Animal and Plant CellsLesson 8

∗ All living things are made of what? ∗ A-Cells !

∗ How many organ systems is the human body made of? ∗ A-Eleven. Now, name them. !

∗ What organ system is responsible for breaking down food and disposing of waste?

∗ A-Digestive

Let’s Review!

∗ All living things are made of cells. ∗ Plant and animal cells contain many structures

which do different jobs inside the cells. ∗ Plant and animal have many structures in common.

However, plant cells contain some structures that animal cells do not contain. !

∗ In this lesson, you will learn about the various parts that make up plant and animal cells.

∗ You will have to label and identify the functions of the organelles.

Cells

Examples of Cells

Amoeba Proteus

Plant Stem

Red Blood Cell

Bacteria

Nerve Cell

Two Types of Cells1) Prokaryotic 2) Eukaryotic

∗ All living things fit into one of two categories based on their cell structures. !

∗ #1-Prokaryote ∗A prokaryote is made up of one or

more cells that do not contain a nucleus. Prokaryotes are generally tiny, single-celled organisms.

The Two Types of Cells

Prokaryotic!∗ Do not have structures

surrounded by membranes ∗ Few internal structures ∗ They are usually single-celled

organisms (unicellular), such as bacteria

∗ They are the smallest cells in the world.

∗ The DNA is long and circular shaped like a rubber band.

∗ We will not dwell on these.

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html

∗ Eukaryotes do contain a nucleus.

∗ Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotes.

∗ They are ten times larger than prokaryotic cells.

∗ The DNA is linear and is in the nucleus. ∗Most eukaryotes are made up of many

cells that work together.

∗ You have these cells in your body.

Type #2-Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic!

∗ Contain organelles surrounded by membranes ∗ Most living organisms are eukaryotic.

Plant Animal

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

∗Again, plant and animal cells have many of the same structures, or contents.

∗ Plant cells have parts that animal cells do not have.

∗ The cell parts that carry out a specific job are called organelles.

∗ Let’s look at both plant and animal cells and their parts.

Cell Structures

“Typical” Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

“Typical” Plant Cell

Organelles Surrounding the Cell

Cell Membrane

∗ The outer membrane ∗ It is a thin covering. ∗ Flexible !

Job: * Controls movement of materials

into and out of the cell * SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE !--> Double layer (heads & tails)

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cell Wall∗ Most commonly found in plant

cells & bacteria ∗ Stiff, more rigid than cell

membrane ∗ Not found in animal cells ∗ Made of a strong fiber called

cellulose. The cells of plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria are enclosed in a cell wall.

∗ Cell walls are tough, rigid outer coverings that protect cells and give them shape.

∗ Job: ∗ Supports & protects plant cell ∗ Gives the plant cell its rigid,

boxlike shape ∗ Allows material in & out

Organelles Inside the Cell

Nucleus Job: ∗ A large structure inside the cell that contains the cell’s

genetic material. ∗ Directs/manages cell activities ∗ The “brain” of the cell-contains the DNA

Nuclear Membrane

∗ Surrounds nucleus ∗ Has nuclear pores - openings that allow material to enter and leave nucleus

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chromosomes

∗ Inside the nucleus ∗ Made of DNA ∗ Contain instructions

for traits and characteristics

∗ Involved in mitosis and meiosis

!★ Humans have 23 pair

= 46 total

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

∗ Clear gel-like fluid that fills the organelles ∗ All cells contain cytoplasm. ∗ A variety of structures are located in the cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)∗ A system of folded membranes

that serve as passageways in a cell.

∗ Moves materials around in cell through the ER to other areas.

∗ Series of tubular passageways ∗ The ER also makes proteins,

fats, and other materials ∗ Breaks down drugs and other

substances ∗ Smooth type: lacks ribosomes ∗ Rough type (pictured):

ribosomes embedded in surface

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Ribosomes

∗ Each cell contains thousands

∗ They are the smallest organelles

∗ Tiny grain-like structures ∗ “Protein factories” - site

of protein manufacturing ∗ They hook together

amino acids to make proteins.

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Mitochondria

∗ For materials to move around the cell, energy must be made.

∗ The mitochondria produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats and carbohydrates and releases energy.

∗ The “powerhouse” of the cell; the energy produced is used to power all the organelles. This process is called cellular respiration.

