an53023a anthropology-of-development aut 10-11 final

8/8/2019 AN53023A Anthropology-Of-Development AUT 10-11 Final

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GOLDSMITHS, University of London

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

AN53023A Anthropology of Development (0.5cu) Autumn Term

READING LIST Autumn 2010

Dr Eliza Darling

Course Aims and Objectives

Why, sixty years after US President Harry Truman articulated a global imperative to improve the livingstandards of the "underdeveloped" world, has development widely been declared a failure, even a disaster?This course provides a rigorous introduction to critical perspectives in development, positing it as aprofoundly political project born of the Cold War and driven by American imperial ambition, but with deepideological roots in the longue dureof modernity from the Enlightenment to the present. We explore both

immanent and transcendent critiques of development, contextualising and evaluating it according to its ownprofessed objectives as well as its unspoken agendas. And while we view development primarily through thelens of anthropology and its singular relationship with the subaltern, we also draw on scholarship fromgeography, sociology, political science, philosophy, history, political economy, cultural studies, critical racetheory, feminist and postcolonial studies.

The first half of the course introduces students to broad themes in development theory, while the second halftakes a more specific topical approach. We begin with a brief review of the history and politics of appliedanthropology, exploring the uneasy relationship between development anthropology and the anthropology ofdevelopment. We then consider the deep history of the development concept, the competing economictheories underpinning development practice and critique, the spatial aspects of development as a globalrelationship, and the role of violence in imposing and resisting development. After the break, we return toconsider topical issues in development, including green, indigenous and participatory development, as well

as the relationship between development and human rights. We conclude the course by exploring thedevelopment process under allegedly "socialist" regimes, comparing and contrasting these approaches tothose of the capitalist core as well as examining the role of development in the transition to post-socialisteconomies.

Course Requirements

Attendance requirements: The College Regulations state that Students shall attend on all daysprescribed for their programme unless the College is officially closed. If you are unable to attend dueto illness you must inform the Department Office on the day of the class.

Coursework requirements: one course essay (1,500 typed words), though two essays arerecommended.

Students who fail to meet the attendance and coursework requirements risk being put on probation.Please see the Student Handbook for further information.

Course essays are due in as follows in the Autumn Term: essay one (required) at seminars in weekseven, essay two (optional) by the end of term.

No essays will be accepted for marking after the end of the Autumn Term. All essays must be typed.

Mode of assessment: two-question take-home paper (no more than 1,500 words each). Take-home papers will be available on the Department Office VLE page from 9am on Tuesday 10May 2011. Take-home papers are due in by 3pm on Tuesday 24 May 2011.

Towards the end of the reading list you will find a guide to writing and presenting course essays andexamined reports. Please study these carefully before you plan and write your coursework essaysand/or any examined reports.


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Course Structure

The course consists of a series of ten weekly lectures followed by a seminar to further discuss the themes ofthe lectures and readings. Four required readings (highlighted in bold under each weekly topic) serve ascommon ground for seminar discussions. Please read these carefully before each seminar. Each topic alsocontains a substantial number of background readings which students are encouraged to peruse accordingto their own particular intellectual interests. A selection of readings from each week is available for downloadfrom the course VLE; others may be found in the library or through electronic access via the University ofLondon system. Further reading recommendations may be made during the course of the term.

Course Essay Topics

1. Assess the efficacy of the ethnographic method in the formation and evaluation of development policy.2. Review alternative concepts of historical change in development theory.3. Provide an evidence-based critique of the Washington Consensus policies.4. Discuss the relationship between race, space and development.5. Compare and contrast the role of structural versus overt violence in development.6. Apply the concept of underdevelopment to regions within the global core.

7. Defend or critique the 1947 AAA Statement on Human Rights.8. Evaluate the significance of performativity in the process of indigenous development.9. Discuss the role of the commons in development.10. Consider the contention that participation is a new form of tyranny.11. Explore the relationship between socialism, capitalism, development and modernity.

Week 1Introduction: Anthropologys Evil Twin? Development as Applied Anthropology

This lecture serves as a general introduction to the structure and content of the course as well as providingan opportunity to discuss what it means to take a critical approach to the study of development. We review

broad debates around development as a specific form of "applied anthropology" and it use in policy,advocacy and activism, critically analyzing the relationship between the "anthropology of development" and"development anthropology." We contextualise our introduction to development by considering the historyand politics of applied anthropology as a mediator between "the west and the rest" at the global scale, fromits advent in the late colonial period with the rise of anthropology as an academic discipline struggling forboth funding and legitimacy, through twentieth-century anthropological involvement in counter-insurgencypolitics, to present-day contention over counter-terrorism research and "human terrain systems." Weconclude by positing anthropology as technocracy in preparation for next week's discussion of trusteeship inthe history of development.

Asad, Talal, ed.1991 Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter. New York: Humanity Books.

Bennett, John W.

1996 Applied and Action Anthropology: Ideological and Conceptual Aspects. CurrentAnthropology37:S23-S53.Berreman, Gerald

1968 Is Anthropology Alive? Social Responsibility in Social Anthropology. Current Anthropology9:391-396.

Crewe, Emma and Elizabeth Harrison1998 Whose Development? An Ethnography of Aid. London: Zed Books.

DAndrade, Roy1995 Moral Models in Anthropology. Current Anthropology36(3):399-408.

Escobar, Arturo1991 Anthropology and the Development Encounter: The Making and Marketing of

Development Anthropology. American Ethnologist1991:658-682.Ferguson, James

1995 Anthropology and Its Evil Twin: Development in the Constitution of a Discipline. In TheAnthropology of Development and Globalization: From Classical Political Economy toContemporary Neoliberalism. Marc Edelman and Angelique Haugerud, eds. New York:Blackwell.


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Garber, Bill and Penny Jenden1993 Anthropologists or Anthropology? The Band Aid Perspective on Development Projects. In

Practising Development: Social Science Perspectives. Edited by J. Pottier. London and NewYork: Routledge.

