anemia

• Definition

• Cause

• Signs and Symptoms

• Oral: Vitamin B12, Iron and Acid Folic

• Injections of vitamin B12

• Blood transfusions

• For daily

• For pregnant women

Made by Group 1 and Group 5

DEFINITION

Anemia is the deficiency condition in the number or

quality of red blood cells(RBC) or the amount of

hemoglobin in the blood.


DEFINITION

This is a anemia’s test:


DEFINITION

Reading the anemia’s test:

Anemia happens when blood test has two of three signs:

o Number of red blood cells falls below normal

o Hematocrit falls below the normal

o Hemoglobin level falls below normal


DEFINITION

WHO’s Hemoglobin thresholds used to define anemia:

(1g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L)

Age or gender group Hb threshold (g/dl) Hb threshold (mmol/l)

Children (0.5–5.0 years old) 11.0 6.8

Children (5–12 years old) 11.5 7.1

Teens (12–15 years old) 12.0 7.4

Women, non-pregnant

(>15 years old)12.0 7.4

Women, pregnant 11.0 6.8

Men (>15 years old) 13.0 8.1


CAUSES

Have three type of Anemia:

Anemia caused by blood loss.

Anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell

production.

Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells.


CAUSES

Blood loss: include

Blood loss is the most common cause of anemia,

especially iron-deficiency anemia. Blood loss can be

short term (acute bleeding) or persist over time

(chronic bleeding)


CAUSES

Blood loss:

Acute bleeding: occur with large amount of blood loss in

short time

Some diseases make acute bleeding:

• Trauma, Large wounds: fractured femur, arterial injury, etc..

• Hemorrhage organ: peptic ulcer heavy, bowel cancer, etc..

• After surgery.

• Menstruation, Postpartum. Or frequent blood donations.


CAUSES

Blood loss:

Chronic bleeding: occur slowly over a long period of time,

and can often go undetected.

Some diseases make chronic bleeding:

• Gastric ulcer; Ulcers; Hemorrhoids, and Cancer; Menorrhagia.

• Hookworm injection, chronic diarrhea, dysentery.

• Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or

ibuprofen, which can cause ulcers and gastritis


CAUSES

Decreased or faulty red blood cell production:

Produce too few blood cells.

Red blood cells may be faulty.

Decreased due to abnormal red blood cells,

A lack of minerals and vitamins needed for red blood

cells to work properly.


CAUSES


Conditions associated with these causes:

Sickle cell anemia

Iron-deficiency anemia

Vitamin deficiency

Bone marrow and stem cell problems

Other health conditions


CAUSES


Sickle-cell anemia: is an inherited disorder.

oRed blood cells become crescent-shaped because of a

genetic defect.

oThey break down rapidly, so oxygen does not get to the

body's organs, causing anemia.


CAUSES


Sickle - cell anemia:


CAUSES


Iron-deficiency anemia: occurs because of a lack of the

mineral iron in the body.

Bone marrow in the center of the bone needs iron to make

hemoglobin so Without adequate iron, the body cannot

produce enough hemoglobin for red blood cells.


CAUSES


Iron-deficiency anemia: causes by

An iron-poor diet: In children anemia can from not eating foods rich in

iron. It can also come from breast-feeding or bottle-feeding a baby after 6

months without giving other foods.

The metabolic demands of pregnancy and breastfeeding that

deplete a woman's iron stores

Menstruation


CAUSES


Iron-deficiency anemia: causes by

Frequent blood donation

Changes in the gastric mucosa or gut affects nutrient absorption

(celiac disease)

Surgical removal of part of the stomach or small intestine

Certain drugs, foods, and caffeinated drinks


CAUSES


Vitamin deficiency: occur when vitamin B12 and folic are

deficient. These two vitamins are needed to make red blood

cells.


CAUSES


Vitamin deficiency: caused by :

Megaloblastic anemia: Vitamin B12 or folic or both are deficient

Pernicious anemia: Poor vitamin B12 absorption caused by

conditions such as Crohn's disease (an intestinal parasite infection).

