoderm- endodermbetween mesoderm- endoderm Coelomate: Coelomate: cavity within the mesodermcavity within the mesoderm

building of a body from a ________ of building of a body from a ________ of similar segmentssimilar segments

a small change produces a new kind of a small change produces a new kind of segment with a different __________segment with a different __________

SegmentationSegmentation

Embrynic developmentEmbrynic development

cell divisions of the fertilized egg:cell divisions of the fertilized egg: Compact ball of cells: Compact ball of cells: ____________________ hollow ball of cells: hollow ball of cells: ______________ Indentation of the blastula: Indentation of the blastula:

blastopore= blastopore= opening to the outsideopening to the outside protostomesprotostomes, mouth develops from the , mouth develops from the

blastoporeblastopore deuterostomesdeuterostomes, anus develops from the , anus develops from the

blastopore, mouth from other part of the blastopore, mouth from other part of the blastulablastula

SpongesSponges

PoriferaPorifera lack tissue/organslack tissue/organs masses of specialized masses of specialized

cells embedded in a cells embedded in a gel-like matrixgel-like matrix

perforated by tiny perforated by tiny holesholes

flagellated cells line flagellated cells line the body cavity and the body cavity and draw water in draw water in through the pores: through the pores: ____________________________

Cnidaria Cnidaria Ex: jellyfish, hydra, Ex: jellyfish, hydra,

corals, sea corals, sea anemones anemones

radial symmetryradial symmetry extracellular extracellular

digestion: digestion: digestion outside of digestion outside of cells in a gut cavitycells in a gut cavity

___________: capture ___________: capture their prey with their prey with tentacles tentacles

2 basic body forms2 basic body forms MedusaeMedusae:: free- free-

floatingfloating PolypsPolyps:: sessile sessile

Sea anenome

Jellyfish

Flat wormFlat worm

platyhelminthesplatyhelminthes simplest bilateral animalssimplest bilateral animals

1.1. lack internal cavity lack internal cavity

2.2. digestive cavity only has digestive cavity only has one opening: one opening: ccannot _________________________ annot _________________________

3.3. lack circulatory systemlack circulatory system, thin-bodies= , thin-bodies= diffusiondiffusion

4.4. Reproduction:Reproduction: hermaphroditichermaphroditic asexual regenerationasexual regeneration

Round wormsRound worms

NematodaNematoda hydrostatic skeletonhydrostatic skeleton: : muscles work against muscles work against

the fluidthe fluid unsegmented worms unsegmented worms cylindrical bodycylindrical body Ex: Ex:

genetic and development studies: genetic and development studies: Caenorhabditis Caenorhabditis eleganselegans

parasites:parasites:1.1. Trichinella:Trichinella: trichinosis=trichinosis= consuming undercooked pork consuming undercooked pork2. Heartworm (dogs)3.3. Ascaris lumbricoides: Ascaris lumbricoides: intestines intestines

Hollow worms: Hollow worms: annelidsannelids

Ex: Earthworm, leechesEx: Earthworm, leeches A tube __________________A tube __________________ repeated segments, repeated segments, excretory excretory

and locomotor organs are and locomotor organs are repeatedrepeated

Specialized Specialized anterior segments anterior segments contain sensory organs and braincontain sensory organs and brain

circulatory and nervous systemcirculatory and nervous system

__________________ (with real cavitites) (with real cavitites) without segmentedwithout segmented bodies bodies basic body designbasic body design

footfoot: : muscular structuremuscular structure central visceral mass: central visceral mass: body’s organsbody’s organs mantle: mantle: surrounds the visceral masssurrounds the visceral mass radularadula,, a a rasping tongue-like organrasping tongue-like organ

________ ________ formed (clams, oysters) when foreign formed (clams, oysters) when foreign objects are lodged between mantle-inner shell, objects are lodged between mantle-inner shell, the mantle coats the foreign object with layer the mantle coats the foreign object with layer upon layer of shell material to reduce irritationupon layer of shell material to reduce irritation

MollusksMollusks

Gastropods: snailGastropods: snail foot to crawl, mantle for protectionfoot to crawl, mantle for protection ____________________________________

Bivalves: clamBivalves: clam two-part shell with a hinge two-part shell with a hinge filter-feed by drawing water into their shellfilter-feed by drawing water into their shell

Cephalopods: octopusCephalopods: octopus modified mantle cavity that permits modified mantle cavity that permits

____________ ____________ shell is reduced or absentshell is reduced or absent

• Biggest group, most successful!• _____________:

•surrounds body for protection •and keeps water in

• Molt

• ___________ symmetry• Complex organs system! sensory, respiratory, social behavior• divisions: crustacean, millipede (and centipede), arachnids, insects

ArthropodsArthropods

first deuterostomesfirst deuterostomes spiny skin=spiny skin= endoskeletonendoskeleton Larva is __________but adult ______Larva is __________but adult ______ water vascular systemwater vascular system: : fluid-filled fluid-filled

canals that extend into numerous canals that extend into numerous hollow tube-feet for locomotionhollow tube-feet for locomotion

EchinodermsEchinoderms

Deuterostome: coelomates Deuterostome: coelomates large animalslarge animals ________, ________, flexible rod beneath the nerve cord flexible rod beneath the nerve cord

in the early embryoin the early embryo _______, _______, dorsal hollow nerve corddorsal hollow nerve cord postanal tail, postanal tail, a tail that extends beyond the a tail that extends beyond the

anus, at least during embryonic developmentanus, at least during embryonic development VertebratesVertebrates

backbonebackbone (series of hollow bones) that replaces the (series of hollow bones) that replaces the notochord notochord