Gonzlez, Roberto J.2008 Human Terrain: Past, Present and Future Applications. Anthropology Today24(1):21-27.

Gow, David2002 Anthropology and Development: Evil Twin or Moral Narrative? Human Organisation

61(4):299-314.Grillo, Ralph and Alan Rew, eds.

1985 Social anthropology and Development Policy. New York: Tavistock.Hart, Keith

2002 Anthropologists and Development. Norsk Antropologisk Tidsskrift13(1-2):14-21.Hoben, Allan

1982 Anthropologists and Development. Annual Review of Anthropology11:349-.Jorgensen, Joseph G. and Eric R. Wolf

1970 Anthropology on the Warpath in Thailand. The New York Review of Books 15(9):1-13.Little, Peter and Michael Painter

1995 Discourse, Politics and the Development Process: Reflections on Escobar's Anthropologyand the Development Encounter. American Ethnologist22:602-609.

Malinowski, Bronislaw1930 The Rationalization of Anthropology and Administration. Africa3:405-430.1929 Practical Anthropology. Africa2:22-38.

Mosse, David2006 Anti-social Anthropology? Objectivity, Objection, and the Ethnography of Public Policy and

Professional Communities. Journal of Royal Anthropological Institute12(4):935-956.2004 Is Good Policy Unimplementable? Reflections on the Ethnography of Aid Policy and

Practice. Development and Change35:639-671.Okongwu, Anne Francis and Joan P. Mencher

2000 The Anthropology of Public Policy: Shifting Terrains. Annual Review of Anthropology29:107-124.

Ortner, Sherry1999 Some Futures of Anthropology. American Ethnologist26(4):984-991.

Price, David2008 Anthropological Intelligence: The Deployment and Neglect of American Anthropology in theSecond World War. Durham: Duke University Press.

2007 Buying a Piece of Anthropology: Human Ecology and Unwitting Anthropological Researchfor the CIA. Anthropology Today23(3):8-13.

2004 Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of ActivistAnthropologists. Durham: Duke University Press.

2002 Lessons from Second World War Anthropology: Peripheral, Persuasive, and IgnoredContributions. Anthropology Today18(3):14-20.

Rylko-Bauer, Barbara, Merrill Singer and John Van Willigen2006 Reclaiming Applied Anthropology: Its Past, Present, and Future. American Anthropologist

108(1): 178190.Scheper-Hughes, Nancy

1995 The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a Militant Anthropology. CurrentAnthropology36 (3):409-420.Shrestha, Nanda

1995 Becoming a Development Category. In Power of Development. Jonathan Crush, ed.London: Routledge.

Sider, Gerald M.2009 Can Anthropology Ever Be Innocent? Anthropology Now1(1):43-50.

Stirrat, Roderick L.2008 Mercenaries, Missionaries and Misfits: Representations of Development Personnel.

Critique of Anthropology28(4):406-425.Wakin, Eric

1998 Anthropology Goes to War: Professional Ethics and Counterinsurgency in Thailand.Madison: University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies.


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Week 2The Development of Development: Antecedents and Descendants

While the advent of development as a global industry is widely traced to Truman's 1949 inaugural address,many of the fundamental ideas which underpin development thinking (progress, science, trusteeship,evolution) are common to the modernist project in general and predate development as an active strategy,tracing their roots at least to the mid-Enlightenment period. This week, we consider the longue dure ofdevelopment as a concept and its implication in colonial conquest, as well as contextualising development asa postcolonial project of American empire on the eve of the Cold War, examining theories of development ascommunist-containment strategy. We also consider alternative periodicities of development theory in anattempt to relate technocratic attitudes toward development to the prevailing political economic contexts inwhich they have arisen. Finally, we consider the prospects for development theory in the present day in lightof the post-development critique, but also within the context of the current recession.

Amin, Samir1994 Re-Reading the Postwar Period: An Intellectual Itinerary. Michael Wolfers, trans. New York:

Monthly Review Press.Arndt, Heinz W.

1987 Economic Development: The History of an Idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Berman, Marshall

1982 All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Penguin Books.Childe, V. Gordon1950 The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review21(1):3-17.

Cooper, Frederick and Randall Packard.1998 International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of

Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press.1995 The History and Politics of Development Knowledge. In The Anthropology of Development

and Globalization: From Classical Political Economy to Contemporary Neoliberalism. MarcEdelman and Angelique Haugerud, eds. New York: Blackwell.

Cowen, Michael and Robert Shenton1996 Doctrines of Development. London: Routledge.1995 The Invention of Development. In Power of Development. Jonathan Crush, ed.

London: Routledge.

Engerman, David C. et.al., eds.2003 Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War. Amherst: Universityof Massachusetts Press.

Esteva, Gustavo1992 Development. In The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power.

Wolfgang Sachs, ed. London and New York: Zed Books.Gardner, Katy and David Lewis

1996 Anthropology, Development and the Crisis of Modernity. In Anthropology, Development andthe Post-Modern Challenge. London: Pluto Press.

Gavin, Francis J.2004 Gold, Dollars, and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations, 1958-1971.

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Gilman, Nils

2003 Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America. Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press.Goody, Jack

2004 Capitalism and Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Hettne, Bjorn

1995 Development Theory and the Three Worlds: Towards an International Political Economy ofDevelopment. Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical.

Hinds, Allister2001 Britain's Sterling Colonial Policy and Decolonization, 1939-1958. Westport: Greenwood

Press.Hodge, Joseph Morgan

2007 Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of BritishColonialism. Athens: Ohio University Press.

Kothari, Uma2005 A Radical History of Development Studies: Individuals, Institutions and Ideologies. London

and New York: Zed Books.Latham, Michael E.


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2000 Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the KennedyEra. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Leys, Colin1996 Rise and Fall of Development Theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.1995 The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. In The Anthropology of Development

and Globalization: From Classical Political Economy to Contemporary Neoliberalism.Marc Edelman and Angelique Haugerud, eds. New York: Blackwell.

