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Name __________________Section _________________Anatomy Study Guide

During this portion of the project, you will still be creating a study guide but of the various structures of the fetal pig or sheep brain/heart. For each of the systems, the first slide (or two) gives you basic dissection information and the list of structures that you are responsible for finding and learning their functions. The next slide is blank for your images with text boxes for labeling. However, feel free to add additional slides if you need the extra space. To complete this study guide you should:

1. Take images of required structures 2. Add images to slides and label structures3. Fill in functions in the structure tables.

Functional information can be filled in outside of class, but we encourage you to do as much of the image labeling during class time in case you have questions for your instructors. You will be able to find much of the information on function in your dissection manual, along with your textbook (Life by Sadava), Wikipedia, and many other physiology sources.

A copy of your guide will be submitted for grading by the end of the day of your lab during week 7 (week of March 2nd).

Good dissection requires patience.Once you have opened up your specimen, you will find that most organs and vessels are covered by membraneous tissues. These membranes need to be carefully removed in order to see structures clearly.

Properly dissecting out organs, and in particular arteries and veins, requires careful and patient work with your blunt probe. The effort you put into the dissection will be worth it.

Better dissected organs and vessels are easier to identify and to learn.

For example, for a well-dissected vessel, you should be able to pick up the vessel with your probe and run the probe along the length of the vessel. Vessels should appear as clearly defined strings like in the picture to the right. Most vessels will initially be encased in membranes. These membranes can be removed with your blunt probe.

2Use blunt probe to clear away membranes as much as you can. The probe will not destroy vessels.

Better dissected = easier to learn.

Color coding does not designate oxygen content, just artery (red) vs. vein (blue). Sometimes this can be reversed too.

IntroductionReview comments on dissection techniques and anatomical references used throughout the book.

Do you know these regions/planes?Yes? VentralDorsalCranialCaudalLateral MedialProximalDistalFrontal PlaneTransverse PlaneSagittal PlaneChapter 1: External anatomyBe familiar with external structures, and be able to identify male and female from external structures. Refer to figure 1.1We will not formally look at muscular system (Chapter 3), although you are welcome to investigate this material if you have finished all of the required chapters.Do you have a male or female? Confirm with your TA.

StructureFind It? HeadEarEyelidExternal NaresTongueTrunkShoulderElbowKneeStructureFind It? AnusUmbilical cordUrogenital openingMammary papillaScrotum (males)Genital papilla (females)Ankle/WristDigitsTailChapter 4: Digestive systemBegin with dissection instructions for the abdominal cavity, Figure 4.4 on pg. 44.Use the dissections pattern for males. If the cavity of your pig contains excess brown fluid or latex dye, you may need to wash out the pig. Ask your TA for assistance.Follow instructions for additional dissections of the digestive system on pg. 46 and pg. 48Make sure that you follow the instructions to make an incision in the stomach wall to examine the internal structures of the stomach, specially look at the rugae and pyloric sphincter.You are responsible for all structures and functions listed in Table 4.1 on pg. 51 except: teeth, salivary glands, and cecum. Note: The term large intestine refers to both the colon and cecum together.

Chapter 4: Digestive systemStructureFind It? Function?EsophagusDeliver food to stomachStomachDigest food via stomach acidLiverFilters blood and removes toxins GallbladderHolds bileBile DuctCarry bile for liver usePancreasRegulates blood sugarSmall intestineReabsorption of foodSpiral ColonReabsorrption of waterRectumHold waste before excretionAnusExcretion of foodChapter 4: Digestive systemLiverPancreasSmall IntestineSpiral colonStomach

Esophagus

SpleenRectumAnus

Gall bladderBile DuctLiver

AnusNotes and Instructions for Visualization of the Chest CavityCare needs to be taken during your dissection of the chest and neck area. There are endocrine structures located on top of the trachea and surrounding blood vessels that you do not want to damage. To help in this:Your blunt probe is your friend during most of your dissection when you are exposing structures. Scissors are useful but are also more apt to cut through necessary structures.Using your scissors, you may cut through the rib cage to carefully expose the thoracic cavity.On the caudal lateral edges (at the bottom and on the sides) of the ribs, you may also cut through the diaphragm to open the thoracic cavity easier. DO NOT REMOVE COMPLETELY.Although the pigs have been injected with latex, not all vessels end up colored. Arteries are more heavily walled (thicker) and look whiter than the veins (often looked collapsed).

