analysis of jetfires

8/13/2019 Analysis of Jetfires

1/245

Efficacy of water spray protection against

butane jet fires impinging on Liquefied

Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks

Prepared by

Shell Global Solutions (UK)

for the Health and Safety Executive

CONTRACT RESEARCH REPORT

298/2000


2/245

Efficacy of Water Spray Protection Against Butane Jet Fires

Impinging on LPG Storage Tanks

LC Shirvill and JF Bennett

HSE Consultancy

Shell Global Solutions (UK)

Cheshire Innovation Park

PO Box 1

CHESTER

CH1 3SH

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays to protect

them in the event of a fire. In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken to

study, at full-scale, the performance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vessel

under conditions of jet fire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results,

reported in HSE report CRR 137/1997, showed that a typical water deluge system found on an

LPG storage vessel cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vessel

surface in an impinging propane jet fire scenario.

The objective of the work described in this report (Contract No. 3985/R75.041) was to extend

the understanding to include butane jet fires. These were known to have somewhat different

characteristics and may result in different conclusions to those drawn from the earlier work

with propane.

A total of twenty butane tests are reported and these provide a direct comparison with the

propane study. The results were in fact similar in that the water deluge did not always prevent

dry patches appearing along the top of the vessel, although these were generally smaller than

with the propane jet fires. The deluge also had a similar significant effect on the fire itself,

reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting in a lower rate of wall temperature rise at the

dry patches, when compared with the un-deluged case. One of the tests was repeated and run

for a longer duration, 10 minutes, at which time the maximum temperature of the small dry

patch had stabilised at 360oC. In the final test this was repeated again for more than twice this

time, but with one of the spray nozzles blocked to produce a larger dry patch. The maximum

temperature of this larger patch stabilised at 580oC. At this temperature the steel wall will be

severely weakened but may not necessarily fail.The results of this study will be used by the HSE in assessing the risk of accidental fires on

LPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents.

This report and the work it describes were funded by the Health and Safety Executive. Its

contents, including any opinions and/or conclusions expressed, are those of the author(s) alone

and do not necessarily reflect HSE policy.


3/245

Crown copyright 2000Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to:Copyright Unit, Her Majestys Stationery Office,St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ

First published 2000

ISBN 0 7176 1856 0

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the priorwritten permission of the copyright owner.

ii


4/245

iii

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1

2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ................................................................................................1

3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT..................................................................................2

3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM....................................................2

3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT..........................................................................2

3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES .....................................................4

3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS ..............................4

3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM.........................................6

3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING ....................................................................8

3.7 DATA LOGGING......................................................................................................8

3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO.................................................................................9

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................9

4.1 TESTS DEL0401 TO DEL0423 .................................................................................9

4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425............................................................................14

5. CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................17

6. REFERENCES...............................................................................................................17

7. APPENDICIES A-T.......................................................................................................18


5/245

iv


6/245

1

1. INTRODUCTION

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) storage tanks are often provided with water sprays, referred toas water deluge, to protect them in the event of a fire. This protection has been shown to be

effective in a pool fire(1)but uncertainties remained regarding the degree of protection afforded

in a jet fire resulting from a liquid or two-phase release of LPG. The essential difference

between a pool fire and a jet fire is that the latter can result in higher velocities and in the

extreme case of a high-pressure natural gas jet fire water deluge has been shown to be totally

ineffective(2).

In 1996 a project (Contract No. 3383/R75.009) was undertaken to study, at full-scale, the

performance of a water spray system on an empty 13 tonne LPG vessel under conditions of jet

fire impingement from a nearby release of liquid propane. The results, reported in HSE report

CRR 137/1997(3), showed that a typical water deluge system found on an LPG storage vessel

cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the whole vessel surface in an impingingpropane jet fire scenario. The results of this study have been used by the HSE in assessing the

risk of accidental fires on LPG installations leading to BLEVE incidents, but they are specific

to propane fires only.

The objective of the work described in this report was to extend the understanding to include

butane jet fires, using the same equipment and a similar experimental plan to provide a direct

comparison with the propane study. Butane jet fires were known to have somewhat different

characteristics and it was felt that this may result in different conclusions to those drawn from

the earlier work with propane.

Section 2. of this report describes the experimental plan, developed in consultation with the

HSE sponsor, and Section 3. describes the equipment used. Selected results are presented anddiscussed in Section 4. The complete sets of results for each of the twenty valid tests are

contained in Appendices A-T. Section 5. presents the conclusions drawn from the work,

however it should be noted that the data gathered has only been analysed to the extent that it

could be accurately presented. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

The plan was to repeat the earlier propane study using butane to provide a direct comparison.

The same hole sizes and distances, based on credible accident scenarios considered in the HSE

model ALIBI (Assessment of LPG Installations leading to Bleve Incidents)(4), were used.

The butane jet fires, from 12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, were to impinge on a target vessel (an

empty 13 tonne LPG tank) from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m. The parametric study was based

on this 3x3 test matrix and each set of conditions were to be carried out both with the water

deluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay in initiating the deluge. It was decided that the

short duration tests without any water deluge, carried out in the propane study, would not be

repeated as sufficient data on heat transfer without water could be obtained during the first 30 s

of the delayed deluged tests.


7/245

2

Our aim was to release butane under conditions closely similar to those that would occur if a

pipe were punctured or severed on an LPG installation. The 12.5 and 25 mm holes were to be

sharp-edged orifice plates on the end of a 50 mm pipe to achieve liquid releases of

approximately 1 and 4 kg/s, respectively. The 50 mm release would be full-bore from the pipe,

resulting in a liquid release of approximately 9 kg/s.