Price, David2003 Subtle Means and Enticing Carrots: The Impact of Funding on American Cold War

Anthropology. Critique of Anthropology23(4): 373-401.Rapley, John

2002 Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in the Third World. Boulder, Colorado:Lynee Reinner.

Rahnema, Majid with Victoria Bawtree, eds.1997 The Post-Development Reader. London and Atlantic Highlands: Zed Books.

Rist, Gilbert2008 The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith. 3

rded. London: Zed

Books.Said, Edward

1993 Culture and Imperialism. New York: Knopf.

Watts, Michael1995 A New Deal in Emotions. Theory and Practice and the Crisis of Development. In Power ofDevelopment. Jonathan Crush, ed. London: Routledge.

Week 3The Political Economy of Development: From Capitalist Triumphalism to Dependency Theory

The development industry is dominated by neoclassical economic theories, from the Keynesian to theneoliberal, which tout the efficacy of capitalism as a means to improve the quality of life of the desperatelypoor. Against this range of theories is set a group of critiques which stand generally united in their contentionthat capitalism, far from alleviating widescale impoverishment, produces the very uneven development which

aid policy allegedly seeks to remedy. This week, we examine the economic theories which have underpinneddevelopment theory, from the rise of "stage theory" la Rostow and Gerschenkron in the 1950s to theresurrection of Keynesianism engendered by the crisis of neoliberalism in the current "Great Recession." Wepay particular attention to the disparate theories of poverty which have influenced the development paradigmat different points in postwar history. Finally, we examine critical social scientific perspectives on free markettriumphalism, with a particular emphasis on world systems, dependency and underdevelopment theory.

Abu-Lughod, Janet L.1989 Before European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250-1350. New York: Oxford

University Press.Amin, Samir

1974 Accumulation on a World Scale: A Critique of the Theory of Underdevelopment. Brian Pear,trans. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Baran, Paul1989 The Political Economy of Growth. New York: Monthly Review Press.1956 The Political Economy of Underdevelopment. Manchester: Manchester School.

Berberoglu, Berch1992 Theories of Development. In The Political Economy of Development: Development

Theory and the Prospects for Change in the Third World. Albany: State University ofNew York Press.

Braudel, Fernand1984 Civilization and Capitalism, 15

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thCenturies, Volume 3: The Perspective of the World.

Sin Reynolds, trans. London: Collins.1982 Civilization and Capitalism, 15

th-18

thCenturies, Volume 2: The Wheels of Commerce. Sin

Reynolds, trans. London: Collins.1981 Civilization and Capitalism, 15

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thCenturies, Volume 1: The Structures of Everyday Life.

Sin Reynolds, trans. London: Collins.Burkett, Paul and Martin Hart-Landsberg

2000 Development, Crisis, and Class Struggle: Learning from Japan and East Asia. London:Palgrave Macmillan.


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Chew, Sing C. and Robert A Denemark, eds.1996 The Underdevelopment of Development: Essays in Honor of Andre Gunder Frank.

Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.Chilcote, Ronald H., et.al.

1981 Special Issue: Dependency and Marxism. Latin American Perspectives8(3/4):3-117.Cristbal, Kay

1989 Latin American Theories of Development and Underdevelopment. London and New York:Routledge.

Cockcroft, James D., Andr Gunder Frank and Dale L. Johnson1972 Dependence and Underdevelopment: Latin America's Political Economy. Garden City:

Anchor Books.De Sardan, J.P. Olivier

1999 A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa? The Journal of Modern African Studies37(1):25-52.

Frank, Andre Gunder1978 World Accumulation, 1492-1789. New York: Monthly Review Press.1969 Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil.

New York: Monthly Review Press.Frank, Andre Gunder and Barry Gills, eds.

1993 The World System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand Years?London and New York:

Routledge.Harvey, David2005 Freedoms Just Another Word. In A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.Klein, Naomi

2007 The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books.Klein, Naomi and Neil Smith

2008 The Shock Doctrine: A Discussion. Environment and Planning D: Society andSpace26(4):582-595.

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich1996 Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. London and Chicago: Junius.

Nordstrom, Carolyn2004 Why Dont We Study the Shadows? In Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International

Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.Peet, Richard and Elaine Hartwick2009 Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives. New York: Guilford Press.

Rahnema, Majid1992 Poverty. In The Development Dictionary. A Guide to Power as Knowledge. Wolfgang

Sachs, ed. London: ZED Books.Rodney, Walter

1982 How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Washington: Howard University Press.Topik, Steven

1998 Dependency Revisited: Saving the Baby from the Bathwater. Latin American Perspectives25(6):95-99.

Sweezy, Paul M.1956 The Theory of Capitalist Development. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Wallerstein, Immanuel2004 World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press.1991 Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World-System. Cambridge and New

York: Cambridge University Press.1989 The Modern World System III: The Second Era of Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-

Economy, 1730s-1840s. New York: Academic Press.1980 The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-

Economy, 1600-1750. New York: Academic Press.1974 The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-

Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.

Week 4The Globalisation of Apartheid: The Geography of Development

Development is an explicitly spatial relationship on a global scale. At the heart of this relationship lie nation-


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states and their geographical boundaries, the policing of which is essential for the maintenance of thecondition of uneven global development. This week - and following on explicitly from the world systems andunderdevelopment theories explored in week 3 - we consider perspectives on the geography ofdevelopment, with a special emphasis on borders, nationalism, statelessness, and territorialisation, exploringthe relationship between development and space through the positing of critical questions about the worldorder in which development occurs. Is control over immigration intrinsically connected to the reproduction ofglobal inequality? Why are immigrants and refugees created as a problem and in what sense do theythreaten the "natural order of things?" How and when are borders more permeable to commodity and capitalflows than they are to people? In what ways are immigration controls a new form of global apartheid?

Anderson, Benedict1983 Imagined Communities. New York: Verso.

