Page 1 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern NevadaChapter 4: Histology: The Study of TissuesI. Tissues and HistologyA. Tissues1. Tissues are collections of _specialized cells and the _extra cellular substance surrounding them.___________________2. The classification of tissue types is based on:a. ___structure of cells___________________________b. ___composition of the noncellular substance___________________________c. ______________________________3. Name the four primary tissue types:a. _Epithelial tissue_____b. _connective tissue___c. __muscle tissue _________________d. __nervous tissue__4. The classification of epithelial and connective tissue is based on:a. __cell shape__b. __relationship of cells to one another____________________________c. __composition of the extracellular matrix____________________________5. The classification of muscle and nervous tissue is based on:a. __characteristics and location____________________________B. Histology1. What is histology? _microscopic study of tissues

2. What is a biopsy? Process of removing tissue samples from patient surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes.II. Embryonic TissueA. Endoderm1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the endoderm? _Inner layer____2. Endoderm will form ____lining of digestive tract and its derivatives.1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the mesoderm? __middle layer________2. Mesoderm will form __forms tissue such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels.___________________________________________Page 2 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern NevadaC. Ectoderm1. Considering position of the layers which layer is the ectoderm? _outer layer__________2. Ectoderm will form __forms the skin_______A. General Characteristics of Epithelium1. Epithelium is composed mostly of _cells___ with very little _extracellular matrix.2. Epithelium covers _body surface__________________ and forms _glands made from body surface__a. On what body surfaces would one expect to find epithelium?____________Exterior surface________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Define the following epithelial terms:a. Free or apical surface _________________________________________b. Lateral surface ______________________________________________c. Basal surface _______________________________________________d. How is a basement membrane formed? _________________________________________________________________________________________e. What does the basement membrane do? ________________________________________________________________________________________4. What holds adjacent epithelial cells together? _________________________5. Epithelial tissue is "avascular" since it is not penetrated by blood vessels. Sohow do nutrients reach the epithelial cells? ___________________________a. Where are the most metabolically active cells? _____________________B. List the Five Major Functions of Epithelia1. __________________________________________________2. __________________________________________________3. __________________________________________________4. __________________________________________________5. __________________________________________________Page 3 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern NevadaC. Classification of Epithelium1. Classification is based on ____________________ & ___________________2. Three major types of epithelium based on number of cell layers:a. Observing a simple epithelium one would expect to see: ____________________________________________________________________________b. Observing a stratified epithelium one would expect to see: __________________________________________________________________________c. Observing pseudostratified columnar epithelium one would expect to see:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1. Where might you find this type of epithelium? ____________________3. List and describe the three shapes of epithelial cells:a. ___________________________________________________________b. ___________________________________________________________c. ___________________________________________________________4. Types of epithelium are given two names based on:a. ____________________b. ____________________5. Describe how "moist stratified squamous epithelium" differs from "keratinizedstratified squamous epithelium": _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. Transitional Epitheliuma. Where is it found? ____________________________________________b. What shape are the cells when they are not stretched? _______________c. What shape are the cells when they are stretched? _________________

D. Functional Characteristics1. Cell Layers and Cell Shapesa. Simple epithelium functions to:1. ______________________________2. ______________________________Page 4 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevada3. ______________________________4. ______________________________b. Stratified epithelium functions for ______________________________1. As outer cells are ____________________ they are ______________c. Flat and thin cells will allow ____________________ and _____________d. Cuboidal or columnar cells are usually involved in ___________________2. Cell Surfacesa. What do smooth surfaces do? __________________________________b. What do microvilli do for a cell? _________________________________1. Therefore they are found in cells involved in what? _______________c. Elongated microvilli are called ____________________1. They are found where what is an important function? ______________d. What purpose do cilia serve in the human body? ____________________3. Cell Connectionsa. List the three functions of cellular connections:1. ________________________________________________________2. ________________________________________________________3. ________________________________________________________b. Describe the structure of a desmosome: ________________________________________________________________________________________1. What does a hemidesmosome do? ____________________________c. Tight junctions ____________________ & ____________________1. Where is the zonula adherens and what does it do? __________________________________________________________________________2. The zonula occludens forms _________________________________a. The tight seal prevents ___________________________________d. What does a gap junction do? ___________________________________1. They are most important in ________________ & ________________2. In ciliated epithelial cells they may _____________________________4. Glandsa. Glands that connect to the surface by a duct are called _______________Page 5 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevadab. Glands that do not connect by a duct are called _____________________1. These glands secrete into the ____________________2. These glands produce ____________________c. An exocrine gland consisting of a single cell is called _________________1. An example would be ______________________________d. An exocrine gland consisting of many cells is called _________________