The tests were to be of longer duration than typically used in the earlier propane study, and iftime permitted one test would be repeated and run for at least 10 minutes.

3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

The equipment used was the same as in the earlier propane tests, but with some modifications

to more precisely control the discharge conditions, and more thermocouples on the target vessel

to achieve better spatial resolution.

3.1 BUTANE SUPPLY AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM

A schematic diagram of the butane supply, control and measurement system is shown in

Figure 1. The LPG storage tank, containing commercial grade butane, was elevated to achieve

a positive liquid head at the discharge orifice. The objective was to maintain the liquid butane

at just above its vapour pressure at the point of discharge and to achieve this in a controlled

manner it was necessary to over-pressure the storage with nitrogen. During the tests, the

nitrogen pressure was maintained using an Alfa Laval ECA-40 controller and Valtek pressure

control valve. Using this arrangement some nitrogen becomes dissolved in the butane. Samples

were taken after two of the tests and analysed, the results are given in Section 4.

The butane was discharge from the tank through three independent valves into a common50 mm i.d. pipe into an existing supply line. This line was constructed from 149 mm i.d.

stainless steel pipe and extended for about 25 metres between the storage tank and the

discharge platform. Several manual and remotely operated valves were located in the line,

together with thermal pressure relief valves. At the discharge platform the line reduced to

50 mm i.d. stainless steel and terminated in the final, remotely operated, valve used to initiate

the release. Spool pieces, also 50 mm internal diameter, were used beyond the final valve to

achieve the three discharge distances of 1, 3 and 5 metres. Details of the discharge distances

are shown in Figure 2. The 12.5, 25.0 mm releases were through sharp-edged orifice plates and

the 50 mm release was full-bore.

3.2 BUTANE FLOW MEASUREMENT

The mass flow rate of the butane was measured using a Coriolis-force mass flow meter,

mounted in the butane delivery line, approximately 8 m upstream of the final valve. This flow

meter comprised a Micro Motion flow sensor and a mass flow transmitter. The sensor was

calibrated by the manufacturer and is accurate to within 0.5% of the mass flow rate. The mass

flow transmitter relayed the output of the flow sensor to the data logging system, described in

Section 3.7. The butane mass flow rate achieved was not controlled but governed by the

diameter of the release orifice and the exit conditions.


8/245

3

2 inch LPG discharge line

N

LPG storage tank

Water storage tanks

Water pump

Water recirculation

Buffer tank

6 inch LPG discharge line

Target vessel

Water supply

Nitrogen source

LPG:- mass flow rate, kg/s.

Water:- flow rate, l/min. pressure, barg.

Exit conditions:- pressure, barg., temperature, deg C.

Vapour pressure make-up

Tank liquid head conditions:- pressure, barg. temperature, deg C.

Tank vapour head conditions:-

pressure, barg.

Figure 1

Schematic diagram of fuel / water storage and release systems

1000

3000

5000

Figure 2

Fuel discharge point locations


9/245

4

3.3 BUTANE PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES

The static pressure and temperature of the butane was measured at a number of locations.

Pressure and temperature at the exit of the storage tank, together with pressure and temperature

close to the release point.

The storage tank liquid head pressure was measured using an Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd.PR3100 pressure transmitter located in the liquid discharge from the tank. The range of this

instrument was 0-20 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, and a calibration was

performed prior to installation. This instrument also served the Alfa Laval ECA-40 controller

to maintain the nitrogen pressure blanket on the storage tank.

A further Ellison Sensors Intl Ltd. PR3100 pressure transmitter, with a measuring range of 0-

6 bar, with a typical accuracy of 1.0% full scale, was used to measure the pressure at the exit

measurement position, 0.2 m upstream of the release point. The transmitter was calibrated on

site, before and after the test series, using a Druck DPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.

The butane temperature was measured in the supply line and at the exit measurement position,

using stainless steel sheathed mineral insulated type T thermocouples protruding inside thepipe. The thermocouple has an accuracy of 0.5C, and was connected via suitable

compensating cable to the data logger.

Data from the pressure transducers and temperature transmitters were recorded on the logging

system described in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units by applying the relevant

calibration coefficients for each instrument.

3.4 TARGET VESSEL AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

The target vessel was a redundant 13 tonne LPG storage bullet which had been modified for

these experiments. The cylindrical shell was 2.17 m dia. x 7.5 m long, and fitted with

torispherical end caps. The total surface area of the vessel was estimated to be 61.3 m2

(basedon the simplifying assumption of spherically dished end caps), 51.15 m2 over the developed

cylindrical surface. To measure the temperature of the 12 mm thick wall of the shell, 85

thermocouples were attached to the internal surface. These comprised the original locations, 1

to 56 for tests prior to this series plus an extra 29 thermocouples, 57 to 85. These were placed

in an area that could be subjected to hot spots and could therefore provide increased

resolution of the surface temperatures. The locations of these thermocouples are indicated and

defined in Figures 3 to 5.

At all locations the thermocouples were attached directly to the steel by capacitance discharge

welder. The welder, type TAU, was supplied by Cooperheat Ltd. Solid conductor, 0.7 mm

dia., type 'K' thermocouple wire supplied by Omega was used. Each leg of the thermocouple

was welded separately to the steel, approximately 5 mm apart. Thus the steel becomes part ofthe thermocouple junction and the thermocouple accurately and unambiguously measures the

steel temperature. The thermocouple cable was extended out of and beyond the vessel into a

junction box. In this box type 'K' connector blocks were used to transfer the thermocouple

output signals into multicored type 'V' compensating cables and hence to the data collection

point.