Arrighi, Giovanni.2009 The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times. London and

New York: Verso.Binford, Leigh

2003 Migrant Remittances and (Under)Development in Mexico. Critique of Anthropology23(3):305-336.

Bornstein, Avram S.2002 Borders and the Utility of Violence: State Effects on the `Superexploitation' of West

Bank Palestinians. Critique of Anthropology22(2): 201-220.Chock, Phyllis Pease1994 Remaking and Unmaking Citizen in Policy-Making Talk about Immigration. PoLAR: Political

and Legal Anthropology Review17(2):45-56.Dahbour, Omar and Micheline R. Ishay, eds.

1999 The Nationalism Reader. New York: Humanity Books.Fassin, Didier

2005 Compassion and Repression: The Moral Economy of Immigration Policies in France.Cultural Anthropology20(3):362-387.

Gellner, Ernest1983 Nations and Nationalism. London: Blackwell.

Good, Anthony2004 Undoubtedly an Expert? Anthropologists in British Asylum Courts. Journal of the Royal

Anthropological Institute10(1):113-133.Goody, Jack2006 The Theft of History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Graeber, David1995 The Globalization Movement: Some Points of Clarification. In The Anthropology of

Development and Globalization: From Classical Political Economy to ContemporaryNeoliberalism. Marc Edelman and Angelique Haugerud, eds. New York: Blackwell.

Gupta, Akhil1992 The Song of the Nonaligned World: Transnational Identities and the Reinscription of

Space in Late Capitalism. Cultural Anthropology7(1):63-79.Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson

1992 Beyond Culture: Space, Identity and the Politics of Difference. Cultural Anthropology7(1):6-23.

Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri1994 Labour of Dionysus: A Critique of the State-Form. Minneapolis and London: University ofMinnesota Press.

Hart, Keith2006 The Globalisation of Apartheid. At The Memory Bank. http://tinyurl.com/oy66zx.

Harvey, David2003 Globalization and the Spatial Fix. Geographische Review2:23-30.

Heyman, Josiah1995 Putting Power in the Anthropology of Bureaucracy: The Immigration and Naturalisation

Service at the Mexico-United States Border. Current Anthropology36(2):261-287.Jessop, Bob

1990 State Theory: Putting Capitalist States in Their Place. University Park: The PennsylvaniaState University Press.

Malkki, Lisa1995 Refugees and Exile: From Refugee Studies to the National Order of Things. Annual

Review of Anthropology24:495-523.1992 National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and the Territorialization of National Identity


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among Scholars and Refugees. Cultural Anthropology7(1):24-44.McGee, T.G.

1995 Eurocentrism and Geography: Reflections on Asian Urbanization. In Power of Development.Jonathan Crush, ed. London: Routledge.

Medina, Laurie Kroshus1997 Development Policies and Identity Politics: Class and Collectivity in Belize. American

Ethnologist24(1):148-169.Shore, Chris

1997 Ethnicity, Xenophobia and the Boundaries of Europe. International Journal on Minority andGroup Rights4(3/4:247-262.

Smith, Neil2008 Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. Atlanta: University of

Georgia Press.Wolf, Eric

1982 Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Week 5Violence and Development: Terror, Resistance, Revolution

This week we consider the role of violence - structural and overt - in the development process. We begin byexploring some of the anthropological literature on violence, considering especially the valorisation andlegitimacy of state versus extra-state violence, particularly through the juxtaposition of "terror" and"terrorism." Drawing on themes from the previous week's lecture, we consider the violent means throughwhich the geography of uneven development is both maintained and contested. We go on to examine therole of organised state violence in the imposition of development, as well as subaltern violence as a meansof resisting or subverting development, and the potential of revolution as an alternative means todevelopment. Finally, we consider theories which posit poverty, disease and inequality as forms of structuralviolence, and consider the competing discourses of development as both forcefully-imposed social changeand potential antidote to the brutality of immiseration. This week we are pleased to welcome Muzna Al-Masrifor a guest lecture on violence and development.

Abu-Lughod, Lila2002 Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism

and Its Others. American Anthropologist104(3):783-790.2000 Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society. Berkeley: University of

California Press.1990 The Romance of Resistance: Tracing Transformations of Power Through Bedouin

Women. American Ethnologist17(1):41-55.Alvares, Claude Alphonso

1995 Science, Development and Violence: The Revolt Against Modernity. Mumbai: OxfordUniversity Press India.

Anderson, Mary B., ed.2000 Options for Aid in Conflict: Lessons from Field Experience. Cambridge: The

Collaborative for Development Action, Inc.Arce, Alberto and Norman Long, eds.2000 Anthropology, Development, and Modernities: Exploring Discourses, Counter-Tendencies,

and Violence. London and New York: Routledge.Baines, Stephen Grant

1999 Waimiri-Atroari Resistance in the Presence of an Indigenist Policy of Resistance. Critique ofAnthropology19(3):211-226.

1991 Dispatch II. Anthropology and Commerce in Brazilian Amazonia: Research with the Waimiri-Atroari Banned. Critique of Anthropology11(4):395-400.

Barabas, Alicia and Miguel Alberto Bartolom1974 Hydraulic Development and Ethnocide: The Mazatec and Chinantec People of Oaxaca,

Mexico. Critique of Anthropology1:74-102.Bello, Walden F., Shea Cunningham and Li Kheng Poh

1998 A Siamese Tragedy: Development and Disintegration in Modern Thailand. London: ZedBooks.

Bello, Walden F., Shea Cunningham and Bill Rau1994 Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment, and Global Poverty. London: Pluto.


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Berry, R. Albert2004 Participation, Violence, and Development in Four Andean Countries. Latin American

Research Review39(3):185-204.Coleman, Laura

2007 The Gendered Violence of Development: Imaginative Geographies of Exclusion in theImposition of Neo-liberal Capitalism. British Journal of Politics and International Relations9(2):204-219.

Earle, Duncan1991 Measuring the Maya Disconnection: Violence and Development in Guatemala. American

Ethnologist18(4):793-798.Escobar, Arturo

2004 Development, Violence and the New Imperial Order. Development47(1):15-21.Fanon, Frantz

1963 Concerning Violence. In The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.Foucault, Michel

1980 Power and Strategies. In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. Collin Gordon, ed. New York: Pantheon.