Chapter 6: Respiratory systemBegin by following the dissection instructions found on page 77.Please do not remove the heart. We will have demo available for a better view of the bronchi, if necessaryYou are responsible for the structures from figure 6.1.You are not responsible for specific lobes of the lung or for the oral cavity.StructureFind It? Function?LarynxOpening pathway to tracheaTracheaCarry oxygen to lung, moistens and warms airBronchusInvolved with diffusion of O2 and Co2LungsFaciliate diffusion of oxygen and Co2DiaphragmMuscle that faciliates InhalationChapter 6: Respiratory systemLarynxTracheaLungsDiaphragmItems to label:

Chapter 7: Male reproductive system You may need to extend your ventral midline cut (cut #2, p44) in order to open the area more.The key is to locate the cremasteric pouch and then open it as described on pg. 85. To locate this pouch, first find where the spermatic cord (vas deferens, testicular blood vessels) passes posteriorly from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. (This will appear to loop over ureters near the urinary bladder)You can then follow the spermatic cord down into the scrotum to the testes. Use your blunt probe and an occasional snip with your scissors to locate the posterior end of the pouch.Note that below the testis you may see a rather large gummy looking structure known as the gubernaculum. This structure aids in descent of the testis into the scrotum. kidneybladdervas deferensureterfollow to testesNote: You are responsible for structures in both males and females. Be sure to look at another specimen in your lab.Chapter 7: Male reproductive system You are responsible for all items in Table 7.1 except for glands. StructureFind It? Function?TestisProduce spermEpididymisGive sperm motilityVas deferensCanal that carries sperm to urethraUrethraOpening for urine and spermGubernaculumDescends the testesChapter 7: Male reproductive system TestisEpididymisVas deferensUrethraGubernaculum

Chapter 7: Female reproductive systemResponsible for all items in Table 7.1 except: urogenital sinusPlease note that pigs have extended uterine horns that allow the female to support multiple fetuses. The uterine horns are often mistakenly identified as the oviducts.The oviducts are small coiled structures found close to the ovaries.Not responsible for pregnant female reproductive system.StructureFind It? Function?OvaryProduction of eggOviductEgg pass through this tubeUterine hornWhere fallopian tube and uterus meet Genital papillaCovers opening of vaginaChapter 7: Female reproductive systemOvaryOviductUterine hornGenital papilla

Chapter 7: Excretory systemFollow dissection instructions on pg. 94.Remove one kidney as instructed on pg. 96 and bisect it to observe the internal structure.You are responsible for identifying and knowing function of the structures listed from Table 7.2.

StructureFind It? Function?KidneyRemove excess salts and water from blood streamUreterCarries waste to urinary bladderUrinary bladderHolds waste before excretionCortexOuter layer of kidneyMedullaInner part of kidneyRenal pelvisFunnels waste from kidney to ureterChapter 7: Excretory systemKidneyUreterCortexMedullaRenal pelvis

Urinary BladderChapter 9: Endocrine systemResponsible for the following structures and functions from Table 9.1.

StructureFind It? Function?ThymusDevelops T-cells and involved in immunityThyroidCreate hormones from iodinePancreasMaintain digestion via bile and regulate blood sugarOvariesReproductive organ for females TestesReproductive organ for malesChapter 9: Endocrine systemThymusThyroid

At a minimum, you should complete up to this point by the end of Week 5.Chapter 5: External Anatomy of the Circulatory SystemBegin by following dissection instructions on pg. 54.Heart: External anatomy responsible for structures listed in Figure 5.1Fetal circulation: including the role of the ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale, and umbilical artery and vein (Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3). Note, you should be able to see or feel the ductus arteriosus, but you will not be able to see the foramen ovale.StructureFind It? Function?Right auricle/atriumRecieves blood from bodyRight ventriclePumps blood to lungsLeft auricle/atriumRecieves blood from lungsLeft ventriclePumps blood to bodyDuctus arteriosusConnects pulmonary artery to aortaForamen ovalePart of fetal heart: connects left atria to right atriaChapter 5: External Anatomy of the Circulatory SystemRight auricle/atriumRight ventricleLeft auricle/atriumLeft ventricleItems to label:

Chapter 5: Thoracic Vessels of the Circulatory SystemPlease do not remove veins. Use a probe to gently clean areas surrounding veins and arteries to better visualize the vessels.Veins of thoracic region: Figure 5.5Arteries of thoracic region: Figure 5.8Skip the internal anatomy of the fetal heart, we will use a sheep model for internal structures.Chapter 5: Thoracic Vessels of the Circulatory SystemStructureFind It? Function?External jugular veinCollects most of blood from outside of skull and deepest parts of faceInternal jugular veinCollects blood from brain; the outside of the face and neckSubclavian veinsExtension of the axillary vein at the outer border of the first ribCranial vena cavaRuns blood from brain to right atriumCaudal vena cavaRuns blood from inferior part of body to RACommon carotid arterySupper head and neck with oxygenated bloodRight/Left subclavian arteriesPaired major arteries of upper bodyBrachiocephalic trunk/arteryTakes oxygenated blood to upper limbsAortic archArch in upper part of aortaPulmonary arteryRuns blood to the lungsLeft coronary arteryRuns blood to cardiac musclesChapter 5: Thoracic Vessels of the Circulatory SystemExternal jugular veinInternal jugular veinSubclavian veinsRight/left subclavian artery