10/245

5

A B C D E F G H I

Centre line of vessel

CA DA

DB

EA

EB

FA

1000.0

2000.0

2375.0

2750.0

3125.0

3312.5

3500.0 to Centre Line

3687.5

3875.0

4250.0

4625.0

5000.0

6000.0

7000.0

Figure 3

Thermocouple ring locations

3

2

1

4

7

6

5

8

13

12

11

10

9

16

15

14

6870

29

28

27

26

25

32

31

30

45

44

43

42

41

48

47

46

51

50

49

52

55

54

53

56

Ring A Ring B Ring C

Ring DB Ring E Ring EA

Ring G Ring H Ring I

FlameDirection

59

5761

60

63

66

Ring CA

Ring DA Ring EB

Ring F Ring FA

58

21

20

19

18

17

24

23

22

Ring D

62

65

67 64 69 71 7274

7375

78

77

79 76

37

36

35

34

33

40

39

38

80

83

8185

84

82

Figure 4

Thermocouple locations on the various rings

The type 'K' thermocouple wire used to measure the vessel temperatures was supplied to

tolerance class 2 (International Thermocouple Reference Tables: IEC 584-2:1882 and BS 4937

Part 20:1983), giving a tolerance value of +/-2.5C or 0.0075 x T, which ever is the greatest,


11/245

6

within the limits of -40C to +1200C. Although suitable for lower temperatures, these

thermocouples may not meet the tolerance value below -40C.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61 62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79 80

81

82

83

84

85

3 7 13 21 29 37 45 51 55

A B C D E F G H I

Rear

Top of vessel

Front

Bottom

OWater spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

Bottom

Bottom rear

Top rear

Top front

Bottom front

Figure 5

Development of thermocouple locations

3.5 DELUGE WATER SUPPLY AND DELIVERY SYSTEM

The deluge system was designed by Wormald Fire Systems to achieve a minimum application

rate of 10.2 litres/min./m2 over the whole exposed surface of the vessel, in accordance with

NFPA 15(5). This design was originally used in an investigation of the efficacy of water deluge

systems used on offshore facilities(2)but it is identical to that commonly used to protect LPG

storage bullets, the design application rate being just above the minimum of 9.8 litres/min./m2

specified in HSG 34(6).

Twenty four spray nozzles were used in sets of four around the vessel at an axial spacing of

1475 mm, Figure 6. This Wormald design called for a total water flow rate into the system of

1064 litres/min. delivered at 2.4 barg, and this was the nominal flow rate used in all of the

tests. The vessel is 2.17 m dia. thus each set of four nozzles is spraying on an area of 10.06 m2.

It is interesting to note that this results in an actual application rate of 17.6 litres/min./m2 on

the cylindrical shell of the vessel, some 73% excess over the design value. This large excess is

apparently an inevitable consequence of incremental spray nozzle sizes, the minimum spacing


12/245

7

required to ensure complete coverage and the hydraulic gradient required to achieve a minimum

pressure of 1.4 barg at the most hydraulically remote nozzle, in this particular case.

Centre line of vessel

1475 147514751480 1480 2460

2460

Figure 6

The target vessel indicating deluge nozzles

The spray nozzles were Wormald type MV21-110, manufactured from leaded-gunmetal with

brass diffuser plates.

Figure 7, shows a photograph of the deluge operating and it can be seen that a water film was

obtained over the whole surface of the vessel.

Figure 7

The target vessel with deluge nozzles operating

The layout of the water supply system is included in Figure 1. Water for the deluge was stored

in two large tanks in which the levels were balanced. A single outlet supplied water to a skid

mounted water pump driven by a diesel engine. The speed of the pump could be varied


13/245

8

manually. Water was discharged into a 150 mm nominal bore pipe leading to the deluge

system. Remotely operated valves enabled the water to be recirculated to the storage tanks.

This arrangement permitted the pump engine to be brought up to operating temperature under

working conditions and also enabled water at the required rate to flow into the deluge system at

the desired instant during delayed deluge experiments.

Deluge water pressure was measured with a Druck series PTX500 static pressure transducer.This instrument operated within the range of 0 to 10 barg with a typical accuracy of +/-1.0% of

full scale and was calibrated on site using a Druck TPI 600 series digital pressure calibrator.

The water flow rate was measured using a Krohne IFM1080 flow meter uprated to operate

between 0 and 3000 litres/min. This instrument was supplied with a calibration produced by

the Dutch Office of Measures and Weights. An uncertainty of +/-1.0% is quoted by the

supplier.

3.6 AMBIENT WEATHER MONITORING

Equipment was deployed to monitor the ambient weather conditions in the vicinity of the test

facility. The wind speed was monitored using four Vector Instruments A100 cup typeanemometers, located at heights of 1.2, 2.9, 6.0 and 6.4 m above the discharge axis on weather

mast located to the west of the facility. The wind conditions were also measured using a Gill

Instruments, Solent logging ultrasonic anemometer, located at a height of 10.0 m above the

ground, equating to 8.2 m above the discharge axis. This instrument provided horizontal and

vertical wind speed components together with the wind direction.

The cup type anemometers can measure wind speed in the range 0 to 25 m/s and the accuracy

is quoted by the manufactures as 1%. The ultrasonic anemometer is capable of measuring

horizontal wind speeds in the range 0 to 60 m/s. The wind speed accuracy is 2.5% between 0

and 30 m/s. The accuracy of the vertical component is within 5% of the horizontal

component. Wind direction is measured in meteorological format i.e. as the direction the wind

is coming from, measured clockwise from north, with an accuracy of 2% for wind speedsbetween 0 and 30 m/s.