Surgical removal of part of the stomach or intestine, or infection

with HIV


CAUSES


Vitamin deficiency: caused by

Dietary deficiency: Eating little or no meat may cause a lack of

vitamin B12, or eating too few vegetables may cause a folic

deficiency.

Other causes of vitamin deficiency: pregnancy, certain

medications, alcohol abuse.

During early pregnancy, sufficient folic acid can help prevent the

fetus from developing neural tube defects such as spine bifida.


CAUSES


Bone marrow and stem cell problems: may prevent the

body from producing enough red blood cells. Because

some of the stem cells found in bone marrow develop

into red blood cells.

If stem cells are too few, defective, or replaced by other

cells such as metastatic cancer cells, anemia may result.


CAUSES


Bone marrow and stem cell problems: Anemia resulting from

bone marrow or stem cell problems include

Aplastic anemia occurs when there's a marked reduction in the

number of stem cells or absence of these cells. Aplastic anemia can be

inherited, can occur without apparent cause, or can occur when the

bone marrow is injured by medications, radiation, chemotherapy, or

infection.


CAUSES


Bone marrow and stem cell problems: Anemia resulting from

bone marrow or stem cell problems include

Thalassemia: occurs when the red cells can't mature and

grow properly


CAUSES


Other health conditions: occur when there are too few

hormones necessary for red blood cell production. Causes by:

Advanced kidney disease

Hypothyroidism

Other chronic diseases, such as cancer, infection, lupus,

diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis

Old age


CAUSES

Destruction of red blood cells:

When red blood cells are fragile and cannot withstand the

routine stress of the circulatory system, they may rupture

prematurely, causing hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia

can be present at birth or develop later. Sometimes there

is no known cause.


CAUSES

Destruction of red blood cells: Causes by

Inherited disorders, such as: thalassemia or sickle cell

disease,…

Autoimmune disorders, such as: autoimmune hemolytic

anemia, where the immune cells attack the red blood cells and

decrease their life span.

Infection. Such as malaria and septicemia, which reduce the

life span of red blood cells.


SIGNS and SYMPTOMS


SIGNS and SYMPTOMS

Mild anemia: no sign. If the disease progresses slowly,

the initial symptoms may include:

Often weak or tired, or when exercising.

Headache.

Unfocused thoughts.


SIGNS and SYMPTOMS

Severe anemia:

Pale or transparent skin.

Pale inside of eyelids.

Pale gums.

White fingernails, brittle

Easy hair loss.


SIGNS and SYMPTOMS

Severe anemia:

Heart: rapid, may have a systolic murmur.

Respiratory: shortness of breath.

Nervous: headache, dizziness, fainting

Digestive disorders, poor feeding, tongue pain

Menstrual disorders in women or decreased sexual

ability in men


SIGNS and SYMPTOMS

Severe anemia:

If anemia is very severe, face and feet may be

swollen, memory loss, can lead to coma.

Treatment of Anemia based on the Cause and Severity.

Vitamin B12, Iron and Acid Folic are the deficient vitamins in

the Anemia. They are supplied by orally or injection

(just for vitamin B12).

There is some ways to treat of Anemia.

Oral Vitamin B12, Iron and Acid Folic. (for mild anemia)

Injection of vitamin B12 (intramuscularly).

Blood transfusions.



ORAL IRON

Treated by oral iron supplementation with ferrous sulfate,

ferrous fumarate, or ferrous gluconate.

When using iron supplements, the stomach upset can be

alleviated by taking the iron with food; however, this decreases

the amount of iron absorbed.

Vitamin C aids in the body's ability to absorb iron, so taking

oral iron supplements with orange juice is of benefit.


ORAL IRON

Large amounts of iron can be harmful, so take iron

supplements only as your doctor prescribes.

Dosage: (tablet 200mg)

- Adults: Each 200 - 400 mg (1-2 tablets), day 3 times

- Children over 6 years: Each 200 mg (1 tablet), day 3 times.

- Children under 3 years old: Every time 25 - 50mg

(1/8 to 1/4 tablet) 3 times day (use with food).

- Type with 200mg 5ml syrup, used as directed by a doctor.


