analysis and presentation of gender statistics

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Presentation skills: Making gender statistics meaningful

Inter-Regional Workshop on the Production of Gender Statistics

New Delhi, India 6-10 August 2007

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Presentation of gender statistics

Goals:Reach a wide audienceHighlight key gender issuesFacilitate comparisons between women and

men Encourage further analysis Stimulate demand for more information

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Ways to present data

Tables

Graphs

Charts

Maps

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Common Statistical TablesTable 6-2. Population Aged 65 and Over, by Marital Status, Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 2003(In percent)

Men Women Men Women65 and over…………………………………. 71.2 41.1 14.3 44.3 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 72.9 42.9 14.0 44.0 Black alone…………………………………. 56.6 25.4 19.3 50.8 Asian alone………………………………. 68.6 42.7 13.6 39.7 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 68.8 39.9 12.3 39.565 to 74……………………………………... 74.3 53.5 8.8 29.4 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 76.4 56.5 8.3 28.8 Black alone…………………………………. 59.2 33.4 14.3 36.2 Asian alone………………………………. 70.2 51.8 9.6 27.1 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 72.5 48.4 7.6 25.975 to 84………...…………………………….. 69.8 33.7 18.4 53.3 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 71.3 35.3 18.1 52.3 Black alone…………………………………. 54.9 19.3 23.2 62.7 Asian alone………………………………. 69.7 35.1 16.6 53.7 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 65.7 31.4 17.1 53.585 and over………………………………… 56.1 12.5 34.6 78.3 Non-Hispanic White alone………………. 57.8 13.1 33.6 77.8 Black alone…………………………………. 39.7 4.2 47.7 87.2 Asian alone………………………………. 39.2 10.7 48.8 75.5 Hispanic (of any race)…………………………….. 49.8 17.4 33.2 74.2Reference population: These data refer to the civilian noninstitutionalized population.Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2003.

Married, spouse present WidowedAge, race, and Hispanic origin

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General rules for good presentation

Meaningful information Unambiguous information Convey message efficiently

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Meaningful information Identify key message

Choose appropriate indicator (counts, percent, rates, ratios)

Highlight key gender issues

Facilitate comparisons between women and men

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Meaningful information Unambiguous information

Include titles and headings

Include only relevant labels

Display scales

Include source

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Meaningful information Unambiguous information Convey message efficiently

Convey one key finding or concept

Use simple display

Sort on most meaningful variable

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From ‘raw data’ to easily understood gender statistics To select tables, graphs and maps

Identify gender issue or differences

Consider underlying causes

Identify analysis needed

Prepare raw/basic data

Determine appropriate presentation formats

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Basic table for gender analysis

TitleWomen Men Sex distribution

N % N % %W %MABCTotal 100 100Source…

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Example: Tanzania

Gender issue: Poverty Cause: Differential access to means of economic

support Analysis: Economic situation of women and men

Economic activity status Reasons for not being economically active

Data sources: labour force surveys or population census

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Raw DataPopulation ages 10 and over by economic activity status and reasons for not economically active

Women Men TotalEconomically Active 5,674,626 5,620,301 11,294,927Not economically active 2,327,291 1,978,022 4,305,313of which Housework 366,997 142,350 509,347

Student 1,399,348 1,512,705 2,912,053Too old 211,826 90,376 302,202Sick 238,224 139,630 377,854Disabled 37,317 41,309 78,626Others 73,579 51,660 125,239

Total 8,001,917 7,598,323 15,600,240

Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.

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Basic Table 1Population ages 10 and over by economic activity status

Numbers in 1,000's, percentage distribution and sex distribution (%)Status Women Men Sex distribution

Number Percent Number Percent Women MenEconomically Active 5,675 71 5,620 74 50 50Not economically active 2,327 29 1,978 26 54 46

Total 8,002 100 7,598 100 51 49


One message: economic activityExact numbers rounded to 1,000, percentages to integers

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Simplified Table 1Population ages 10 and over by economic activity status

Deleted column with numbers, added totals in 1,000’s

Numbers in 1,000's, percentage distribution and sex distribution (%)

Status Percentage Distribution Sex distribution

Women Men Women MenEconomically Active 71 74 50 50Not economically active 29 26 54 46Total, per cent 100 100 51 49

numbers in 1,000's 8,002 7,598


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Basic Table 2Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons

One message: Reasons for not being economically activeExact numbers rounded to 1,000, percentages to integers

Reason Women Men Sex distributionNumber Percent Number Percent Women Men

Housework 367 16 142 7 72 28Student 1,399 60 1,513 76 48 52Too old 212 9 90 5 70 30Sick 238 10 140 7 63 37Disabled 37 2 41 2 48 52Others 74 3 52 3 59 41

Total 2,327 100 1,978 100 54 46Source: The Labour Force Survey, 1990/91. Tanzania.