The ambient temperature and relative humidity were measured using a Vaisala HMD 30YB

transmitter. This instrument was mounted on the control cabin roof. The atmospheric pressure

was also monitored using a Vaisala PTA427 transmitter. The accuracy of the measurements,

quoted by the manufacturers, are 0.2C for the temperature, 2% for the relative humidity

between 0 and 90% and 3% between 90 and 100%, and 0.2 mbar for the atmospheric

pressure.

Data from all the ambient weather monitoring equipment was recorded on the logging system

described in Section 3.7 and converted to engineering units applying the relevant calibration

coefficients for each instrument.

3.7 DATA LOGGING

Data from all instruments were recorded using a PC based computer logging system. This

system is based on multiplexing of signals at remote locations using equipment manufactured

by Computer Instrumentation Limited. The concept of using this approach is based on limiting

the amount of cabling running between the computer and the instrumentation. Individual cables

from the instruments are fed into a multiplexer system located close to a group of instruments

from which only one signal cable is returned to the computer. This system also has the added

advantage that signals can be amplified by the multiplexer close to their source, thus avoiding

the transmission of small signal levels over long distances.


14/245

9

Each instrument channel was sampled at once per second for the duration of each test.

3.8 PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO

A video and photographic record was made of each test.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Tests DEL0401 to DEL0423

To complete the 3x3x2 test matrix (12.5, 25 and 50 mm holes, from distances of 1, 3 and 5 m,

with deluge on before the fire, and with a 30 s delay) a total of 23 tests were carried out to

achieve 18 valid tests. Tests DEL0401, DEL0406, DEL0407, DEL04014 and DEL04015 were

deemed invalid, due to sudden changes in the wind or failure to reach steady flow conditions,and are not reported. Table 1 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers for

the 18 valid tests, together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent data

tables. Each test was run for at least 3 minutes and stopped when the vessel temperatures

appeared to have stabilised, or in one case just under 7 minutes was reached.

Table 1

Series test numbers and averaging periods

Deluge on Deluge delayed by 30 s.

Hole dia., mm Stand off distance, m.

Test number Averagingperiod, s.


12.5 1 DEL0402 9 to 335 DEL0403 56 to 277

12.5 3 DEL0417 9 to 402 DEL0416 57 to 244

12.5 5 DEL0418 7 to 364 DEL0419 97 to 279

25.0 1 DEL0404 6 to 231 DEL0405 57 to 235

25.0 3 DEL0412 4 to 302 DEL0413 56 to 252

25.0 5 DEL0420 6 to 302 DEL0421 57 to 243

50.0 1 DEL0408 9 to 243 DEL0409 62 to 30250.0 3 DEL0410 20 to 208 DEL0411 56 to 221

50.0 5 DEL0422 8 to 242 DEL0423 63 to 302

Table 2 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test. The averaged wind

speeds of between 3 and 10 m/s were slightly higher than those encountered in the earlier

propane tests, 1.6-7.8 m/s. A south westerly co-flowing wind would have ensured that the jet

fire was central on the target vessel, however, a cross wind generally from the quadrant

between west and north was deemed acceptable.


15/245

10

Table 2

Series winds speeds and directions



Wind speed,m/s

Winddirection,

degs.

Wind speed, m/s Winddirection,

degs.

12.5 1 2.98 8 2.49 314

12.5 3 3.87 271 4.27 271

12.5 5 6.40 260 8.64 261

25.0 1 3.09 276 3.11 280

25.0 3 3.78 262 3.60 266

25.0 5 10.06 264 7.70 264

50.0 1 2.83 284 2.86 289

50.0 3 2.92 250 3.03 249

50.0 5 9.23 265 9.23 267

Table 3 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test. The nitrogen used to over-pressure

the butane storage was just sufficient to achieve fully liquid releases. The exit temperature,

measured just upstream of the hole, remained close to ambient, confirming that no flashing had

occurred at that point and that fully liquid releases had been achieved.

Table 3

Series discharge conditions


Hole dia.,

mm

Stand off

distance,

m.

Mass flow

rate, kg/s

Exit

temperature,

de C

Exit

pressure,

bar .

Mass

flow

rate, k /s

Exit

temperature,

de C

Exit

pressure,

bar .

12.5 1 1.00 10.1 1.3 1.01 8.9 1.3

12.5 3 1.02 7.6 1.4 1.03 7.6 1.4

12.5 5 1.01 7.1 1.4 0.90 6.5 1.4

25.0 1 3.87 6.6 1.2 3.86 6.6 1.2

25.0 3 3.77 8.1 1.5 3.63 8.0 1.6

25.0 5 4.02 8.0 1.4 3.88 8.8 1.4

50.0 1 9.40 5.6 1.0 8.71 4.5 1.0

50.0 3 8.94 5.5 1.2 8.54 T/C failed 1.3

50.0 5 9.61 8.3 1.1 9.10 7.8 1.1


16/245

11

Liquid butane samples were taken from the storage tank part way through use of the first and

second deliveries of commercial butane. The results are shown in Table 4. Both samples

contained some propane, which is not uncommon in commercial butane. As expected a small

amount of the nitrogen used to over-pressure the storage had dissolved in the butane

Table 4

Analysis of butane samples

Component Sample 1

% mole

Sample 2

% mole

Propane 11.6 4.0

Isobutane 21.1 21.9

N-butane 65.2 70.7

Trans-2-butene 0.1 0.1

Isopentane 1.4 2.6

N-pentane 0.2 0.5

Nitrogen 0.3 0.2

The full results from each of the 18 tests are contained in Appendices A to R. Each appendix

contains:

a summary of the test conditions

Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test

Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test

Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperatures

during the test

Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 s

after ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .

Table 5 summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found in

each test. The 120

o

C criterion, also used in the earlier propane study, was chosen based on thework of Lev and Strachan(7)which showed that this temperature may be taken as "indicative of

having achieved critical conditions for failure of the water film".