∗ The energy of the cell is called ATP.

The Golgi Complex

∗ When proteins are made in the ER, they then go to the Golgi apparatus.

∗ It is known as the protein “packaging plant”-it attaches proteins from the ribosomes to sugars, starches, and fats.

∗ It modifies and sends proteins to other parts of the cell or out of the cell to go somewhere else

Lysosome∗ All cells produce wastes. ∗ The lysosome is the digestive organelle for proteins, fats,

and carbohydrates ∗ The lysosomes contain substances called enzymes, which

break down wastes. ∗ Breaks down wastes and unwanted or “broken” cell

material or large materials ∗ The “garbage disposal” of the cell ∗ The lysosome’s membrane prevents the digestive

chemicals inside from leaking into the cytoplasm and destroying the cell.

∗ When a cell dies, the lysosome’s membrane disintegrates, releasing digestive chemicals that allow the quick breakdown of the cell’s contents.

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Lysosomes

Vacuoles∗ Used for storage ∗ They store water, salts,

proteins, and carbohydrates that the cells need.

∗ Helps plant cells maintain shape

∗ Animal cells have several small vacuoles.

∗ They are MUCH larger in plants cells.

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

Chloroplast∗ Chloroplasts are

organelles only in plant cells that capture light energy from the sun.

∗ Contains chlorophyll - a green substance that absorbs light and gives plants their green color

∗ They make food for plants; photosynthesis takes place here.

http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

∗ Cells are the building blocks of life. ∗ The cell was discovered by Hooke. ∗ In 1665, Robert Hooke cut a thin slice of cork

and looked at it under his microscope. ∗ To Hooke, the cork seemed to be made up of

empty little boxes, which he named cells. ∗ The word cell in Latin means “little rooms”. ∗ The cell theory states that ∗ 1) Cells are the smallest units of life

2) All living organisms are made up of cells 3) All cells come from preexisting cells

Cells!

∗ All cells must constantly take in nutrients, store, produce, and breakdown substances, and take in and use energy.

∗ Who would say…

If the parts of a cell could talk…

I have a way with amino acids! !I’m the garbage man! !You can find everything in me! !I’m the “brain” of the cell. !I have all the “power” you’ll need. !I’m found all “around” a plant cell.

1. RIBOSOME

2. LYSOSOME

6. CELL WALL

3. CYTOPLASM

4. NUCLEUS

5. MITOCHONDRIA

I have a way with amino acids! !I’m the garbage man! !You can find everything in me! !I’m the “brain” of the cell. !I have all the “power” you’ll need. !I’m found all “around” a plant cell.

What about these?∗ I’m needed for food.

!∗ I’m the outside of an animal cell. !

∗ You name it – I can store it! !

∗ I make ribosomes. !

∗ I work with the ER. !

∗ I’m full of genetic information.

1. CHLOROPLAST

2. CELL MEMBRANE

6. Genes/Chromosomes

3. VACUOLE

4. NUCLEOLUS

5. GOLGI BODY

I’m needed for food. !I’m the outside of an animal cell. !You name it – I can store it! !I make ribosomes. !I work with the ER. !I’m full of genetic information.

A Lab-What if our school were a cell?

∗ Our school is like a cell in several ways. ∗ We have a waste system, a powerhouse, a central

command, etc. ∗ Your job in this lab is to label the parts of our school as

if it were a cell. ∗ Using construction paper-cut the sheets in half. ∗ You will write the parts of a cell and label the parts of

our school that correspond to those parts. ∗ The cell part and the reason why you chose that part go

on the front. The part of our school goes on the back. ∗ Do not enter any classrooms or the office. You also may

not leave the building. ∗ Here are the parts-cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus,

chloroplasts, vacuole, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes.

∗ MULTIPLE CHOICE ∗ Rough endoplasmic reticulum has _____attached to

it. ∗ A. Ribosomes ∗ B. Golgi bodies ∗ C. Chloroplasts ∗ D. Lysosomes ∗ A

Cell Review #1

∗ A group of cells that work together to do one job is called… ∗ A. Organ system ∗ B. One celled organism ∗ C. Tissue ∗ D. Organ ∗ C !

∗ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rABKB5aS2Zg&safe=active

#2