Animal Systems

Animals as an organism

1. Animals are composed of a variety of interdependent systems

2. No one system can function entirely on its own

3. In order to keep animals healthy, producers make sure that all systems function properly.

Skeletal System

Function - provides frame and support for all other systems and organs

Cartilage -- firm, flexible tissues that is not as hard as bone

BonesFunction -- attach muscles, means of

movement, protect internal organs, storage of minerals, blood formation

Layers of BonePeriosteum -- outer layer; cushions the hard

portion of the bone; repair of broken bonesCompact Bone -- beneath periosteum,

layer of hard mineral matter; gives bones strength

Spongy Bone -- Inside hard outer layer; fills ends of bones; lines hollow portions

Red marrow -- inside cavities of spongy bone; formation of blood cells

Yellow marrow -- Located inside hollow portion; fat storage cells; energy storage

Types of Bone

Long Bones -- longest; provide support and movement; levers; example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones

Short Bones -- smaller than long; joints; comfort and mobility example -- feet and hands

Types of Bone

Irregular Bones -- have an irregular shape; support and protect example -- vertebrae

Flat Bones -- thin and flat; protect organs example -- skull

Joints

where different bones meetLigaments

connect bones together; tough tissueMovement

none; hinge; ball and socket; gliding;

Muscular System

Function -- to move the animal about, to provide movement for the proper functioning of the organs.

Meat production -- muscles are processed into meat; 30-40% of the animal’s body is muscle.

Skeletal Muscle

Movement -- movement for the bones of the skeleton and other voluntary movement; composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax

Tendons -- connect muscles to bonesRed Muscle -- contain many

mitochondria; lots of bood; contract for long periods of time

White Muscle -- Fewer mitochondria; contract faster; fatigue faster.

Smooth MuscleMovement -- Controls movements of the

internal organs; involuntary; non-striated sheets.

Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Movement -- muscles that control the heart; striated and arranged in bands; involuntary; amazing

Stamina -- # of times a heart beats in a lifetime?

Digestive System

Function-- Supplies energy by converting ingested food into usable forms

Conversion-- breaking food down into components that can be absorbed.

Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the blood and ultimately into the cells

Digestive SystemMonogastric System -- Simple stomachExamples of animals-- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans Process MouthEsophagusPeristalsis -- contractions of muscles that

move food from the mouth to stomachStomach -- breaks down food by muscle

contractions and gastric juice

Digestive SystemSmall intestine

duodenum -- breaks down food using enzymes jejunum -- absorbs food into bloodstream ilium -- more absorption takes place her villi-- fingerlike projections that absorb food

Large Intestine Cecum -- contains microorganisms in some animals,

useless in others Colon -- removal of water and minerals, breakdown

by microorganisms Rectum -- passes waste material through to the anus

Accessory Organs

Liver -- filters blood, stores nutrients, and produces bile

Pancreas -- produces enzymes (insulin, etc) that break down food

Gall Bladder -- stores bile for use as needed.

Digestive System

Modified Monogastric SystemExamples of Animals --horses and rabbitsDifferences from simple monogastric --

enlarged cecum containing many microorganisms so that cellulose can be broken down and used.

Ruminate Digestive Track

Ruminant Digestive SystemExamples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats,

deer, elk Differences from Simple monogastricRumen -- storage vat; food is soaked, mixed and

fermented ( lots of microorganisms).Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are

removed, sorts feed for regurgitation (“cud”)Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some

waterAbomasum -- “true stomach”; break down like

non-ruminant stomach

Circulatory SystemFunction -- transports food, nutrients, water,

oxygen and wastes throughout the body; regulates temperature; removes disease.