1. The duct system of an exocrine gland can be:a. Simple which means ____________________________________b. Compound which means _________________________________c. Tubular (tubule) which means _____________________________d. Acinar (acini) which means _______________________________e. Alveolar (alveoli) which means _____________________________e. Describe how each of the three functional types of exocrine glands work:1. Merocrine Glands: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Apocrine Glands: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Holocrine Glands: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________IV. Connective TissueA. General Characteristics of Connective Tissue1. Connective tissue __________ are separated by ______________________2. Connective tissue structure is __________ and performs ________________B. List the seven major categories of connective tissue function:1. __________________________________________________2. __________________________________________________3. __________________________________________________4. __________________________________________________5. __________________________________________________6. __________________________________________________Page 6 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevada7. __________________________________________________C. Cells of Connective Tissue1. Define the function that each cell would have based on the suffix:a. Blasts __________________________________________________b. Cytes __________________________________________________c. Clasts __________________________________________________2. What type of connective tissue does each of the following prefixes refer to:a. Fibro __________________________________________________b. Chondro __________________________________________________c. Osteo __________________________________________________3. Adipose Cells (adipocytes)a. What do adipose cells do? _____________________________________b. What do adipose cells look like? _________________________________4. Mast Cellsa. Where are mast cells found? ___________________________________b. What chemicals do they contain? ________________________________c. What is their function? _________________________________________5. What cells continuously move into connective tissue? ___________________6. What do macrophages do? _______________________________________a. A fixed macrophage ______________________________

b. A wandering macrophage ______________________________7. Embryonic connective tissue cells that persist in adult tissues are called:________________________________________a. Their potential is to ___________________________________________D. Extracellular Matrix1. List the three major components of connective tissue matrix:a. ________________________________________b. ________________________________________c. ________________________________________2. The structure of the matrix is responsible for __________________________3. Protein Fibers of the MatrixPage 7 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevadaa. Collagen fibers are composed of ______________________________1. Describe the structure of a collagen molecule: ______________________________________________________________________________2. What are the physical properties of collagen?_______________ & _______________ but ____________________3. How many types of collagen are there? ________________________b. Reticular fibers are actually _____________________________________1. Describe reticular fibers: ____________________________________2. Functionally reticular fibers __________________________________c. Elastic fibers contain ________________________________________1. This protein has the ability to _________________________________2. Describe an elastin molecule: ______________________________3. How are elastin molecules arranged in the tissue? ___________________________________________________________________________4. Other Matrix Moleculesa. What is ground substance? _____________________________________b. Describe the shape of hyaluronic acid molecules: ___________________c. What quality does hyaluronic acid give to fluids? ____________________d. What are proteoglycan monomers? ____________________________________________________________________________________________e. What can proteoglycans do when they trap large quantities of water?______________________________________________________________f. What do adhesive molecules do in connective tissue? ______________________________________________________________________________V. Classification of Connective TissueA. Classification of connective tissue is influenced by:1. __________________________________________________2. __________________________________________________3. __________________________________________________Page 8 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern NevadaB. Embryonic Connective Tissue1. It is properly called ______________________________

2. Structurally it is made up of:a. Irregularly ______________________________b. Surrounded by ______________________________c. In which ______________________________3. Where is mucous connective tissue found? _________________________C. Adult Connective Tissue1. Loose Connective Tissuea. It is sometimes referred to as ______________________________b. Loose connective tissue consists of:1. Protein ____________________2. With numerous ____________________c. Functionally areolar connective tissue is:1. ______________________________2. ______________________________d. Structurally it contains __________, __________, & __________ fibersand a __________ of cells.2. Dense Connective Tissuea. Protein fibers form ________________________________________b. Dense Regular Connective Tissue1. What does the term "regular" in the name refer to? ______________2. Dense regular connective tissue has abundant _________________a. This makes the tissue appear what color? __________________3. Dense regular collagenous connective tissue forms:a. ____________________b. ____________________c. Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue1. Composed of bundles of _______________ & abundant __________a. This makes the tissue appear what color? __________________2. Dense regular elastic connective tissue forms __________________Page 9 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevada3. Functionally when stretched they ____________________________d. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue1. Contains protein fibers arranged _____________________________2. Functionally forms sheets that have __________________________3. Where would you find dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?________________________________________4. Where would you find dense irregular elastic connective tissue?________________________________________3. Connective Tissue with Special Propertiesa. Adipose Tissue1. Consists of adipocytes containing __________________________2. Adipose is composed of ___________________ cells and a smallamount of ____________________ that consists of _______________3. Functionally adipose is:a. ______________________________