ORAL IRON


ORAL VITAMIN B12 and ACID FOLIC


INJECTION OF VITAMIN B12



DOSAGE:

- Pernicious anemia no nerve damage:

1000 mg for 1-2 weeks, then 250 mg injections per week until

the blood is considered normal.

Maintenance dose: 1000 mg per month.



DOSAGE:

- Pernicious anemia have nerve damage:

1000 mg per day until improvement.

Maintenance dose: 1000 mg per month.

- Anemia after gastric resection or hookworm:

250-1000 mg per month.


BLOOD TRANSFUTION

In case of the Acute anemia; Thalassemia;

Aplastic anemia. When hemoglobin is below 60 to 80 g/L

(6 to 8 g/dL)

NOTICE:

Transfuse true Blood types and true blood flow rate


Some things should be avoided

the treatment of Amenia

You should not be iron supplement without the doctor’s

advice and dietitian.

You should avoid the drugs which reduce stomach acid

such as Cimetidine (Tagamet)… because it may reduce

the absorption of iron.

for Daily

• Vitamin B12

• Acid folic

• Iron

for Pregnant women

• Deficiency

• Requirement

• Effect to baby



FOR DAILY

Vitamin B12:

Vitamin B12 is important for the way the body works.

Vitamin B12 helps in the production of healthy red blood cells that

carry oxygen around the body.

Vitamin B12 in general help your body make protein and energy.

Vitamin B12 is found in most animal derived foods, including fish

and shellfish, meat (especially liver), poultry, eggs, milk, and

milk products.


FOR DAILY

Vitamin B12:

Vitamin B12 daily requirement in adult is 2.4 microgram,

and older person need more because vitamin B12 helps for

the time of brain atrophy decrease.

FOOD REQUIREMENT (microgram)

Beef 2 - 8

Bovine kidney 20 - 50

Beef liver 30 - 130

Milk 0.2 – 0.6

Polk meat 0.1 - 5

Yolk egg 1.2


Vitamin B12: 2 – 8 mcg Vitamin B12: 20 – 50 mcg

Vitamin B12: 30 – 130 mcg


Vitamin B12: 0.1 – 5 mcg Vitamin B12: 1.2 mcg

Vitamin B12: 0.2 – 0.6 mcg


FOR DAILY

Acid folic:

Acid folic daily requirement in adult is 400 microgram

Acid folic when combined with Vitamin B12 helps

produce red blood cells - reduces the risk of suffering

from anemia.

Acid folic is found in Citrus fruits and juices;

Breads, cereals & grains;

Dark green leafy vegetables


FOR DAILY

Acid folic:


FOR DAILY

IRON:

Iron is important vitamin for product blood. So you need eating

iron-rich food for every diet.


FOR DAILY

IRON:


FOR DAILY


FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

Why do pregnant women need more?

- During pregnancy, your body produces more blood to support

the growth of your baby

- When you have anemia, your blood doesn't have enough

healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to your tissues and to

your baby.

-If you're not getting enough iron or certain other nutrients, your

body might not be able to produce the amount of red blood cells.


FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

Why do pregnant women need more?

- It's normal to have mild anemia when you are pregnant.

- Anemia can make you feeling tired and weak. If it is severe

andit isn’t treated, it can increase your risk of serious

complications like miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery,

postpartum haemorrhage.


FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

Requirement pregnant women need.

- Pregnant women need more than normal person.

- Pregnant women need 400mcg Acid folic and 60mg Iron

during pregnancy and after birth 1 month.

- First 3 months of pregnancy is the good time to the mother

should supplements acid folic.

- From fourth month to sixth month, the mother and baby need

more iron.


FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

Effecting to baby:

- Folic acid reduces the chance for certain birth defects to

occur (such as spine bifida and cleft lip/palate) when the

mother don’t take acid folic.

- Anemia cause fetal malnutrition, low birth sign, premature

birth.

- The baby weak, low resistance, poor brain development.

anemia

Education

blood test

number of red blood

destruction of red blood

abnormal red blood cells

sicklecell anemia

sickle cell anemia

quality of red blood

type of anemia