Common Carotid ArteryAortic ArchCoronary ArteryPulmonary Artery

Caudal Vena CavaCranial Vena CavaChapter 5: Abdominal Vessels of the Circulatory SystemContinue to clean away tissues with a blunt probe to better visualize vessels.Hepatic portal system: Figure 5.11.Arteries and veins of the abdominal region: Figure 5.13 except: portal sinus, adrenal artery, genital vessels, medial sacral artery and vein, and caudal mesenteric artery.Chapter 5: Abdominal Vessels of the Circulatory SystemStructureFind It? Function?Gastrospleneic veinMoves blood from stomach to heartHepatic portal veinMoves blood from stomach and spleen to liver capilariesHepatic veinsRuns blood to liverCaudal vena cavaRuns blood from Right ventricle to lower bodyUmbilical veinRuns blood to the fetus from heartUmbilical arteryRuns blood from fetus to heartCranial mesenteric arterySupplies blood to intestines and pancreasAorta Runs blood out of left ventricle to bodyInternal iliac artery/veinRuns blood to/from pelvic areaDeep femoral artery/veinRuns blood to/from inner leg areaFemoral artery/veinRuns blood to/from leg areaExternal iliac artery/veinPrecursor vessel to femoral artery/veinDeep circumflex iliac artery/veinRuns blood to leg areaRenal artery/veinRuns blood to/from kidneyCeliac arterySupplies blood to stomach and intestinal areaChapter 5: Abdominal Vessels of the Circulatory SystemCaudal vena cavaUmbilical arteryCranial mesenteric arteryAortaDeep femoral artery/veinFemoral artery/veinExternal iliac artery/veinDeep circumflex iliac artery/veinRenal artery/vein

Internal Iliac Artery/vein Celiac ArteryHepatic Portal Vein

Gastrospleneic Vein

Hepatic VeinUmbilical VeinChapter 5: Internal Anatomy of the Sheep heartHearts will already be dissected. Please do not make any additional cuts unless specifically instructed. You are responsible for identifying the 4 chambers of the heart, the 4 sets of valves, and the major arteries and veins associated with blood flow through the heart.To view the aortic semilunar valve, you will need to look down into the heart through the aorta.Once you have identified the major structures, you should be able to trace the path of blood flow through the heart.

Chapter 5: Internal Anatomy of the Sheep heartStructureFind It? Function?Right atriumRecieves blood from bodyRight ventricleGives blood to lungLeft atriumRecieves blood from lungLeft ventricleGives blood to bodyTricuspid valveValve between Right Atrium and ventricleBicuspid valveValve between left atrium and ventricleAortic semilunar valveValve between right ventricle and aortaPulmonary semilunar valveValve between left ventricle and lungsAortaArteries that runs blood to bodyBrachiocephalic arteryRuns blood from aorta to carotid arteryPulmonary arteryArtery that runs blood to lungsPulmonary veinArtery that runs blood from lungs to bodyCranial vena cavaRuns blood from brain to heartCaudal vena cavaRuns blood from lower body to heartChordae tendineaeConnect papillary muscles to mitral and tricupsid valveChapter 5: Internal Anatomy of the Sheep heartRight atriumRight ventricleLeft atriumLeft ventricleAorta

Brachiocephalic Artery

Bicupsid ValvePulmonary Vein

Tricuspid ValveVena CavaRight AtriumPulmonary ArteryChordia TendinaeAt a minimum, you should complete up to this point by the end of Week 6.Chapter 8: Nervous systemWe will use a sheep brain, not fetal pig brain for this section.Review structures outlined for the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the brain. Responsible for all structures labeled in the diagram to the right, including functions. There is no specific table of functions for these structures. Most functions can be found in Ch. 8 of the dissection manual.Not responsible for cranial nerves or the mammalian eye.Our sheep brain specimens will be bisected so that structures may be viewed internally.Chapter 8: Nervous system

Chapter 8: Nervous systemStructureFind It? Function?CerebrumInvolved with higher levels of thought and speechCerebellumRegulates fine motor movementSpinal cordCNS- relays information to and from limbs. ReflexesMedullaHeart function, breathing, blood vessel function and digestionPonsCoordinates breathing and chewingPituitary glandsEndocrine SystemHypothalamusRegulates body temp and sleep/wake cycleOptic nerve/chiasmaOpening where nerves from eye enter brainThalamusRelay stationCorpus callosumDivide between left and right hemisphereChapter 8: Nervous systemCerebrumCerebellumSpinal cordHypothalamusThalamusCorpus callosum

Optic ChiasmPituitary Gland

PonsMedullaSpinal Cord