anatomy, physiology & absorption of nutrients animal science i digestive systems
TRANSCRIPT
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ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
ANIMAL SCIENCE I
Digestive Systems
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Objectives*
Name, locate and describe the functions of the parts of the digestive systems of ruminant and nonruminant animals
Classify farm animals as ruminant and nonruminant
Explain the relationship of types of digestive systems to the ability of ruminants and nonruminants to digest and absorb different classes of feed
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Defining the Digestive Systems
Digestion-the process of breaking feed down into simple substances that can be absorbed by the body
Absorption-taking the digested parts of feed into the bloodstream
Digestive System (tract)-consists of parts of the body involved in chewing and digesting feed, absorbing nutrients and moving digested feed through the body
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Parts of the Digestive System*
MouthEsophagusSmall IntestineLarge intestineRectumAnusAccessory organs
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
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Poultry Digestive System
No teethCrop and gizzardCecaCloacaVent
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Digestive Capacities
Vary among speciesSpecies, age, breed and size affect capacityTable 5-3Ruminants are generally larger than
nonruminants
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Ruminants
Animals that have a stomach that is divided into several parts Cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, bison, deer
Can digest large quantities roughage This is due to the bacteria present in their digestive
system. Bacteria produce proteins, B-complex vitamins and vitamin K
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Nonruminants
Animals that have simple, one compartment stomachs Swine, horses, poultry
Require high energy, low fiber rations called concentrates
Ruminant vs. Nonruminant usage of roughage Cattle and sheep 44% compared to swine 22% Horses fall in the middle at about 39%
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The Ruminant Stomach
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Parts
RumenReticulumOmasumAbomasums
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Rumen
Contain millions of protozoa and bacteriaMuscles help break the food down into
smaller particles so it is easier for bacteria to act
No division between it and the Reticulum
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Reticulum
Hardware stomachForeign objects such as wire and nails go
here and are heldThick walls
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Omasum
8% of stomachStrong muscles that grind up feed and
squeeze out some water but how much is not know
Somewhat of a mystery area
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Abomasum
“true” stomach7% stomachFeed is mixed with gastric juicesDigestion is carried out here just like
nonruminants
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How Ruminants Digest
Eat rapidlyDo not chew much of their feed before swallowingSolid part of the feed goes to the rumen; liquid
part goes into the reticulum then the omasum and on into the abomasum
In the rumen feed is partially broken down and mixed by bacteria. A slow churning and mixing takes place
When full the animal lies down and feed is forced back into the mouth and rumination occurs. Cattle chew their cud 6-8 times per day
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Development of the Ruminant Stomach*
Abomasums is the only part that functionsYoung ruminants can not use roughagesMilk goes directly the abomasumsWhen born the rumen is small and found in the
upper left part of the abdomenAfter 2 months of age the rumen moves to its
normal positionThe reticulum and omasum grow and develop
rapidlyBy 3 months of age the rumen has grown enough
to begin to function
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Digestion in Poultry
Possess certain special digestive organs not found in other animals Crop
Feed is stored and softened by saliva and secretions from the crop wall Muscular stomach
Lined with a thick, horny membrane like material called epithelium Feed particles are crushed and mixed with digestive juices by the gizzard
Ceca Two blind pouches where the small and large intestine join About 7” long Function is unknown but usually filled with soft, undigested food
Cloaca Enlarged part where the large intestine joins the vent
Vent Area of passage from the body for
Feces from the large intestine Eggs from the oviduct Urine from the kidneys
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Absorption of Feed X
Most takes place in the small intestineVilli-small finger shaped projections are key
to absorption because they increase the surface area of the intestine
As substances are absorbed by the blood capillaries in the villi, they pass through the liver and then the blood
Water and dissolved minerals are also absorbed in the small intestine
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Digested Protein
Absorbed in the form of amino acidsSome sodium must be present for absorption
to properly occur
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Digested Carbohydrates (Starches & Sugars)
Present as monosaccharide's Glucose Fructose Galactose
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Fiber
In the form of short-chained fatty acidsAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) supplies the
energy for the absorption of the monosaccharide's and fatty acids
Sodium must also be present
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Digested Fats (soaps and glycerol)
Form into fats again and are absorbed by the lymph vessel in the villi.
They pass through the thoracic duct in the neck and into the circulatory system
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Absorption in the Large Intestine
Water and some nutrients are directly absorbed into the bloodstream through capillaries in the intestinal wall
This is especially important in horses because much of the microbial digestion of roughage occurs in the cecum
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End of the Nutrients Journey
Most in the muscle cellsSome are deposited in the liverUsed to replace worn out cells and build new
for energy or stored as fat for later use
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Metabolism
Sum of the processes, both chemical and physical that are used by living organisms and cells to handle nutrients after they have been absorbed from the digestive system
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Process
Anabolism—formation and repair of body tissue
Catabolism—breakdown of body tissues into simpler substances and waste
Oxidation of nutrients provides energy
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Summary
Ruminants can use a lot of roughageThey have a 4 part stomach in which bacteria
breakdown the roughagesNonruminants must have more concentrates
such as grain, in their ration because they have simple one part stomachs
Most digested feed is absorbed in the small intestine of the animal
Small intestine has millions of tiny villi
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Assignment
Discussion 24, 25, 27, 29-33, 35, 37Review Questions 1-11Due Friday Aug 31 end of period.