Kapadia, Karin, ed.2002 The Violence of Development: The Politics of Identity, Gender and Social Inequalities in

India. London and New York: Zed Books.

Kothari, Smitu, Wendy Harcourt et.al.2004 The Violence of Development: Special Thematic Issue. Development47(1):1-123.

Lavie, Smadar1994 The Poetics of Military Occupation: Mzeina Allegories of Bedouin Identity Under Israeli and

Egyptian Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press.Lockhart, Chris

2008 The Life and Death of a Street Boy in East Africa: Everyday Violence in the Timeof AIDS. Medical Anthropology Quarterly22(1):94-115.

Marchand, Marianne H.2008 The Violence of Development and the Migration/Insecurities Nexus: Labour Migration

in a North American Context. Third World Quarterly29(7):1375-1388.Price, David

1989 Before the Bulldozer: The Nambiquara and the World Bank. Cabin John: Seven LocksPress.Saldaa-Portillo, Mara Josefina

2003 The Revolutionary Imagination in the Americas and the Age of Development. Durham: DukeUniversity Press.

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Philippe Bourgois, eds.2004 Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology. Blackwell.

Schrijvers, Joke1993 The Violence of "Development: A Choice for Intellectuals. New Delhi: Kali for Women.

Sen, Amartya Kumar2001 The Perspective of Freedom. Development as Freedom. Oxford and New York: Oxford

University Press.Shiva, Vandana

1991 The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics.London: Zed Books.Sluka, Jeffrey

2000 State Terror and Anthropology. In Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Uvin, Peter1998 Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford: Kumerian Press.

Week 6Optional Module: Development and Underdevelopment in the Core

The term "development" as employed in this course invokes a specific meaning of the term, referringprimarily to the political economic relationship between rich and poor nation-states in the postwar era.Development, in this sense, means "international development." Yet development is a commonplace termwith a far broader meaning in the vernacular of the core. This optional module allows students to explore the


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uses of the term "development" when applied to the already-developed world, and more significantly, to seekout commonalities between this type of development and the international development addressed in thebulk of this course. The readings below explore such concepts as urban development, rural development,community development, etc. as they apply to the capitalist "west." Are parts of the allegedly developedcapitalist core in fact "underdeveloped?" Does the core contain within it its own political, economic andgeographical periphery? What commonalities across national borders are masked by the rhetoricaldistinction between development types?

Brash, Julian2004 The Work of 9/11: Myth, History and the Contradictions of the Post-fiscal Crisis Consensus.

Critique of Anthropology24(1):79-103.Brenner, Neil and Nik Theodore

2002 Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe.Oxford: Blackwell.

Brown and Louis E. Swanson, eds.2003 Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century. University Park: The

Pennsylvania State University Press.Castells, Manuel

1989 The Informational City: Economic Restructuring and Urban Development. Oxford: BlackwellPublishers.

Davis, Mike1992 City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage Books.Dehavenon, Anna Lou, ed.

1996 There's No Place Like Home: Anthropological Perspectives on Housing and Homelessnessin the United States. Westport: Bergin & Garvey.

Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd1993 U.S. Capitalist Development Since 1776: Of, By, and For Which People?New York: M.E.

Sharpe.DuPuis, E. Melanie

1996 In the Name of Nature: Ecology, Marginality, and Rural Land Use Planning During the NewDeal. In Creating the Countryside: The Politics of Rural and Environmental Discourse. E.Melanie DuPuis and Peter Vandergeest, eds. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Edgar, Bill, Joe Doherty and Henk Meert, eds.

2002 Access to Housing: Homelessness and Vulnerability in Europe. Bristol: Policy Press.Goode, Judith and Jeff Maskovsky, eds.2001 The New Poverty Studies: The Ethnography of Power, Politics, and Impoverished People in

the United States. New York and London: New York University Press.Harvey, David

1990 The Condition of Postmodernity. Cambridge and Oxford: Blackwell.1989 The Urban Experience. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Henderson, George L.1998 California and the Fictions of Capital. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Lyson, Thomas A. and William W. Falk1989 Forgotten Places: Uneven Development in Rural America. Wichita: University Press of

Kansas.Marsden, Terry

2006 The Road Towards Sustainable Rural Development: Issues of Theory, Policy and Practice ina European Context. In The Handbook of Rural Studies. Paul Cloke, Terry Marsden andPatrick Mooney, eds. London: Sage.

Marsden, Terry et.al.1993 Constructing the Countryside. London: UCL Press.

Murdoch, Jonathan and Terry Marsden1996 Reconstituting Rurality: Class, Community and Power in the Development Process. London

and New York: Routledge.Riches, Graham, ed.

1996 First World Hunger: Food Security and Welfare Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Smith, Neil

1996 The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. London and New York:Routledge.

Squires, Gregory D.1994 Capital and Communities in Black and White: Intersections of Race, Class and Uneven

Development. Albany: State University of New York Press.Susser, Ida


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1996 The Construction of Poverty and Homelessness in US Cities. Annual Review ofAnthropology25:411-435.

1982 Norman Street: Poverty and Politics in an Urban Neighborhood. New York: Oxford UniversityPress.

Week 7Development and Human Rights: Universalism and Relativism

In 1986, the United Nations declared development an inalienable human right. This week, we examine therelationship between development and rights, with a particular emphasis on the concept of "human rights."We lay the groundwork for this discussion through a review of the problematic treatment of human rights bythe discipline of anthropology, with its historical tendency toward particularism and relativism. In 1947 theAmerican Association of Anthropologists rejected the first UN Declaration of Human Rights. Why? Arehuman rights one more form of Western imperialism? Should there be universal norms and categories forjustice? What are the problems of the cultural relativist position? We then return to the issue of"development" as a fundamental human right, particularly in the context of the emergent tension betweenindividual and collective rights. These issues serve as a brief introduction to some of the themes that manyof you will explore further in the Anthropology of Rights course.