Table 5 shows that when starting with the deluge on, only the larger releases result in dry

patches. The largest dry patch being in test DEL0422 (50 mm hole, 5 m distance) where 4

thermocouples exceeded 120oC, also see Appendix Q, Figure Q18.

With the deluge delayed by 30 seconds dry patches are more readily formed but for the smallest

hole size these do not persist. Again the largest dry patch occurred with the largest hole and the

greatest distance, test DEL0423, also see Appendix R, Figure R19.


17/245

12

Table 5

Series temperature regimes


Hole dia.,

mm

Stand off

distance,m.

Maximum

temp., degC

Number

of T/Csexceeding

120 deg C

Number

of T/Csstaying in

excess of

120 deg C

Maximum

temp., degC

Number

of T/Csexceeding

120 deg C

Number of

T/Csstaying in

excess of

120 deg C

12.5 1 93 0 0 137 10 0

12.5 3 95 0 0 137 10 0

12.5 5 98 0 0 98 0 0

25.0 1 103 0 0 185 19 1

25.0 3 101 0 0 239 30 7

25.0 5 174 1 1 283 18 6

50.0 1 140 1 1 229 28 3

50.0 3 107 0 0 292 26 4

50.0 5 233 4 4 332 20 8

Figure 8 shows an example of some target vessel wall temperatures during test DEL0409

(50 mm hole, 1 m distance, delayed deluge). The thermocouple responses plotted were chosen

to illustrate the different types of behaviour found in all of the tests. The last two digits of the

identifier give the thermocouple location, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4, thus TK-40925 isthermocouple 25 located at the top of the vessel in the centre.

0

50

100

150

200

250

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

Time from ignition, s.

Temperature

,degC. TK-40925

TK-40963

TK-40964

TK-40966

TK-40969

120 degs

Figure 8

Example of wall temperatures during test DEL0409


18/245

13

The water deluge was initiated 30 seconds after ignition and the flow fully established by

50 seconds. At some thermocouples locations, e.g. 63 and 64, a water film was quickly

established and the wall temperature never exceeded the 120oC criterion. At location 66 a water

film was established at 50 seconds even though the wall had initially exceeded 120oC. At

locations 69 and 25 it is clear that once the water flow is fully established the rate of

temperature rise is reduced. After 90 seconds a water film is established at location 69 and thetemperature drops 120

oC. At location 25, the temperature continues to rise at the reduced rate.

This reduced rate of temperature rise of dry patches was also seen in the earlier propane study

and results from the combustion process being affected by the water sprays. Less soot is

formed in the flame resulting in less luminosity and a reduction in the heat transfer by radiation

to the vessel surface. This is most clearly illustrated by reference to Figures 9 and 10. These

photographs were taken during test DEL0413, before and after establishment of the deluge.

Figure 9

Test DEL0413 before deluge

Figure 10

Test DEL0413 with deluge


19/245

14

In all of the tests where this behaviour was observed (DEL0409, DEL0411, DEL0413 and

DEL0423) we have estimated the reduction in the rate of temperature rise at dry patches by

comparing the essentially linear temperature rise before the water comes on, with that

immediately after the deluge has become fully established. The results do not allow specific

reductions in rate of temperature rise or heat transfer to be associated with particular

conditions, but typically the reduction is a factor of between 2 and 5, similar to that found withpropane (between 1.5 and 5.8)

(3).

Some releases from 1 m and 3 m resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel with

local low temperatures on the vessel wall. Test DEL0409 is a good example, see Appendix F,

Figures F18 and F19. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto the ground after hitting the

vessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.

4.2 TESTS DEL0424 AND DEL0425

Test DEL04024 was a repeat of test DEL0413 (25 mm hole, 3 m distance, delayed deluge) run

for 10 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch. Test

DEL04025 was a further repeat of this test, but with one nozzle blocked to induce a larger drypatch, and run for more than 20 minutes to establish the equilibrium temperature reached by a

larger dry patch.

Table 6 shows hole sizes, stand-off distances, and series test numbers for these two tests,

together with the time averaging period used in deriving the subsequent data tables.

Table 6

Long duration test numbers and averaging periods





25.0 3 DEL0424 59 to 611

25.0 3 DEL0425 57 to 1578

Table 7 shows the time averaged wind speeds and directions for each test.

Table 7

Long duration tests wind speeds and directions


Hole dia., mm Stand off

distance, m.

Wind speed,

m/s

Wind

direction,

degs.

Wind speed, m/s Wind

direction,

degs.

25.0 3 5.55 259

25.0 3 7.40 261


20/245

15

Table 8 shows the butane discharge conditions for each test.

Table 8

Long duration tests discharge conditions


Hole dia.,

mm

Stand off

distance,

m.

Mass flow

rate, kg/s

Exit

temperature,

de C

Exit

pressure,

bar .

Mass

flow

rate, k /s

Exit

temperatur

e, de C

Exit

pressure,

bar .

25.0 3 4.31 7.7 1.5

25.0 3 4.57 6.9 1.5

The full results from both of the tests are contained in Appendices S and T. Each appendix

contains:

a summary of the test conditions

Figure x1 showing the fuel conditions during the test

Figure x2 showing the water deluge conditions during the test

Figures x3-x17, for each ring of thermocouples, showing the target vessel temperatures

during the test

Figures x18 and x19, development of the vessel surface with temperature contours, at 30 s

after ignition on the delayed deluge tests only, and for all at the end of the test .Table 9

summarises the results, showing the different vessel wall temperature regimes found in each

test.

Table 9

Long duration tests temperature regimes


Hole dia.,

mm

Stand off

distance,

m.

