Animal Organ Systems

Anatomy and Physiology

Fundamentals of Life

All living things are made up of cells.Cells are the most basic structure of life.Cells need oxygen, food/energy, and

water to survive.

Natural Hierarchy

Cells are the most basic and simple. Cells that are all alike work together to form

tissues which perform tasks. Tissues that are alike work together to form

organs which complete jobs. Organs work together in organ systems to

carry out processes. Organ systems work together to support the

life of an organism.

How do we study animals?

We look at the outside of them – the outer physical structures.

We look inside of dead animals – the internal physical structures.

We look at the tissues under a microscope – microscopic structures.

We study the chemical reactions between cells, tissues, and organs.

Anatomy

The study of the form, shape, and appearance of an animal – its structures both internal and external.Gross anatomy is the study of the

structures – internal and external – that we can see with the naked eye.

Microscopic anatomy is the structures that can only be seen under magnification

Physiology

The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the animal.

BiochemistryHow cells, tissues and organs work

together to complete a task…digestion.

Why study anatomy and physiology?

Efficient production of livestock requires understanding the anatomy and physiology related to Production. Production is muscle gain, milk or egg production,

and hair or wool production.Raising animals requires an

understanding of the requires needed for animal wellbeing. Animal wellbeing is caring for animals so that their

basic needs are met and they do not suffer.

Mammals vs Non-mammals

Most of our livestock are mammals. i.e. – vertebrate that has hair, gives birth to

live young, produces milk, & maintains constant body temperature.

Cattle, horses, pigs, goats & sheep, etc.Exceptions are poultry & aquacrops.

Poultry – birds – ducks, chickens, turkeys, etc.Aquacrops – fish, shrimp, etc.

Organ Systems

SkeletalMuscularNervousCirculatoryRespiratory

ExcretoryDigestiveEndocrineIntegumentaryReproductive

Skeletal Bones

50% water, 26% minerals (Ca & P), 20% protein, 4% fat

Core is soft and spongy – called marrow Marrow makes new red blood cells for body.

Cartilage Soft, tough tissue found between bones

that cushions joints Ligaments

Long stretchy tissue that holds joints together

Skeletal

Gives structure and support

Protects internal organs

Makes locomotion/movement possible

Skeletal - Joints

Skeletal - SkullSkull is made up of several fused bones

Skeletal - Spine

The spine is made up of many vertebrae and cartilage disks

5 types of vertebraeCervical – neckThoracic – bodyLumbar – lower backSacral – around hipCoccygeal - tail

Muscular Muscles

Fibrous cells that are design to contract and relax in pairs

Voluntary – under the organisms conscious control – triceps

Involuntary – automatically move to regulate body functions – heart and diaphragm

Tendons Long, thin, stretchy tissues that attach muscles to

bones. Muscles pull against bone when they contract which

causes movement.

Muscular

Primary function is movement.External & internal

Also protect delicate organsMuscles make up about half our

livestock animals’ weight.Composed mostly of protein.

Muscular

Three types of musclesSkeletal – meat – bicep – voluntaryCardiac – heart – involuntarySmooth – digestive system - involuntary

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

A=Rhomboideus capitisB=SpleniusC=Levator scapulae ventralisD=SupraspinatusE=InfraspinatusF=Teres majorG=Serratus dorsalisH=Longissimus dorsiI=Multifidae spinaeJ=ClavotrapeziusK=ClavobrachialisL=AcromiodeltoidM=SpinodeltoidN=AcromiotrapeziusO=SpinotrapeziusP=Spinalis dorsalisQ=Latissimus dorsiR=Rhomboideus

NervousUses electrical impulses to send

messages from brain throughout body.Controls activity, learning, memoryCentral Nervous System and Peripheral

Nervous System

NervousBrain

Soft tissues that coordinates all aspects of animal function

Spinal CordMain “highway” for

nerve impulses to travel from brain to rest of body

NervesBranch out and reach

rest of bodySensory organs

Vision Olfactory Touch Taste Auditory

Nervous - Brain

BainCerebrum – controls voluntary movement

and thoughtKicking, biting, vocals, licking, etc

Cerebellum – coordination of animal’s movement

WalkingBrain Stem – most of the functions to

maintain lifeBody temp, breathing, digestion, heart beat

CerebellumBrain Stem

Cerebrum

Nervous – Cranial NervesNumber Nerve Sensory Funct Motor Function

1 Olfactory Smell

2 Optic Vision

3 Oculomotor Position of eye Move eye, constrict pupil, focus

4 Trochlear Position of eye Move eye

5 Trigeminal Sense in face & teeth Chewing

6 Abducens Position of eye Move eye

7 Facial Taste buds Blinking, facial expression

8 Auditory Hearing & balance

9 Glossopharyngeal Taste buds Swallowing

10 Vagus Sensory of internal organs

11 Spinal accessory Muscles of shoulder Move neck and shoulders

12 Hypoglossal Muscles of tongue Move tongue

Nervous – Cranial Nerves

Nervous - Sight

Nervous – Touch

CirculatoryHeart

Technically a musclePumps blood with 4 chambers and 2 valves

ArteriesCarry oxygen rich blood from lungs and heart

to tissuesVeins

Carry blood back from tissues to lungs and heart.