Alson, Philip and Mary Robinson, eds.2005 Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement.Oxford: Oxford University

Press.Cornwall, Andrea and Celestine Nyamu-Musembi

2004 Putting the Rights-Based Approach to Development into Perspective. Third WorldQuarterly28(8):1415-1437.

Cowan, Jane K., Marie-Bndicte Dembour, and Richard A. Wilson, eds.2001 Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge

University Press, 2001.Dembour, Marie-Benedict

1996 Human Rights Talk and Anthropological Ambivalence: The Particular Contexts ofUniversal Claims. In Inside and Outside the Law: Anthropological Studies of Authority

and Ambiguity. Olivia Harris, ed. London and New York: Routledge.De Vos, Pol, et.al.2009 Health through People's Empowerment: A Rights-Based Approach to Participation.

Health and Human Rights11(1):23-35.Donnelly, Jack

1989 Universal Human Rights In Theory and Practice. New York: Cornell University Press.Engle, Karen

2001 From Scepticism to Embrace: Human Rights and the American AnthropologicalAssociation from 19471999. Human Rights Quarterly23(3):536559.

Farmer, Paul2005 Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley:

University of California Press.Freire, Germn

2003 Tradition, Change and Land Rights: Land Use and Territorial Strategiesamong thePiaroa. Critique of Anthropology23(4):349372.Geertz, Clifford

1984 Anti Anti-Relativism. American Anthropologist86:263.Goodale, Mark

2009 Surrendering to Utopia: An Anthropology of Human Rights. Stanford: Stanford UniversityPress.

2006 Toward a Critical Anthropology of Human Rights. Current Anthropology47(3):485-511.Goodale, Mark, ed.

2009 Human Rights: An Anthropological Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.Guha-Khasnobis, Basudeb, Shabd S. Acharya and Benjamin Davis, eds.

2007 Food Insecurity, Vulnerability and Human Rights Failure. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Jean-Klein, Iris and Annelise Riles

2005 Anthropology and Human Rights Administrations: Expert Observation and RepresentationAfter the Fact. PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review28 (2):173-202.

Johnston, Barbara Rose


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1997 Life and Death Matters: Human Rights and the Environment at the End of the Millennium.Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press.

Jordon, Ann D.2002 Human Rights or Wrongs? The Struggle for a Rights-Based Response to Trafficking

in Human Beings. Gender and Development10(1):28-37.Kalny, Eva

2009 Against Superciliousness: Revisiting the Debate 60 Years after the Adoption of the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights. Critique of Anthropology29(4):371-395.

Karlsson, Beppe, ed.2005 Human Rights: An Anthropological Enquiry. Chennai: Earthworm Books.

Merry, Sally Engle2001 Changing Rights, Changing Culture. In Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives.

Cowan, Jane K., Marie-Benedict Dembour and Richard Wilson, eds. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Messer, Ellen1993 Anthropology and Human Rights. Annual Review of Anthropology22: 221-249.

Montgomery, Heather2001 Imposing Rights? A Case Study of Child Prostitution in Thailand. In Culture and Rights.

Anthropological Perspectives. J. Cowan, Marie Benedict Dembour and Richard Wilson, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Moore, Sally F.2005 Law and Anthropology: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.Nanda, Ved P., George W. Shepherd, Jr. and Eileen McCarthy-Arnolds, eds.

1993 World Debt and the Human Condition: Structural Adjustment and the Right to Development.Westport: Greenwood Press.

Rajagopal, Balakrishnan2003 International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements, and Third World

Resistance. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Scheper-Hughes, Nancy

2004 Death Squads and Democracy in Northeast Brazil: Mobilising Human Rights Discourses inthe Defense of Children. Paper presented at Law and Disorder Conference, HarvardUniversity.

Uvin, Peter

2004 Human Rights and Development. West Hartford: Kumerian Press.Wilson, Richard A.2003 Human Rights in Global Perspective: Anthropological Studies of Rights, Claims and

Entitlements. London and New York: Routledge.Wilson, Richard A., ed.

1996 Human Rights, Culture and Context: Anthropological Perspectives. London and Chicago:Pluto Press.

Week 8Indigenous Development: Rights, Sovereignty, Advocacy

This week, we critically explore the rise of an international agenda for the protection and promotion ofindigenous peoples through the concepts of "indigenous rights" and "indigenous knowledge systems," payingparticular attention to the role of anthropologists as advocates and activists for indigenous interests. Thislecture draws on themes from week 7, especially related to collective rights, cultural property and heritage,but also appeals to themes from week 4 on territorialisation in a critical interrogation of the very concept ofindigeneity. We also consider some of the issues of representation and agency at stake, asking crucialquestions about who speaks for whom and what unintended consequences might result. What are theproblems entailed in speaking about indigenous peoples? Finally, looking forward to week 9, we consider therelationship between indigenous development and the greening of development, reviewing the concept ofthe "ecologically noble savage" and its modern-day function in legitimising particular development strategies.

Albert, Bruce1997 Ethnographic Situation' and Ethnic Movements: Notes on Post-Malinowskian Fieldwork.

Critique of Anthropology17(1):53-65.Albro, Robert

2005 The Culture of Democracy and Bolivias Indigenous Movements. Critique of Anthropology26(4):387-410.


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Alexander, Catherine2004 Review of Michael Browne's Who Owns Native Culture. PoLAR: Political and Legal

Anthropology Review27:113-128.Barnard, Alan

2006 Kalahari Revisionism, Vienna, and the Indigenous Peoples Debate (and Discussion on theConcept of Indigeneity). Social Anthropology14:1-32.