Head:Head: skull and brain skull and brain

ChordatesChordates

FishFish

1.1. Gills, Gills, to extract dissolved oxygen to extract dissolved oxygen ________________

2.2. vertebral column, vertebral column, skeleton made of skeleton made of either bone or cartilageeither bone or cartilage

3.3. single-loop blood _________ , single-loop blood _________ , blood is blood is pumped from the heart to the gills, to pumped from the heart to the gills, to the body, and then back to the heartthe body, and then back to the heart

4.4. Types:Types:

Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes Ex: sharks and raysEx: sharks and rays first jawed fishesfirst jawed fishes flexible, cartilaginous skeletonflexible, cartilaginous skeleton

Bony fishBony fish internal skeleton of bone internal skeleton of bone _____ ______, _____ ______, gas-filled sac to regulate gas-filled sac to regulate

buoyant densitybuoyant density most diverse of all vertebratesmost diverse of all vertebrates

Amphibians Amphibians direct descendant of fishesdirect descendant of fishes Ex: Frogs, Salamanders Moist skin for __________ LegsLegs Lungs and Lungs and cutaneous respirationcutaneous respiration pulmonary veins, pulmonary veins, returns oxygenated returns oxygenated

blood from the lungs to the heart for blood from the lungs to the heart for repumpingrepumping

partially _______ heart, partially _______ heart, helps to helps to prevent oxygenated blood prevent oxygenated blood deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood

ReptilesReptiles

• Ex: Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodile, alligators amniotic egg: amniotic egg: watertight eggs protected from drying watertight eggs protected from drying

out with food source (yolk) comprised of four layers of out with food source (yolk) comprised of four layers of membranesmembranes Chorion:Chorion: O O22 to enter but not the exit of H to enter but not the exit of H22OO yolk sac:yolk sac: connects to the gut of the embryo and delivers connects to the gut of the embryo and delivers

foodfood Allantois:Allantois: accumulates wastes from the embryoaccumulates wastes from the embryo Amnion:Amnion: fluid-filled fluid-filled

dry skindry skin to to prevent ________ ________prevent ________ ________

Birds Birds

evolved from bipedal dinosaursevolved from bipedal dinosaurs lack teeth lack teeth vestigial tailsvestigial tails _________ eggs _________ eggs reptilian reptilian scalesscales on their feet and lower legs on their feet and lower legs ________________________ lightweight and adapted for flight lightweight and adapted for flight flight skeletonflight skeleton is firm for attaching flight muscles, the is firm for attaching flight muscles, the

bones are thin and hollowbones are thin and hollow

Mammals Mammals middle ear with middle ear with three bones that evolved from three bones that evolved from

bones in the reptile jawbones in the reptile jaw __________________________________________ in in females to produce milk to females to produce milk to

nurse the newbornsnurse the newborns __________________________________ to provide to provide nourishment to the young nourishment to the young

while it is in the uteruswhile it is in the uterus Endothermy Endothermy which allows mammals to be active at which allows mammals to be active at

any time of the day or night and to ___________________any time of the day or night and to ___________________ Heterodont dentitionHeterodont dentition, , different types of teeth are different types of teeth are

highly specialized to match eating habitshighly specialized to match eating habits HairHair for for insulation made up of dead cells filled with insulation made up of dead cells filled with

the protein, the protein, keratinkeratin horns, claws, fingenails made with keratinhorns, claws, fingenails made with keratin

1.1. monotremes, monotremes, 1.1. the only the only egg-layingegg-laying mammals mammals

2.2. Ex: duck-billed Ex: duck-billed platypusplatypus and and anteateranteater

2. 2. marsupials,marsupials, young nursed in a marsupial pouchyoung nursed in a marsupial pouch Ex: __________Ex: __________

3. 3. placental mammals, placental mammals, young develop in the uterus for a young develop in the uterus for a

long time while being nourished by a long time while being nourished by a placentaplacenta

Ex: Ex:

Practice questionsPractice questions

1.1. Which of the following characteristics is Which of the following characteristics is notnot seen in the flatworms?seen in the flatworms?

A)A) CephalizationCephalizationB)B) MesodermMesodermC)C) specialization of digestive tractspecialization of digestive tractD)D) bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry

2. 2. One difference between Nematoda One difference between Nematoda (roundworms) and Annelida (segmented (roundworms) and Annelida (segmented worms) is the pseudocoel develops between worms) is the pseudocoel develops between the mesoderm and the _____________ in the mesoderm and the _____________ in roundworms, and the coelom develops in the roundworms, and the coelom develops in the _____________ in segmented worms._____________ in segmented worms.

3. 3. All fish species share all of the following characteristics All fish species share all of the following characteristics except:except:

A)A) GillsGillsB)B) JawsJawsC)C) endoskeleton with dorsal nerve cordendoskeleton with dorsal nerve cordD)D) single loop circulatory system.single loop circulatory system.

4. 4. sharks and bony fish have evolved anatomical solutions sharks and bony fish have evolved anatomical solutions to increase swimming speed and maneuverability. Which to increase swimming speed and maneuverability. Which of the MAJOR modification found in bony fish? ___________of the MAJOR modification found in bony fish? ___________

5.5. Adaptations in reptiles that allow them to overcome Adaptations in reptiles that allow them to overcome dehydration include ______, _________dehydration include ______, _________

6.6. Characteristics that evolved in birds to allow for flight Characteristics that evolved in birds to allow for flight include ________ AND _______include ________ AND _______

7.7. A characteristic unique to almost all mammals and no A characteristic unique to almost all mammals and no other vertebrates is ___________other vertebrates is ___________