anatomy & physiology i unit two
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Anatomy & Physiology I Unit Two . Basic Chemistry. Definitions. Matter – any thing that has mass and takes up space. Therefore – all organisms as well as the visible or unseen physical world around them are made of matter. Basic Chemistry. Definitions. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Anatomy & Anatomy & Physiology IPhysiology I
Unit Two Unit Two
DefinitionsDefinitions
Matter – Matter – any thing that has any thing that has mass and takes up spacemass and takes up space
Therefore Therefore – – all organisms as all organisms as well as the visible or unseen well as the visible or unseen physical world around them physical world around them are made of matterare made of matter
DefinitionsDefinitions
Atom Atom – – the smallest particle of the smallest particle of an element that retains the an element that retains the characteristics of the elementcharacteristics of the element
Element Element – – a substance that a substance that cannot be changed into cannot be changed into another substanceanother substance
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Atom Atom AnatomyAnatomy
Proton Proton – – positivpositive e chargecharge
Neutron Neutron – – neutral neutral chargecharge
Electron Electron – – negative negative chargecharge
Periodic Chart Periodic Chart InformationInformation
Atomic Mass Atomic Mass (P# + N#)(P# + N#)
ChemicChemical al
SymbolSymbol
Atomic Atomic Number Number
(P#)(P#)66
CC12.0112.01
Atom Atom ExamplesExamples
DefinitionsDefinitions
Isotopes Isotopes –atoms of an –atoms of an element that have varying element that have varying numbers of neutronsnumbers of neutrons
DefinitionDefinitionss
Molecule Molecule – a particle made – a particle made up of two or more atoms up of two or more atoms bonded togetherbonded togetherDiatomic moleculeDiatomic molecule– – two of two of the same type of atom the same type of atom bonded together such as Obonded together such as O22 or or NN22
DefinitionsDefinitionsCompound Compound – a substance – a substance made up of two or more made up of two or more elements bonded togetherelements bonded togetherTherefore Therefore – – the smallest the smallest particle of a compound that particle of a compound that retains its characteristics is a retains its characteristics is a molecule (Hmolecule (H22O or COO or CO22))
DefinitionsDefinitionsIon Ion – an atom that has given – an atom that has given up or gained electrons to up or gained electrons to achieve stabilityachieve stabilityCation Cation – – a positively a positively charged ion that has charged ion that has given up electronsgiven up electronsAnion Anion – – a negatively a negatively charged ion that has charged ion that has gained electronsgained electrons
DefinitionsDefinitions
Electrolytes Electrolytes – salts that – salts that ionize in water and form ionize in water and form solutions capable of solutions capable of conducting electricityconducting electricityTherefore Therefore – – electrolytes electrolytes (ions) carry a positive or (ions) carry a positive or negative chargenegative charge
DefinitionDefinitionssFree radical Free radical – a chemical – a chemical
particle carrying an odd particle carrying an odd number of electrons (Onumber of electrons (O22
--))Explanation Explanation – – free radicals free radicals are formed from metabolic are formed from metabolic reactions, by radiation or reactions, by radiation or chemicalschemicals
DefinitionDefinitionssFree radical Free radical – a chemical – a chemical
particle carrying an odd particle carrying an odd number of electrons (Onumber of electrons (O22
--))Explanation Explanation – – free radicals free radicals quickly combine with other quickly combine with other molecules converting them molecules converting them into free radicals which will into free radicals which will destroy more moleculesdestroy more molecules
DefinitionDefinitionss
Antioxidant Antioxidant – a chemical that – a chemical that neutralizes free radicalsneutralizes free radicals
Explanation Explanation – – the body the body produces enzymes to convert produces enzymes to convert free radicals and antioxidants free radicals and antioxidants are obtained through the dietare obtained through the diet
Bonds formed by Bonds formed by the attraction the attraction between ions of between ions of opposite chargesopposite charges
Ionic BondsIonic Bonds
CovalenCovalent Bondst Bonds
Bonds formed by Bonds formed by the sharing of the sharing of electrons electrons between atomsbetween atoms
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- a covalently - a covalently bonded, polar bonded, polar
moleculemoleculeMolecules are Molecules are
said to be polar if said to be polar if they have slight they have slight opposite charges opposite charges
on either endon either end
The slight attraction between the negative end of one molecule and the positive end of another results in a…
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The Relative Strengths The Relative Strengths of Chemical bondsof Chemical bonds
The The weakest!weakest!