Maximum

temp., deg

C

Number

of T/Cs

exceeding

120 deg C

Number

of T/Cs

staying in

excess of

120 deg C

Maximum

temp., deg

C

Number

of T/Cs

exceeding

120 deg C

Number of

T/Cs

staying in

excess of

120 deg C

25.0 3 372 27 6

25.0 3 581 19 13


21/245

16

Figure 11 shows some of the dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425.

Dry spot temperatures

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

060

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

600

660

720

780

840

900

960

1020

1080

1140

1200

1260

1320

1380

1440

1500

1560


Temperature,deg,C.

TK-42517

TK-42560

TK-42561

TK-42562

TK-42566

TK-42567

120 degs

TK-42417

TK-42457

Figure 11

Dry spot wall temperatures during tests DEL0424 and DEL0425

The maximum temperature reached by the small dry spot (thermocouple location 17) in test

DEL0424 was 360oC after 10 minutes. See also Appendix S, Figure S19, for details of the dry

spot.

The maximum temperature reached by the large dry spot (thermocouple location 62) in test

DEL0425 was 580oC. It appears that thermocouple location 67 may be on the edge of the dry

patch as the temperature was falling during the second half of the test. The gap in the data

around 23 minutes was caused by the necessity to change disks in the data logging system. See

also Appendix T, Figure T19, for details of the dry spot. The blocked water spray nozzle was

the one above thermocouple location 24, see Figure 5 in Section 3.4.

At the maximum temperature of 580oC the steel wall will be severely weakened but may not

necessarily fail, resulting in a BLEVE if the vessel had contained LPG.

Figure 12

Test DEL0425


22/245

17

5. CONCLUSIONS

The following conclusions are based on an analysis of the data sufficient only to allow it to be

accurately reported. A more detailed analysis may reveal additional features.

1. The results from the twenty tests reported show that a typical water deluge system

found on an LPG storage tank cannot be relied upon to maintain a water film over the

whole tank surface in an impinging butane jet fire scenario.

2. The results are similar to those found in the earlier propane work, although any dry

patches were generally smaller with the butane jet fires. The deluge also had a similar

significant effect on the fire itself, reducing the luminosity and smoke, and resulting in

a lower rate of wall temperature rise at the dry patches, when compared with the un-

deluged case, typically by a factor between 2 and 5.

3. The equilibrium temperature reached by a small dry patch was about 360oC after 10

minutes, in one repeated test, run until an equilibrium temperature had been reached.

4. The equilibrium temperature reached by a larger dry patch, induced by blocking one of

the spray nozzles, was 580oC after about 20 minutes.

5. Some releases resulted in liquid butane impinging on the target vessel with local low

temperatures on the vessel wall. In some tests some liquid butane poured onto the

ground after hitting the vessel and produced a pool fire under the vessel.

6. REFERENCES

1. Billinge, K, Moodie, K and Beckett, H. The use of Water Sprays to Protect Fire

engulfed Storage Tanks, 5th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety

Promotion in Process Industries, 1986.

2. Shirvill, LC and White, GC. Effectiveness of Deluge Systems in Protecting Plant and

Equipment Impacted by High-Velocity Natural Gas Jet Fires, ICHMT 1994

International Symposium on Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Process Industry

Accidents, Rome 1994.

3. Bennett, JF, Shirvill, LC and Pritchard, MJ. Efficacy of Water Spray ProtectionAgainst Jet Fires Impinging on LPG Storage Tanks, HSE Contract Research Report

137/1997.

4. Goose, MH. Recent Developments with ALIBI, a Model for Site Specific Prediction of

LPG Tank BLEVE Frequency, IChemE Symposium Series No. 139, Major Hazards

Onshore and Offshore II, Manchester 1995.

5. NFPA 15, Water Spray Fixed Systems, National Fire Protection Association.

6. HSG 34, The Storage of LPG at fixed Installations, HMSO.

7. Lev, Y and Strachan, DC. A Study of Cooling Water Requirements for the Protection

of Metal Surfaces Against Thermal Radiation, Fire Technology, August 1989.


23/245

18

7. APPENDICIES A-T


24/245

19

Appendix A - DEL0402

Averaging period 9 - 335 seconds after ignition

Summary of Release Exit Conditions

Discharge hole diameter: 12.50 mm

Stand-off Distance: 1.00 m

Butane mass flow rate: 1.02 kg/s

Exit static pressure: 1.33 barg

Exit temperature 10.13 deg. C

Deluge Flow

Water sprays: Deluge on

Water pressure 2.35 barg

Water flow rate 1069.75 litres/min

Ambient Weather Conditions

Wind speed (cup anemometer 1 at 1.2m) 2.7 m/s




Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) No data m/s

Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) No data m/s

Wind direction 8.31 degrees clockwise from North

Relative humidity 87.2 %

Ambient temperature 12.2 deg CAtmospheric pressure 961.1 mbar

Thermocouples not operating properly

15, 79


25/245

20

Fuel flow 0402

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Massflow,kg/s

&Pressure,barg.

Mass flow , kg/s

Vapour pressure,

barg

Liquid head

pressure, barg

Discharge

pressure, barg

Figure A1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0402

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Pressure,barg

&Flow

m^3/min

Water pressure,

barg

Water flow rate,

m^3/min

Figure A2 - Water deluge conditions


26/245

21

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40201

TK-40202

TK-40203

TK-40204

120 deg C.

Figure A3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40205

TK-40206

TK-40207

TK-40208

120 deg C.



27/245

22

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40209

TK-40210

TK-40211

TK-40212

TK-40213

TK-40214

TK-40215

TK-40216

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40257

TK-40258

TK-40259

TK-40260

TK-40261

120 deg C.



