RESPIRATORY RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSYSTEM

FARMASI FARMASI UNIVERSITAS JAMBIUNIVERSITAS JAMBI

System RespirasiSystem Respirasi1. Providing an extensive area for gas exchange

between air and circulating blood. 2. Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the

lungs. 3. Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration,

temperature changes, or other environmental variations and defending the respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogens.

4. Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, and nonverbal communication.

5. Providing olfactory sensations to the central nervous system from the olfactory epithelium in the superior portions of the nasal cavity

RespirationRespiration• Ventilation: Movement of air into and

out of lungs• External respiration: Gas exchange

between air in lungs and blood• Transport of oxygen and carbon

dioxide in the blood• Internal respiration: Gas exchange

between the blood and tissues

• The upper respiratory system : consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

• The lower respiratory system :consists of the larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli of the lungs

area konduksi : hidung brochiolus area respirasi ; alveoli

Respiratory System

Conducting ZoneConducting Zone

Insert fig. 16.5

• All the structures air passes through before reaching the respiratory zone.

• Warms and humidifies inspired air.

• Filters and cleans:– Mucus secreted to trap

particles in the inspired air.

– Mucus moved by cilia to be expectorated.

Respiratory ZoneRespiratory Zone• Region of

gas exchange between air and blood.

• Includes respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

• Must contain alveoli.

HHidungidung• Dorsum : cartilago nasal• Nares anterior• Septum nasi : os vomer dan lamina

perpendicuaris os etmoidalis• Choane : nares posterior• Chonca nasalis• Meatus nasalis• Plexus Keiselbach : sering epistaxis

Nasal Cavity and PharynxNasal Cavity and Pharynx

1 2

3

4

Sinus paranaSinus paranasasalislis• Sinus etmoidalis• Sinus frontalis• Sinus maxillaris• Sinus spenoidalisLubang keluar Sinus frontalis : meatus mediaSinus etmoidalis : meatus media

meatus superiorSinus sphenoidalis : meatus superiorSinus maxillaris : meatus mediaMeatus inferior : ductus nasolacrimalis

Nasal Cavity and PharynxNasal Cavity and Pharynx

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NasopharynxNasopharynx• Disebut juga dengan epipharynx• Dibatasi cranialnya oleh choanae• Atapnya : fornix pharyngeus• Dinding belakang ada tonsila

pharyngea, klinisnya…?• Dinding lateral ada ostium

pharyngeum tubae auditiva,!fungsi…..? Klinis…….?

Nasal Cavity and PharynxNasal Cavity and Pharynx

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Oropharynx • Masuk sistem digestive• Berhubungan dengan cavum oris oleh ishmus faucium• Batas :atas : palatum molle

lateral : arcus palatoglosuscaudal : radix linguae

• Fossa tonsillaris..?• Tonsila lingualis….?Laryngopharynx• Membentang dari tepi atas cartilago epiglotica sampai tepi

bawah cart.cricoidea• Sebelah anteriornya terdapat aditus laryngis

Nasal Cavity and PharynxNasal Cavity and Pharynx

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3

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LarynxLarynx

• Merupakan pipa fibrocartilaginea• Fungsi :………..?• Kerangka terdiri atas 9 cartilago ;

tunggal ; tiroidea, cricoidea, epiglotispasang ; arytenoidea, corniculata, cuneiformis

Vocal FoldsVocal Folds

•Functions–Maintain an open passageway for air movement (thyroid and cricoid)

–Epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into larynx

–Vocal folds are primary source of sound production

TracheaTrachea• Merupakan pipa cartilaginea• Bermula dari vertebrae cervicalis VI sampai

vertebrae thoracalis IV-V• Sebelah dorsalnya : Oeshopagus• Sebelah lateral ada glandula thyroidea (cincin

2,3,4)• Cartilago hyalin berbentuk tapal kuda• Membran dari otot polos• Bifurcatio trachealis setinggi Vertebrae thorax IV-V• Carina…?• Inervasi outonom

TracheTracheaa

• Windpipe• Divides to

form– Primary

bronchi– Carina:

Cough reflex

Insert Fig 23.5 all but b

•Dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced with c-shaped cart. on the ant. surface.

•Post. Trachea consists of elastic lig. and a bundle of muscle called the trachealis muscle

•The lining of the trachea is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cels

Tracheobronchial TreeTracheobronchial Tree• Conducting zone

– Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris

– Passageway for air movement– Cartilage holds tube system open and

smooth muscle controls tube diameter• Respiratory zone

– Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli– Site for gas exchange

Tracheobronchial TreeTracheobronchial Tree1

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Respiratory zone

Conducting zone

BronchusBronchus• Dipercabangkan dari trachea• Descenden masuk ke hilus pulmonalis setinggi

corpus vert. IV dan V,di sebelah belakang vasa pulmonalis.

• Perbedaan bronchus primer dexter & sinister

no kategori dexter sinister

123

PanjangLebar diameterposisi

>pendek>lebar>tegak

>panjang>sempit>mendatar

• Pulmo : terdapat 10 segmen lobular

• Dari bronchus tertier/segmentalis , berlanjut sebagai bronchiolus – bronchiolus terminalis.

• Selanjutnya dinding tidak mengandung cartilago lagi

(bronciolus respiratorius, ductus alveolaris, sacculus alveolaris, alveoli )

Bronchioles and AlveoliBronchioles and Alveoli

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34

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LungLung

• Two lungs: Principal organs of respiration– Right lung: Three lobes– Left lung: Two lobes

• Divisions– Lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, lobules

• Lobus dan fisura.- fisura obliqua dan horisontal ( sertinggi cart.costa VI

• Hilus pulmonalis, tersusun dari depan ke belakang : vena, bronchus, arteri

• Vascularisasi :- oksigenasi : arteri pulmonalis- nutrisi : arteri bronchialis

• Inervasi : n.X dan truncus symphaticus

FG23_07a.jpg

PLEURA• merupakan kantong serous tertutup, menyelubungi paru

• rongganya disebut :cavum pleurae, berisi cairan serous hasil mesotelium

• pleura parietalis :berbatasan langsung dengan dinding thorax

• pleura visceralis ; melapisi pulmo, mengikuti setiap lekuk pulmo

PleurPleuraa

• Pleural fluid produced by pleural membranes– Acts as lubricant– Helps hold parietal and visceral pleural

membranes together

PleuraPleura

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Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity• Diaphragm:

– Sheets of striated muscle divides anterior body cavity into 2 parts.

• Above diaphragm: thoracic cavity:– Contains heart, large blood vessels, trachea,

esophagus, thymus, and lungs.• Below diaphragm: abdominopelvic

cavity:– Contains liver, pancreas, GI tract, spleen,

and genitourinary tract.• Intrapleural space:

– Space between visceral and parietal pleurae.

Thoracic WallsThoracic WallsMuscles of RespirationMuscles of Respiration

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2

OTOT INSPIRASIOTOT INSPIRASI1. m. sternocleidomastoideus2. m. serratus anterior3. m. skalenus4. m. interkostalis eksternus5. Diafragma

1,2,3,4 pernafasan thoracal5 pernafasan abdominal

OTOT EKSPIRASIOTOT EKSPIRASI1. m. interkostalis internus2. m. rectus abdominal3. m. transversus4. m. obliquus

• 1 pernafasan thoracal• 2,3,4 pernafasan abdominal

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