b. ______________________________c. ______________________________b. Reticular Tissue1. Forms the ____________________ of lymphatic tissue.2. Characterized by a network of _______________ & _______________4. Cartilagea. Cartilage is composed of cells called ____________________ that are inspaces called _____________ inside an ________________________b. The matrix of cartilage contains __________, __________, & __________c. The proteoglycans can trap ______________________________1. This allows cartilage to __________________________________d. The collagen fibers give cartilage ______________________________e. What is the perichondrium? ___________________________________f. Why does cartilage heal slowly? _______________________________g. Hyaline Cartilage1. It has large amounts of ___________________ & ________________Page 10 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevada2. Where would you find hyaline cartilage?a. ______________________________b. ______________________________c. It also covers ______________________________h. Fibrocartilage1. It has more ____________________ than ____________________2. Functionally it is slightly _______________ & ___________________3. Where would you find fibrocartilage? __________________________i. Elastic Cartilage1. It has __________ fibers in addition to __________ & __________2. Where would you find elastic cartilage? _______________________5. Bonea. Bone consists of ____________________ & ____________________b. The organic portion consists of __________ fibers, primarily __________c. The inorganic portion consists of ______________________________1. What minerals to they contain? ______________ & ______________d. Bone cells are called _______________ & are located in ____________e. Cancellous or Spongy Bone1. Composed of plates called ______________ surrounding __________f. Compact Bone1. What is a lamellae? _______________________________________g. Why does bone repair so easily? _______________________________6. Hemopoietic Tissue and Blooda. Why is blood unusual among connective tissues? __________________b. What does hemopoietic tissue do? ______________________________c. What is yellow bone marrow composed of? ____________________d. What is red bone marrow composed of? ____________________VI. Muscle Tissue

A. The main characteristic of muscle tissue is _____________________________B. Muscle Tissue StructurePage 11 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevada1. What does striated mean? ______________________________2. Therefore nonstriated would mean? ______________________________C. Muscle Tissue Function1. What does voluntary mean? ______________________________2. What does involuntary mean? ______________________________D. Based on structural and functional classification (B & C above):1. Skeletal muscle is ______________________________2. Cardiac muscle is ______________________________3. Smooth muscle is ______________________________VII. Nervous TissueA. Nervous tissue has the ability to ____________________________________B. Describe each of the major parts of a neuron:1. Cell body: __________________________________________________2. Nerve cell processes consist of _________________________________2. Dendrite: __________________________________________________a. A dendrite __________ the action potential and ____________________3. Axon: __________________________________________________b. An axon usually conducts ______________________________C. Describe the structure of the three types of neurons:1. Multipolar neurons have ________________________________________2. Bipolar neurons have ________________________________________3. Unipolar neurons have ________________________________________D. Neuroglia are ________________________________________1. Functionally neuroglia:a. ____________________b. ____________________c. ____________________VIII. MembranesA. Mucous MembranePage 12 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern Nevada1. It consists of ____________________, ____________________, a thick____________________, & sometimes, ____________________2. Mucous membranes line ________________________________________3. Functions include _______________, _______________, & _____________B. Serous Membrane1. It consists of ____________________ called ____________________,its ____________________ & ______________________________3. Serous membranes line ________________________________________4. The membrane is moistened by __________ which ____________________5. Functionally serous membranes:a. Protect ________________________________________

b. Help ________________________________________c. Act as ________________________________________C. Synovial Membrane1. It is composed of ________________________________________2. Synovial membranes line ________________________________________3. They produce a fluid rich in ______________________________ whichmakes ____________________ thereby ___________________________IX. InflammationA. The inflammatory response:1. Mobilizes ______________________________2. Isolates ______________________________3. Removes ______________________________B. List the five major manifestations (symptoms) of an inflammatory response:1. ____________________2. ____________________3. ____________________4. ____________________5. ____________________Page 13 of 13 Created by Martin E. Hicks,Community College of Southern NevadaC. Mediators of inflammation include:1. ____________________2. ____________________3. ____________________4. ____________________ & othersD. Why is dilation of blood vessels beneficial? _________________________________________________________________________________________________E. What does increased permeability of blood vessels do? _______________________________________________________________________________________F. What is edema and why does it occur? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________G. The site of injury is "walled off" from surrounding tissues by _________________X. Tissue RepairA. Tissue repair is the substitution of ________________ for _______________B. Which type of repair results in normal function? ____________________C. Which type of repair will produce scar tissue? ____________________D. Classification of Cells1. What group of cells continues to divide throughout life? ________________2. What group of cells divides only in response to injury? ________________3. What group of cells has a very limited ability to divide? ________________E. ____________________ heals wounds when the edges are close together.F. ____________________ heals wounds when the edges are far apart.XI. Tissues and AgingA. In older people cells ______________________________B. In older people collagen fibers ______________________________1. Collagen connective tissue becomes less __________ & more __________

C. Elastic fibers __________, bind to __________, & become _________________