Baviskar, Amita2005 In the Belly of the River: Tribal Conflicts over Development in the Narmada Valley. New

Delhi: Oxford University Press.1996 Reverence Is Not Enough: Ecological Marxism and Indian Adivasis. In Creating the

Countryside: The Politics of Rural and Environmental Discourse. E. Melanie DuPuis andPeter Vandergeest, eds. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Benavides, O. Hugo2004 Anthropologys Native Conundrum: Uneven Histories and Developments. Critique of

Anthropology24(2):159-178.Beteille, Andre

1998 The Idea of Indigenous People. Current Anthropology39:187.Bowen, John

2000 Should We Have a Universal Concept of Indigenous Peoples Rights? Ethnicity andEssentialism in the Twenty-First Century. Anthropology Today16:12-16.

Brown, Michael F.2003 Who Owns Native Culture?Cambridge: Harvard University Press.1998 Can Culture Be Copyrighted? Current Anthropology39:193.

Brulotte, Ronda2009 "Yo soy nativo de aqu": The Ambiguities of Race and Indigeneity in Oaxacan Craft

Tourism. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology14(2):457-482.Collier, Jane

1999 Models of Indigenous Justice in Chiapas, Mexico: A Comparison of State and ZinancantecoVisions. PoLAR22:94-100.

Conklin, Beth and Laura Graham1995 The Shifting Middle Ground: Amazonian Indians and Eco-Politics. American

Anthropologist97(4):695-710.Karlsson, Beppe

2003 Anthropology and the Indigenous Slot: Claims To and Debates About Indigenous PeoplesStatus in India. Critique of Anthropology23(4):403-423.Kenrick, Justin and Jerome Lewis

2004 The Troubled Politics of Indigeneity. Anthropology Today20:4-10.Kirsch, Stuart

2002 Anthropology and Advocacy. Critique of Anthropology22:175.2005 The Reinvention of Primitive Society: Transformations of a Myth. New York: Routledge.

Kuper, Adam2003 The Return of the Native. Current Anthropology44(3):389-402.

Shah, Alpa2007 The Dark Side of Indigeneity: Indigenous Rights, Politics and Development in India. History

Compass5(6): 1806-1832.Stavenhagen, Rodolfo

1996 Indigenous Rights. Some Conceptual Problems. In Constructing Democracy: Human Rights,Citizenship, and Society in Latin America. Elizabeth Jelin & Eric Hershberg, eds.Boulder,Colorado: Westview Press.

Sillitoe, Paul1998 The Development of Indigenous Knowledge: A New Applied Anthropology. Current

Anthropology39(2):223-252.Sillitoe, Paul, Alan Bicker, and Johan Pottier, eds.

2002 Participating in Development: Approaches To Indigenous Knowledge.London: Routledge.Smith, William D.

2004 The Topology of Autonomy: Markets, States, Soil and Self-determination in Totonacapan.Critique of Anthropology24(4):403-429.

Stephen, Lynn1998 Between NAFTA and Zapata: Responses To Restructuring the Commons in Chiapas and

Oaxaca, Mexico. In Privatizing Nature: Political Struggles for the Global Commons. MichaelGoldman, ed. London: Pluto Press.

Warren, Kay


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1998 Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Mayan Activism in Guatemala. Princeton:Princeton University Press.

Willmsen, Edwin1989 Land Filled with Flies: A Political Economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: Chicago University

Press.Wright, Robin M.

1988 Anthropological Presuppositions of Indigenous Advocacy. Annual Review of Anthropology17:365-390.

Week 9Green Development: Conservation, Disaster, Sustainability

In this week's lecture, we examine the greening of development and its attendant tropes of sustainability. Inrecent years public attention has focused on the protection of natural resources, especially water, forestsand wildlife, from human technological impact. The received wisdom is that our environment is at risk - thekinds of risk that previous generations did not face. The ecological romanticism at the heart of theseconcerns is underpinned by the evolutionist idea that first there was nature and then mans technologicaladvances progressively altered and often destroyed it. But are the images of wilderness that stand for the

last remaining place where civilisation has not yet touched nature a product of human history that say moreabout the unexamined longings and desires of its producers than about the so-called preservation of thenatural world? In what sense can we talk of deforestation as a lie of the land? What does "sustainabledevelopment" actually seek to sustain?

Adams, W.M.1995 Green Development Theory? Environmentalism and Sustainable Development. In

Jonathan Crush, ed. Power of Development. London and New York: Routledge.Braidotti, Rosi et.al.

1994 Women, the Environment and Sustainable Development: Emergence of the Theme andDifferent Views. In Rosi Braidotti et.al. Women, the Environment, and SustainableDevelopment: Towards a Theoretical Synthesis. London: ZED Books.

Carruyo, Light

2008 Producing Knowledge, Protecting Forests: Rural Encounters with Gender,Ecotourism, and International Aid in the Dominican Republic. University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press.

Chatterjee, Pratap and Matthias Finger1994 The Earth Brokers: Power, Politics and World Development. London and New York:

Routledge.Croll, Elisabeth and David Parkin

1992 Bush Base, Forest Farm: Culture, Environment and Development. London and NewYork: Routledge.

Greenberg, James B.1997 A Political Ecology of Structural-Adjustment Policies: The Case of the Dominican Republic.

Culture & Agriculture19(3):85-93.Goldman, Michael

2005 Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization.New Haven: Yale University Press.

Helmreich, Stefan1999 Digitizing 'Development': Balinese Water Temples, Complexity and the Politics of Simulation.

Critique of Anthropology19:249-265.Hewitt, Kenneth

1995 Sustainable Disasters? Perspectives and Powers in the Discourse of Calamity. InPower of Development. Jonathan Crush, ed. London: Routledge.

Katz, Cindi1998 Whose Nature, Whose Culture? Private Productions of Space and the Preservation

of Nature. In Remaking Reality: Nature at the Millennium. Bruce Braun and NoelCastree, eds. New York and London: Routledge.

Kurian, Priya A.2000 Engendering the Environment? Gender in the World Banks Environmental Policies.

Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate.Leach, Melissa and Robin Mearns


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1996 Environmental Change and Policy: Challenging Received Wisdom in Africa. In The Lieof the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment. MelissaLeach and Robin Mearns, eds. London: International African Institute.