Heart -- center of the circulatory system; large muscle that pumps continuously

Four chambersAtria -- receives blood into heart; right from

venacava, left from lungsVentricles -- pumps blood out into arteries;

right to lungs; left to aorta

Route of blood in the heart

Blood Vessels

Arteries -- vessels that take blood from the heart

Veins -- vessels that return blood to the heart

Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins; deliver nutrients to the cells and take away wastes

Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells

Blood Components

Red Blood cells -- give blood color; carry oxygen

White Blood cells -- destroy disease; pus

Platelets -- fragments of cells; aid in clotting

Circulatory System

Respiratory System

Function

Takes oxygen from the air and places it in the bloodstream for distribution to the cells of the animal’s body.

Removes carbon dioxide

Structures

Nostrils -- large amounts of air, open into nasal cavity

Mouth -- brings in airPharynx -- nasal cavity leads

here; common passageway for food, water, and air; controlled by epiglottis

Structures

Larynx -- voice box (Adam’s apple); prevents material from entering lungs.

Trachea -- large tube; made of rigid cartilaginous rings; branch into bronchi

Bronchi -- branch out further

Structures

Alveoli -- surrounded by blood vessels; carbon dioxide is removed from blood, and oxygen is absorbed

Diaphragm -- large muscle under the lungs; when contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in; when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out

Respiratory System Types

LungsGills

Capillary Network

Alveolus

Nervous System

Function

The central system that controls all movements and processes of the body

Impulse Movement -- sends information through a system of nerves electric impulses

Structures

Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the body

Sensory Neurons - send impulses from the body to the brain

Spinal Cord - all nerves are connected directly or indirectly

Brain

Lobes of the Brain

Cerebrum - largest part; wrinkled and folded; controls thought processes and memory

Cerebellum - coordination center; at the back of the brain

Medulla oblongata - controls involuntary activities of the body (heart beat, breathing, body temp.,

digestion)

Endocrine System

Function - glands that secrete hormones (chemical control)

Hormones - chemicals that are sent to specific areas of the body; have a specific response

Glands - produce hormones

Pituitary Gland

base of braincontrols other glandsgrowth and reproduction

Hypothalamus

lower front of braincontrols body temp., hunger, sleep

and digestion

Adrenal glands

on top of kidneysadrenaline -- fight or flight

Thyroid gland

on front of tracheathyroxincontrols metabolism

Pancreas

secretes insulin and glucagonregulates sugar in the body

Testes/Ovaries

produce sex hormones

Excretory System

Function Remove waste products from the body

Structures

Kidneys - filter blood and remove water, salts, and ammonia

Bladder - store wastes from the kidneys before release

Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O

Skin - removes H2O and salts

Reproductive Systems

Major Organs of the Reproductive System

Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and hormones are produced.

Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.

Sex Cells

Contain HALF the normal number of chromosomes

Female Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE)

Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM Semen - the fluid that carries sperm

Reproductive Terms

Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization.

EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development.

PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetusFertilization -- the union of the EGG

and SPERM nuclei

Reproductive Terms

CONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization

Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the female.

Gestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she gives BIRTH

Female Reproductive Organs Structure

Female Reproductive Organs Function

Vulva -opening of reproductive tractVagina - channel for birth and copulationCervix - divides vagina and uterusUterus - provides nourishment for fetusHorns of Uterus - where fetus growsFallopian Tube - where fertilization

occursOvaries - produces eggs and hormones

Male Reproductive Organs Structure

Male Reproductive Organs Function

Testes - produce sperm and testosterone

Epididymis - collects and stores spermVas deferens - transports spermAmpulla - temporary storagePenis - places sperm in femaleUrethra - transports urine

Male Reproductive Organs Function

Cowper's Gland - produces semenProstrate Gland - produces semenSeminal Vesicle - produces semenRetractor Penis Muscle - Scrotum - protects testes, maintains

tempSheath - opening of reproductive tractSpermatic cord - supports testes

Reproductive Technologies

Reproductive Technology

Any method of REPRODUCTION that is different from NATURAL methods

Artificial Insemination

Placing SPERM into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural mating.

EMBRYO transfers

The transfer of FERTILIZED egg(s) from a DONOR female to one or more RECIPIENT females

Cloning

The production of an exact GENETIC COPY of an organism