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Simplified Table 2Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons

Deleted column with numbers, added totals in 1,000’s

Reason Percentage distribution

Women Men Women MenHousework 16 7 72 28Student 60 76 48 52Too old 9 5 70 30Sick 10 7 63 37Disabled 2 2 48 52Others 3 3 59 41

Total, per cent 100 100 54 46

numbers in 1,000's 2,327 1,978


Sex distribution

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Simplified Table 2: Highlights gender issuePopulation not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons

Reasons sorted after percentage of women in group

Reason Percentage distribution

Women Men Women MenHousework 16 7 72 28Too old 9 5 70 30Sick 10 7 63 37Others 3 3 59 41Student 60 76 48 52Disabled 2 2 48 52

Total, per cent 100 100 54 46

numbers in 1,000's 2,327 1,978


Sex distribution

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Chart can help visualize

Population not economically active ages 10 and over by reasons

0 20 40 60 80

Student

Housework

Sick

Too old

Others

Disabled

Per centMen Women

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Selecting an appropriate format

Tables Graphs

Charts

Maps

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When to use tables

Lists –one variable Incomplete data Data that vary greatly in

magnitude

Multiple statistics (annex tables)

Sub-Saharan Africa %Burkina Faso 51Benin 50Guinea 50Senegal 46Mali 44Togo 43Nigeria 41Chad 39Liberia 38Niger 38Cote d'Ivoire 37Cameroon 33Uganda 30Central African Republic 29United Republic of Tanzania 29Ghana 28Mozambique 27Comoros 25

A significant proportion of women are in polygynous unions in many countries of sub-Saharan AfricaPercentage of currently married women 15-49 who are in polygynous unions, 1992/1998

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User-friendly tables

Round-off numbers Round-off percentages Delete counts and total

Sort by most meaningful variable

Highlight key values

Title with clear message

Region W MEurope 46 26Asia 34 16Other developed regions 32 22Latin America 31 17Caribbean 26 20Africa 24 18

More than one fourth of women heads of household are aged 60 or overPercentage of household heads aged 60+, 1985/1997

Source: The World's Women 2000: Trends and Statistics

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User-friendly tables:Clear titles

More than one fourth of women heads of household are aged 60 or overPercentage of household heads aged 60+, 1985/1997

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Example 1: Good table?

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Tables

Graphs Charts

Maps

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When to use graphs

For continuous, interval variables

Show trends or changes

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User-friendly graphs

Accurately show facts

Y axis should start at zero

Use same scale when comparing graphs side by side

Colours or patterns show differences

Title and minimal labels provide clear message

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Example 1: show facts

A. Literacy rate by age in Vietnam 1989

Women

Men

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 andabove

Age Group

Literacy rate

Source: Women and Men in Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam 1995.

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Example 1: show facts

B. Literacy rate by age in Vietnam 1989

Women

Men

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60 andabove

Age Group

Literacy rate

Source: Women and Men in Vietnam. Statistical Publishing House, Vietnam 1995.

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Example 2:Same Scale

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Tables

Graphs

Charts Maps

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When to use charts

For categorical variables

Ordinal

Nominal

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User-friendly charts Accurately show facts

Avoid unnecessary three dimensional charts that can distort the information

Colours or patterns to show differences Title and minimal labels Minimal lines, usually only horizontal grid Minimal frames (only for scatter charts)

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User-friendly charts

010203040

Perc

ent o

f al

l wom

en

Nec

essi

ty

Sat

isfa

ctio

n

Nec

essi

ty

Sat

isfa

ctio

n

Homemaker Full-time job

19781999

Reasons why women work or stay at home, US 1978-1999

1978

1999

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User-friendly chartsWomen are increasingly working out of

necessity, US 1978-1999 (percent of all women)

0

10

20

30

40

Necessity Satisfaction Necessity Satisfaction

Homemaker Full-time job

1978

1999

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Picking the right chart

Makes difference between strong message and confusion

Choice depends on:

Kind of data used in analysis

Key point to be emphasized

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Example: Picking the right chart

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Picking the right chart:Vertical bar charts Data that do not vary in magnitude too greatly Few data points Few categories

Often used for: Rates, percentages, ratios

Regional variations

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Example: Vertical bar chart

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Both charts have a clear message. The choice depends on the desired emphasis

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Picking the right chart:Stacked bar charts Most effective for categories adding to 100

percent Women and men are shown either as:

X-axis with one stacked bar for each

Different colour segments of each bar with multiple values on the x-axis

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Example: stacked bar charts

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Example 2

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Picking the right chart:Horizontal bar charts For one variable with many categories When Y-axis labels are long To plot two variables against each other

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Example 1: Horizontal bar charts

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Picking the right chart:Pie charts To show distribution of categorical components of a

single variable Always show shares that total to 100 per cent Best for showing one segment as percentage of the

whole Men and women can be shown either as:

Two segments of the pie Separate pies

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Example: Pie charts

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Picking the right chart:Scatter plots To show grouping around a trend line

To show outliers

To show many data points

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Example: Scatter Plots

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Picking the right chart:Box plots To plot the median and quartiles To compare distribution of one variable for two

or more groups or time points To compare single cases to the overall

distribution

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Example: Box plots

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Example: Box plots

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Key points to remember

Presentation of gender statistics involves analysis to highlight key message

Choosing the right presentation format is key for clear and accurate interpretation of data

Format chosen should present meaningful and unambiguous information efficiently

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Exercise Using labour market segregation exercise, do

the following: Identify key gender issue(s) Determine key message(s) to be highlighted Prepare basic tabulation table(s) Choose appropriate presentation format(s) Present the results using the chosen format(s)

Draft title Include needed headings, labels, scales, sources

Draft a short paragraph explaining key message(s)

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Acknowledgements Statistics Sweden

Engendering Statistics: A Tool for Change

United Nations Statistics DivisionHandbook for Producing National Statistical Reports on Women and Men

UNECE/WBI Regional Training of Trainers Workshop on Gender Sensitization of NSS

UNESCO Gender sensitive education statistics and indicators: A practical guide

Gary Klass (Illinois State University) Presenting Data: Tabular and graphic display of social indicators

analysis and presentation of gender statistics

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