28/245

23

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40217

TK-40218

TK-40219

TK-40220

TK-40221

TK-40222

TK-40223

TK-40224

TK-40262

120 deg C.

Figure A7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40263

TK-40264

TK-40265

TK-40266

TK-40267

120 deg C.



29/245

24

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40268

TK-40269

TK-40270

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40225

TK-40226

TK-40227

TK-40228TK-40229

TK-40230

TK-40231

TK-40232

TK-40271

120 deg C.



30/245

25

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40272

TK-40273

TK-40274

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,de

gC. TK-40275

TK-40276

TK-40277

TK-40278

TK-40279

120 deg C.



31/245

26

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40233

TK-40234

TK-40235

TK-40236

TK-40237

TK-40238

TK-40239

TK-40240

TK-40280

120 deg C.


Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40281

TK-40282

TK-40283

TK-40284

TK-40285

120 deg C.



32/245

27

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40241

TK-40242

TK-40243

TK-40244

TK-40245

TK-40246

TK-40247

TK-40248

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40249TK-40250

TK-40251

TK-40252

120 deg C.



33/245

28

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330


Temperature,degC.

TK-40253

TK-40254

TK-40255

TK-40256

120 deg C.



34/245

29

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM

O Water spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure A18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 335s after ignition.


35/245

30

Appendix B - DEL0403


Summary of Release Conditions






Deluge Flow

Water sprays: Delayed by 30 secs








Horizontal wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 2.49 m/s

Vertical wind speed (sonic at 8.2m) 0.9 m/s



Ambient temperature 12.0 deg CAtmospheric pressure 961.6 mbar


15, 53, 54, 55, 79


36/245

31

Fuel flow 0403

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Massflow,kg/s

&Pressure,barg.

Mass flow , kg/s

Vapour pressure,

barg

Liquid head

pressure, barg

Discharge

pressure, barg

Figure B1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0403

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Pressure,barg

&Flow

m^3/min

Water pressure,

barg

Water flow rate,

m^3/min

Figure B2 - Water deluge conditions


37/245

32

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40301

TK-40302

TK-40303

TK-40304

120 deg C.

Figure B3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40305

TK-40306

TK-40307

TK-40308

120 deg C.



38/245

33

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40309

TK-40310

TK-40311

TK-40312

TK-40313

TK-40314

TK-40315

TK-40316

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40357

TK-40358

TK-40359

TK-40360

TK-40361

120 deg C.



39/245

34

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40317

TK-40318

TK-40319

TK-40320

TK-40321

TK-40322

TK-40323

TK-40324

TK-40362

120 deg C.

Figure B7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40363

TK-40364

TK-40365

TK-40366

TK-40367

120 deg C.



40/245

35

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40368

TK-40369

TK-40370

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40325

TK-40326

TK-40327

TK-40328TK-40329

TK-40330

TK-40331

TK-40332

TK-40371

120 deg C.



41/245

36

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40372

TK-40373

TK-40374

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,de

gC. TK-40375

TK-40376

TK-40377

TK-40378

TK-40379

120 deg C.



42/245

37

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40333

TK-40334

TK-40335

TK-40336

TK-40337

TK-40338

TK-40339

TK-40340

TK-40380

120 deg C.


Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40381

TK-40382

TK-40383

TK-40384

TK-40385

120 deg C.



43/245

38

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40341

TK-40342

TK-40343

TK-40344

TK-40345

TK-40346

TK-40347

TK-40348

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40349TK-40350

TK-40351

TK-40352

120 deg C.



44/245

39

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270


Temperature,degC.

TK-40353

TK-40354

TK-40355

TK-40356

120 deg C.



45/245

40

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM

O Water spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

40

80

120

Figure B18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM

O Water spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure B19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 277s after ignition.


46/245

41

Appendix C - DEL0404








Deluge Flow













Ambient temperature 11.7 deg C

Atmospheric pressure 962.0 mbar


15, 79


47/245

42

Fuel flow 0404

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Massflow,kg/s

&Pressure,barg.

Mass flow , kg/s

Vapour pressure,

barg

Liquid head

pressure, barg

Discharge

pressure, barg

Figure C1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0404

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Pressure,barg

&Flow

m^3/min

Water pressure,

barg

Water flow rate,

m^3/min

Figure C2 - Water deluge conditions


48/245

43

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40401

TK-40402

TK-40403

TK-40404

120 deg C.

Figure C3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40405

TK-40406

TK-40407

TK-40408

120 deg C.



49/245

44

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40409

TK-40410

TK-40411

TK-40412

TK-40413

TK-40414

TK-40415

TK-40416

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40457

TK-40458

TK-40459

TK-40460

TK-40461

120 deg C.

Figure C6 - Temperature - thermocouples 57 - 61


50/245

45

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40417

TK-40418

TK-40419

TK-40420

TK-40421

TK-40422

TK-40423

TK-40424

TK-40462

120 deg C.

Figure C7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40463

TK-40464

TK-40465

TK-40466

TK-40467

120 deg C.



51/245

46

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40468

TK-40469

TK-40470

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40425

TK-40426

TK-40427

TK-40428TK-40429

TK-40430

TK-40431

TK-40432

TK-40471

120 deg C.

Figure C10 - Temperature - thermocouples 25 - 32 plus 71


52/245

47

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40472

TK-40473

TK-40474

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,de

gC. TK-40475

TK-40476

TK-40477

TK-40478

TK-40479

120 deg C.



53/245

48

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40433

TK-40434

TK-40435

TK-40436

TK-40437

TK-40438

TK-40439

TK-40440

TK-40480

120 deg C.

Figure C13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80

Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40481

TK-40482

TK-40483

TK-40484

TK-40485

120 deg C.