Circulatory – Heart - exterior

Circulatory – Heart - interior

Circulation – the flow of blood

Circulatory – Arteries and Veins

Vena CarvaAorta

Circulatory

PlasmaLiquid part of blood –

55% of volume red blood cells

ErythrocytesCarries O2 and

carbohydrates (glucose)

PlateletsThrombocytesMakes blood clot

Bloodwhite blood cells

• Neutrophil• Monocyte• Lymphocyte• Eosinophil• BasophilFights pathogens

Circulatory - Blood

Circulatory – Stained blood smears

ErythrocytesBasophil

Nuetrophil

Lymphocyte

ThrombocyteMonocyte

Eosinophil

Circulatory

Also includes the Lymph GlandsSecrete disease fighting materials

Moves materials throughout the body

Respiratory Nasal and Sinus Passages

External opening of the body and passageways Pharynx & Larynx

Pharynx connects the esophagus and trachea Larynx is the “voice box”

Trachea Wind pipe that connects nasal passages with

bronchi

Respiratory

Bronchus Tube that branch off of the trachea and carry air to

lungs Bronchioles

Smaller tubes that branch off of bronchi Alveoli

Small sacks where gas exchange occurs Lungs

“bags” that expand and contract to bring in fresh air and expel old air

Respiratory Function is to bring oxygen

into the body and expel carbon dioxide.

Exchange of gasses happens inside the lungs in the alveoli.

Lungs expand and contract due to the movement of the diaphragm.

ExcretoryAlso referred to as the Renal System.Kidneys

Remove waste materials from bloodNephrons filter out wastes (urine)

Found in the Medulla and Cortex of kidneyBladder

Holds urineUreters

Connect bladder to urethraUrethra

Empties urine to the exterior of the animal

Digestive

Large and varied systemBreaks down food into usable energyRemoves unusable food from body

Digestion

Monogastric – 1 stomach – can’t digest cellulose (fiber) – pigs and humans

Ruminant – 4 stomachs – polygastric – digest cellulose, produce own B vitamins and proteins – cows and sheep

Pseudo-ruminant - have 1 stomach, but have enlarged cecum that digests cellulose – horses and rabbits

Digestion - Monogastric Moutn

Prehension – gathering food – teeth, lips, tongue

Mastication – Chewing – break food into smaller pieces for swallowing – teeth and saliva

Digestion - Teeth

Digestion - Monogastric Esophagus – transport tube to stomach –

muscular contractions move food down

Digestion - Monogastric Stomach

conditions – pH of 2, churning and contracting to mix and grind food

ingredients – food, HCl, enzymes

Digestion - Monogastric Small intestine

major site of nutrient absorption Functions – villi absorb nutrients that have

been broken down – minerals, vitamins,amino acids, Fatty acids,simple sugars

Glands – gallbladder secretes bile used for lipid breakdown; Pancreas secretes enzymes for protein and carbohydrate breakdown

Digestion - Monogastric

Large intestine – colon accumulates wastes absorbs water

Rectum and Anus

Digestion - Monogastric

Esophagus

Small intestine

Cecum

Large intestine

Rectum

Anus

Digestion - Ruminant

Mouth Prehension – cow tongue is very

long Mastication – graze rapidly, and don’t

chew much 1st time Esophagus – liquids to the reticulum

and solids to the rumen Rumen – very large compartment

Digestion - Ruminant

Regurgitation – when rumen full, force contents back up to re-chew

Rumination re-mastication of cud or bolus Bolus – ball of grass Adds saliva to food

Esophagus – re-swallow food Reticulum – honeycomb

Digestion - Ruminant Rumen

fermentation vat 30 gal or more contains microbes that break down the

cellulose pH of 6.5 – 7 for microbes releases methane – belch creates B vitamins and proteins from

amino acids also contains papalli that absorb nutrients

released by microbes

Digestion - Ruminant

Omasum – filter for large particles – grinds them down

Abomasum – like the monogastric stomach – acidic

Small intestine – same as monogastric Large intestine – same as monogastric Rectum and anus

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Digestion - Ruminant

Reticulum

Rumen

Omasum

Abomasum

Small intestine

Large intestine

Cecum

Anus

Rectum

Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant

MouthprehensionMastication

EsophagusStomach

same as monogastric too small in horses and inactive – doesn’t

break down cellulose require frequent smaller meals

Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant

Small intestine – absorption of nutrients – same as monogastric**Still has not digested the cellulose – large

amountCecum

enlarged area between small and large intestine

contains microbes that break down cellulose like rumen

Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant

Large colon – absorbs nutrients released by cecum

Small colon – absorbs water and collects waste

Rectum and Anus

Digestion – Pseudo-Ruminant

Esophagus

Small intesine

Cecum

Large colon

Small colon

Rectum

Anus

Endocrine

Ductless glands in the bodyhypothalamus, pituitary, pancreas, liver,

thyroid, adrenalSecrete hormones that chemically

regulate certain functions of the bodyPlay a large role in reproduction,

digestion, growth, etc.

Integumentary

Skin, hair, hooves, horns, etcKeeps out pathogens, regulates body

temp, gives shape and color, protects internal organs

System made almost entirely out of proteinAnimal skin is called the hide

Most animal hides made into leather

Reproductive System

Most complex system in animalsAllows for reproduction of animals and

the continuation of the speciesDifferent structures between male and

femaleMost animals fundamentally have the

same system, just varies in structure between species.