The middleweight!!The middleweight!!
The undisputed The undisputed champion!!!champion!!!
Hydrogen bondsHydrogen bonds
Ionic bondsIonic bonds
Covalent Covalent bondsbonds
DefinitionsDefinitions
Acid Acid – a compound that – a compound that releases hydrogen (Hreleases hydrogen (H++) ions ) ions in solutionin solutionBase Base – – a compound that a compound that releases hydroxide ions releases hydroxide ions (OH(OH--) in solution) in solution
DefinitionsDefinitions
Salt Salt – – an ionic compound an ionic compound that does not contain Hthat does not contain H++ or or OHOH--, obtained from an , obtained from an acid/base reactionacid/base reactionBuffer Buffer – – a chemical system a chemical system that resists large changes in that resists large changes in pH by taking up or giving off pH by taking up or giving off HH++
Acid-Base Acid-Base ReactionReaction
HClHCl ++ KOHKOH KClKCl ++ HH22OOAcidAcid BasBas
eeSaltSalt WateWate
rr
HH++
ClCl--KK++
OHOH--
DefinitionsDefinitions
pH pH – – the measurement of the measurement of the Hthe H++ concentration in a concentration in a solutionsolution
pH – pH – the the measurememeasurement of the Hnt of the H++ concentraticoncentration in on in solutionsolution
BuffersBuffers
Remember – a buffer is a Remember – a buffer is a chemical system that resists chemical system that resists large changes in pH by taking large changes in pH by taking up or giving off Hup or giving off H++ Therefore, a buffer is a Therefore, a buffer is a homeostatic mechanism that homeostatic mechanism that helps to regulate the pH of helps to regulate the pH of blood and other body fluidsblood and other body fluids
BuffersBuffers
The pH range of blood is 7.35-The pH range of blood is 7.35-7.457.45It is extremely important that It is extremely important that blood stay in this narrow blood stay in this narrow range, making buffering range, making buffering systems necessarysystems necessary
BuffersBuffers
The body has two types of The body has two types of buffering systems:buffering systems: < chemical< chemical < physiological< physiological A chemical buffer is a A chemical buffer is a substance that removes or substance that removes or releases Hreleases H++ from a system by from a system by binding to them or releasing binding to them or releasing themthem
BuffersBuffers
A physiological buffer is a A physiological buffer is a system that stabilizes pH by system that stabilizes pH by controlling the body’s output controlling the body’s output of acids, bases & COof acids, bases & CO22 The two systems that act as The two systems that act as physiological buffers are the physiological buffers are the respiratory and urinary respiratory and urinary systemssystems
COCO22 + H + H22O HO H22COCO3 3 HCOHCO33- - + H+ H++
Chemical BuffersChemical Buffers
The bicarbonate buffering The bicarbonate buffering systemsystem
HH2 2 POPO44-- HPO HPO44
2-2- + H+ H++
The phosphate buffering The phosphate buffering systemsystem
Chemical BuffersChemical Buffers
- - COOH COOH - - COOCOO-- + H+ H++
The protein buffering systemThe protein buffering system
OR OR - - NHNH2 2 + H+ H++ - - NHNH33
++
COCO22 + H + H22O HO H22COCO3 3 HCOHCO33- - + H+ H++
Physiological BuffersPhysiological Buffers
The bicarbonate buffering The bicarbonate buffering systemsystem
The respiratory system is a two The respiratory system is a two to three times stronger to three times stronger buffering system than chemical buffering system than chemical buffersbuffers
Physiological BuffersPhysiological Buffers
HH++ are secreted from the blood are secreted from the blood into kidney tubules where they into kidney tubules where they bind with HCObind with HCO33
--, HPO, HPO442-2- or or
ammoniaammonia
The urinary system is most The urinary system is most powerful buffering system in powerful buffering system in the bodythe body
Physiological BuffersPhysiological Buffers
The removal of free HThe removal of free H++ is what is what makes this buffering system so makes this buffering system so powerfulpowerful
The bound and free HThe bound and free H++ are then are then excreted in the urineexcreted in the urine
Buffering OverviewBuffering Overview
Buffering OverviewBuffering Overview
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- a covalently - a covalently bonded, polar bonded, polar
moleculemoleculeMolecules are Molecules are