54/245

49

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40441

TK-40442

TK-40443

TK-40444

TK-40445

TK-40446

TK-40447

TK-40448

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40449TK-40450

TK-40451

TK-40452

120 deg C.



55/245

50

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40453

TK-40454

TK-40455

TK-40456

120 deg C.



56/245

51

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM

O Water spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure C18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 231s after ignition.


57/245

52

Appendix D - DEL0405








Deluge Flow
















15, 79


58/245


59/245

54

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40501

TK-40502

TK-40503

TK-40504

120 deg C.

Figure D3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40505

TK-40506

TK-40507

TK-40508

120 deg C.



60/245

55

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40509

TK-40510

TK-40511

TK-40512

TK-40513

TK-40514

TK-40515

TK-40516

120 deg C.

Figure D5 - Temperature - thermocouples 9 - 16

Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40557

TK-40558

TK-40559

TK-40560

TK-40561

120 deg C.



61/245

56

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40517

TK-40518

TK-40519

TK-40520

TK-40521

TK-40522

TK-40523

TK-40524

TK-40562

120 deg C.

Figure D7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40563

TK-40564

TK-40565

TK-40566

TK-40567

120 deg C.



62/245


63/245

58

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40572

TK-40573

TK-40574

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,de

gC. TK-40575

TK-40576

TK-40577

TK-40578

TK-40579

120 deg C.



64/245

59

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40533

TK-40534

TK-40535

TK-40536

TK-40537

TK-40538

TK-40539

TK-40540

TK-40580

120 deg C.

Figure D13 - Temperatures - thermocouples 33 - 40 plus 80

Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40581

TK-40582

TK-40583

TK-40584

TK-40585

120 deg C.



65/245

60

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40541

TK-40542

TK-40543

TK-40544

TK-40545

TK-40546

TK-40547

TK-40548

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40549TK-40550

TK-40551

TK-40552

120 deg C.



66/245

61

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210


Temperature,degC.

TK-40553

TK-40554

TK-40555

TK-40556

120 deg C.



67/245

62

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM

O Water spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

40

80

120

Figure D18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 30s after ignition.

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM

O Water spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure D19 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 235s after ignition.


68/245

63

Appendix E - DEL0408








Deluge Flow
















15, 79


69/245

64

Fuel flow 0408

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Massflow,kg/s

&Pressure,barg.

Mass flow , kg/s

Vapour pressure,

barg

Liquid head

pressure, barg

Discharge

pressure, barg

Figure E1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0408

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Pressure,barg

&Flow

m^3/min

Water pressure,

barg

Water flow rate,

m^3/min

Figure E2 - Water deluge conditions


70/245

65

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40801

TK-40802

TK-40803

TK-40804

120 deg C.

Figure E3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40805

TK-40806

TK-40807

TK-40808

120 deg C.



71/245

66

Ring C

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40809

TK-40810

TK-40811

TK-40812

TK-40813

TK-40814

TK-40815

TK-40816

120 deg C.


Ring CA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40857

TK-40858

TK-40859

TK-40860

TK-40861

120 deg C.



72/245

67

Ring D

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40817

TK-40818

TK-40819

TK-40820

TK-40821

TK-40822

TK-40823

TK-40824

TK-40862

120 deg C.

Figure E7 - Temperatures - thermocouples 17 - 24 plus 62

Ring DA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40863

TK-40864

TK-40865

TK-40866

TK-40867

120 deg C.



73/245

68

Ring DB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40868

TK-40869

TK-40870

120 deg C.


Ring E

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40825

TK-40826

TK-40827

TK-40828TK-40829

TK-40830

TK-40831

TK-40832

TK-40871

120 deg C.



74/245

69

Ring EA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40872

TK-40873

TK-40874

120 deg C.


Ring EB

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,de

gC. TK-40875

TK-40876

TK-40877

TK-40878

TK-40879

120 deg C.



75/245

70

Ring F

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40833

TK-40834

TK-40835

TK-40836

TK-40837

TK-40838

TK-40839

TK-40840

TK-40880

120 deg C.


Ring FA

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,deg

C. TK-40881

TK-40882

TK-40883

TK-40884

TK-40885

120 deg C.



76/245

71

Ring G

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40841

TK-40842

TK-40843

TK-40844

TK-40845

TK-40846

TK-40847

TK-40848

120 deg C.


Ring H

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,deg

C.

TK-40849TK-40850

TK-40851

TK-40852

120 deg C.



77/245

72

Ring I

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240


Temperature,degC.

TK-40853

TK-40854

TK-40855

TK-40856

120 deg C.



78/245

73

A B C D E F G H I

REAR

TOP

FRONT

BOTTOM

O Water spraynozzle

Thermocouple+

BOTTOM

Temperature scale

-20

0

120

240

360

480

Figure E18 Development of vessel with temperature contours at 243s after ignition.


79/245

74

Appendix F - DEL0409






Exit static pressure 1.05 barg


Deluge Flow
















15, 79


80/245

75

Fuel flow 0409

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Massflow,kg/s

&Pressure,barg.

Mass flow , kg/s

Vapour pressure,

barg

Liquid head

pressure, barg

Discharge

pressure, barg

Figure F1 - Fuel conditions

Water flow 0409

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Pressure,barg

&Flow

m^3/min

Water pressure,

barg

Water flow rate,

l/min

Figure F2 - Water deluge conditions


81/245

76

Ring A

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300


Temperature,degC.

TK-40901

TK-40902

TK-40903

TK-40904

120 deg C.

Figure F3 - Temperatures - thermocouples 1 - 4

Ring B

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

030

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

analysis of jetfires

Documents