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8/14/2019 Ananto Presentation

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Introduction and its application in chemicalengineering

By: Ananto Wimbaji


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SonochemistryApplication of power of sound

to chemical processes:

Ultrasound can increasechemical reactivity besidesheat, pressure, light andcatalyst

Chemical changes by powerof ultrasound @lowerfrequency as a result ofgenerated cavitation


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UltrasonicUltrasonic:

Sound @ frequency > 20 kHz

Human hearing : 20 Hz 20 kHz

Conventional Ultrasonic: 20 100 kHz

Extended range of Sonochem: 20kHz-2MHz

Diagnostic Ultrasonic: 5 10 MHz


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Application of Ultrasound


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Effect of Ultrasound


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CavitationFormation, growth & implosive collapse of

bubbles in a liquid.

Cavitational collapse produces intense localheating (~5000 K), high pressures (~ 1400atm) , enormous heating & cooling rates(~>109 OK/sec) and liquid jet stream (~400

km/hr)


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CavitationIllustration of bubble generation and collapse


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CavitationPhysical, chemical & macroscopic effect ofsonochemistry


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Cavitation (Video)


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Sonochemistry Apparatus

Generator

Transducer

Reaction

chamber

Sonoprobe

/ horn

In Lab /development :

Courtesy:

Telsonic

Ultrasonic


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Sonochemistry & ChemicalReaction


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Ultrasond assisted

reactionType of chemical synthesis of ultrasonic:

- Reactions involving Metal or Solids Surface

- Reactions involving powder and particulatematter

- Emulsions reaction

- Homogeneous reaction


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Luches Rule of

Sonochemistry


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Possible benefit of

Ultrasound- Might accelerate reaction or only required less

forcing condition

-Induction period are often significantlyreduced as are exothermic normallyassociated with such reactions

- Reactions are often initiated by ultrasound

without the need for additives- The number of steps that are normally

required can sometime be reduced

- A reaction can be directed to alternative

pathway


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Example of Ultrasound assisted

ReactionBiodiesel production from trans-esterification of

vegetable oil with methanol in presence ofbase catalyst:

Vegetable oil + 3 MeOH 3 Me Ester + Gly


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Reaction


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Reaction


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ReactionUltrasonic treatment :

Can deliver a biodiesel yield to > 99%.

reduces the processing time from the 1-5hr/batch to less than five minutes.

Reduce methanol consumption (excess +/- 40% vs 100% with conventional process)

help to reduce the separation time from 5-10hr to less than 15 minutes


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Other UltrasonicApplication in Chemical

Engineering


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CrystallizationUltrasound can be extremely useful since:

Can initiate seeding and control subsequent

crystal growth in saturated and super-cooledmedium

Can promote cleaning action that stopsencrustation of crystal in cooling medium and

ensure continuous efficient heat transfer


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Crystallization


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Filtration

The ultrasonic cavitational energy scrubs each particle's surface as it

flows over the Tray. The cleaning effect produced by water alone is very

effective in removing surface contaminates from the particulate pores.

Chemical additives, added prior to the ultrasonic Vibrating Tray, become

highly reactive in the acoustic field. The Tray is effective for soil washing,

precious metal recovery, and mineral ore extraction


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SievingIndustrial sieves arenormally agitated at lowfrequency to help theproduct to distribute itselfevenly over the surfaceand to help the smallparticles go through.Vibrating the mesh atultrasonic frequencies (inaddition to this low-frequency oscillation) can

improve the rate of flowdramatically, preventingthe product from blockingthe holes in the mesh andhelping to separate thesmall particles from thelarge


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Mixing & Emulsification


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Dispersing of Solid in

Liquid


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Oil & water emulsion

up400s_emulsion_p0200.flv


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Oil (diesel fuel) & water mixture

Improving burningcharacteristics ofheating oils in the

simplest case may beachieved by adding 5-10% of water to it andhomogeneouslyemulsifying the mixturein the power-ultrasonicfield. This increases theburning rate of theheating oil by a factor of

5-10%


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ExtractionCould reduce exraction time up to

10 times

Could reduce solvent used

improves the extract yieldand considerably reducesundesired extracts


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Extraction

9 0 t o 9 5 % 7 5 t o 8 0 % R e c o v e r y4 h o u r s 4 5 h o u r s T o t a l E x t r a c t i o n T i m e 1 h o u r 5 h o u r s T i m e p e r L e a c h i n g 0 4 0 9 N o . s o f L e a c h i n g 1 : 8 1 : 6 R a t i o S o l u t e : S o l v e n t n - H e x a n e n - H e x a n e S o l v e n t A r t e m e s i a L e a v e s A r t e m e s i a L e a v e s S o l u t e

F A S T E X T R A C T I O N C o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d

P a r a m e t e r s


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Ultrasound &

EnvironmentPollution Abatement

Enhanced Biogas Production

Oilfield remediation


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Ultrasound &

EnvironmentContinuous treatment of liquid wastes withpowerful ultrasound in combination withultraviolet radiation has been shown to greatlyenhance the sterilization processa photochemical oxidation process takes

place leading to sterilization that is thousandsof times more effective than that achieved byultraviolet treatment alone

Using this technology for drinking waterpurification permits eliminating algaeformation and reducing the chlorine contentto a minimum at which no chlorine odor ortaste is detected


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Ultrasound &

EnvironmentThe combination of cavitation,

ultrasound energy, and the

injection of ozone results in an

ultra-fine emulsified mixture

significantly increasing thereaction surface area.

High local pressures and

temperatures cause - among

other reactions - destruction of

biological protein-molecules,

aromatic hydrocarbons and thiols


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Ultrasound in Petroleum &

PetrochemicalCatalyst preparation

Desulfuration of diesel fuel

Gasoline valorization (Octane enhancement)

Ultrasound assisted polymerization


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Desulfuration of diesel

fuelUnder the influence of powerfulultrasound the hydrocarbons arepartially decomposed forming

radicals and releasing free sulfur,which is subsequently oxidizedand removed. The process isaccompanied by breaking largehydrocarbon structures into

smaller ones, thereby reducing thecrude oils density and viscosity,making it easier to transportthrough pipelines (improving itsability to flow) and increasing the

amount of lighter oils that can berecovered durin the refiner


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Gasoline valorization (Octane

enhancement)hydrocarbons can become

restructured (polymerize, condense,etc.) forming new hydrocarbons withincreased octane numbers whenexposed to high-power ultrasound inthe presence of certain catalysts

exposing straight low-quality gasolineto ultrasound with properly adjustedintensity and exposure time inpresence of correctly selectedcatalysts can raise its octane numbersignificantly and increase its value

Carrying out this type of processesrequires identifying the right catalysts,which should be selective with respectto isomeric components of automotivegasolines. The highest qualitycatalysts known for these processes


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CONCLUSIONUltrasonic could be applied in various aspectof chemical engineering, range from chemicalreaction, unit operation, petroleum and

petrochemical process and evenenvironmental problem

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