said to be polar if said to be polar if they have slight they have slight opposite charges opposite charges
on either endon either end
The slight attraction between the negative end of one molecule and the positive end of another results in a…
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- Polarity leads to adhesion and cohesion- Polarity leads to adhesion and cohesion -Adhesion and cohesionAdhesion and cohesion lead to capillary lead to capillary action and surface tensionaction and surface tension- High specific heat leads to temperature - High specific heat leads to temperature stabilitystability- High heat of vaporization leads to - High heat of vaporization leads to evaporative coolingevaporative cooling
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- This characteristic means water has a - This characteristic means water has a high degree of solvency and chemical high degree of solvency and chemical reactivityreactivity
- Spheres of hydration form electrostatic - Spheres of hydration form electrostatic interactions, keeping ions from interacting interactions, keeping ions from interacting with each otherwith each other
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- Water also ionizes into H- Water also ionizes into H++ and OH and OH-- which which can be incorporated into other molecules or can be incorporated into other molecules or released from themreleased from them
The four types of organic compoundsThe four types of organic compounds
CarbohydratCarbohydratesesLipidsLipidsProteinsProteinsNucleic Nucleic acidsacids
The general formula is The general formula is CHCH22OOThe monomers are The monomers are monosaccharidesmonosaccharidesFunctionsFunctions:: Provide energyProvide energyStructural Structural usesusesExamples:Examples:Plants - starch, Plants - starch, cellulose Animals - cellulose Animals - glycogen, chitinglycogen, chitin
Functional group – COOHFunctional group – COOH- -
(carboxyl)(carboxyl)The monomers are fatty acids and The monomers are fatty acids and alcoholsalcoholsFunctionsFunctions:: Storage energyStorage energyStructural Structural usesusesRegulationRegulationProtectionProtection
Examples:Examples:•Fats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides)•PhospholipidPhospholipidss•SteroidsSteroids•WaxesWaxes
The two types of fatty The two types of fatty acidsacids
•SaturatSaturateded
•UnsaturatUnsaturateded
Two functional groups – COOHTwo functional groups – COOH- -
(carboxyl) and NH(carboxyl) and NH22-- (amine) (amine)
The monomers are amino acidsThe monomers are amino acidsFunctionsFunctions::
Provide energyProvide energy
Structural Structural usesusesRegulationRegulationProtectionProtection
Examples:Examples:•CollagenCollagen•HormoneHormoness•EnzymesEnzymes•AntibodiesAntibodies
The monomers are The monomers are nucleotidesnucleotidesFunctionsFunctions::HeredityHeredityProtein Protein synthesissynthesis
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Nitrogen baseNitrogen base
Pentose sugarPentose sugar
Phosphate Phosphate groupgroup
ExampleExamples:s:•DNADNA•RNARNA
Single Single stranded stranded with three with three forms – forms – tRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and rRNA, and mRNAmRNA
Double Double stranded, stranded, double double helix helix moleculemolecule
Adenosine Adenosine triphosphatetriphosphate
The fuel of The fuel of living cellsliving cells
DefinitionsDefinitions
Dehydration synthesis – the Dehydration synthesis – the assembling of organic assembling of organic molecules by extracting molecules by extracting waterwaterHydrolysis – the breaking Hydrolysis – the breaking up of organic molecules up of organic molecules using waterusing water
The The Metabolism Metabolism
of of MacromolecuMacromolecu
lesles
EnzymeEnzymessProteins that function as biological Proteins that function as biological catalysts by lowering the energy of catalysts by lowering the energy of activation and speeding up chemical activation and speeding up chemical processesprocessesEnzymes are substrate specific, much Enzymes are substrate specific, much like a lock and keylike a lock and keyEnzymes catalyze reactions without Enzymes catalyze reactions without being changed being changed
EnzymeEnzymessHow they work!How they work!
EnzymeEnzymessHow they work!How they work!
pH effects on pH effects on enzymesenzymes
Temperature Temperature effects on effects on enzymesenzymes