Mackenzie, Fiona1995 Selective Silence: A Feminist Encounter with Environmental Discourse in Colonial Africa. In

Power of Development. Jonathan Crush, ed. London: Routledge.McAfee, Kathleen

1999 Selling Nature to Save It? Biodiversity and the Rise of Green Developmentalism.Environment and Planning D: Society and Space17(2):133-154.

Nygren, Anja1999 Local Knowledge in the Environment-Development Discourse: From Dichotomies to Situated

Knowledges. Critique of Anthropology19: 267-288.Peet, Richard and Michael Watts

1996 Liberation Ecology: Development, Sustainability, and Environment in an Age of MarketTriumphalism. In Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements.Richard Peet and Michael Watts, eds. New York: Routledge.

Pugh, Cedric2000 Squatter Settlements: Their Sustainability, Architectural Contributions, and Socio-Economic

Roles. Cities17(5):325-337.Rangan, Haripriya

1996 From Chipko to Uttaranchal: Development, Environment and Social Protest in GarwhalHimalayas, India. In Liberation Ecologies: Environment, Development, Social Movements.Richard Peet and Michael Watts, eds. New York: Routledge.

Shah, Alpa2006 Elephants, Indigenous Communities and Environment: The Politics of Claims in India's

Jharkhand. Paper presented at the European Association of South Asian StudiesConference in Leiden.

Simpson, Edward2004 Hindutva as a Rural Planning Paradigm in Post-Earthquake Gujarat. In Cultural

Mobilization and the Fragmentation of the Nation in Modern India. J. Zavos, A. Wyatt & V.Hewitt, eds. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Simpson, Edward and Stuart Corbridgew2006 The Geography of Things That May Become Memories: The 2001 Earthquake in Kachchh-

Gujarat and the Politics of Rehabilitation in the Prememorial Era. Annals of the Associationof American Geographers96(3):566585.Shiva, Vandana, ed.

1994 Close to Home: Women Reconnect Ecology, Health and Development Worldwide.Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.

Stocking, Michael and Scott Perkin1992 Conservation-with-Development: An Application of the Concept in the Usambara Mountains,

Tanzania. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers17(3):337-349.West, Paige

2006 Conservation Is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua NewGuinea. Duke University Press.

Week 10Depoliticising Development: Discursive Deconstruction and the Rhetoric of "Participation"

One result of the critique of top-down, state-led development policies is the move toward putting the firstlast. In recent years, participation, social capital and empowerment have become new buzz words indevelopment. These developments have gone hand in hand with the proliferation of NGOs in developmentwork, ostensibly as a means to reach out to the poor that is more effective and more representative than thestate or the market. In this lecture we will critically explore these trends and their critics. Is participation a newform of tyranny? Is the new focus on participation actually disempowering? To what extent are NGOsautonomous from the state and the market? In what ways does social capital obscure relations of class anddepoliticise development? At the same time, we examine extant anthropological debates arounddevelopment as a "discourse," a legacy of the postmodern turn of the 1980s and 1990s which coincided (not

incidentally) with the rise of the rhetoric of participatory empowerment.

Chambers, Robert1997 Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. London: Intermediate Technology


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Publications.1995 Paradigm Shifts and the Practice of Participatory Research and Development. Power and

Participatory Development. Theory and Practice. London: Intermediate TechnologyPublications.

Cooke, Bill and Uma Kothari, eds.2001 The Case for Participation as Tyranny. In Participation: The New Tyranny?London:

Zed Books.Escobar, Arturo

1995 Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton:Princeton University Press.

Ferguson, James1990 The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in

Lesotho. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Fisher, William F.

1997 Doing Good? The Politics and Anti-Politics of NGO Practices. Annual Review ofAnthropology26:439.

Gardner, Katy and David Lewis2000 Dominant Paradigms Overturned or Business as Usual? Development Discourse and the

White Paper on International Development. Critique of Anthropology20(1):15-29.Grillo, Ralph and Rockerick L. Stirrat

1997 Discourses of Development: Anthropological Perspectives. Oxford: Berg.Green, Maia2003 Globalizing Development in Tanzania: Policy Franchising through Participatory Project

Management. Critique of Anthropology23(2): 123143.2000 Participatory Development and the Appropriation of Agency in Southern Tanzania.

Critique of Anthropology20:67-89.Harriss, John

2002 Depoliticizing Development: The World Bank and Social Capital. London: Anthem.Hobart, Mark, ed.

1993 An Anthropological Critique of Development: The Growth of Ignorance. M. Hobart. Londonand New York: Routledge.

Kean, Peter2000 Economic Development in the Siki Settlement Scheme, West New Britain. Critique of

Anthropology20(2):153-172.Lazar, Sian2004 Education for Credit: Development as Citizenship Project in Bolivia. Critique of Anthropology

24(3):301-219.Li, Tania

2007 The Will To Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham:Duke University Press.

Lister, Sarah2003 NGO Legitimacy: Technical Issue or Social Construct? Critique of Anthropology23(2):175-

192.Mosse, David

1994 Authority, Gender and Knowledge: Theoretical Reflections on the Practice of ParticipatoryRural Appraisal. Development and Change25:497.

Nelson, Nici and Sue Wright1995 Power and Participatory Development. Theory and Practice. London: IntermediateTechnology Publications.

Parpart, Jane L.1995 Post-Modernism, Gender and Development. In Power of Development. Jonathan Crush, ed.

London: Routledge.Phillips, Sue and Richard Edwards

2000 Development, Impact Assessment and the Praise Culture. Critique of Anthropology20(1):47-66.

Porter, Doug J.1995 Scenes from Childhood: The Homesickness of Development Discourses. In Power of

Development. Jonathan Crush, ed. London: Routledge.Putnam, Robert

1993 Social Capital and Institutional Success. In Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions inModern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rahnema, Majid


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1992 Participation. In The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power.Wolfgang Sachs, ed. London: Zed Books.

Stirrat, Roderick L.2000 Cultures of Consultancy. Critique of Anthropology20(1):3146.1996 The New Orthodoxy and Old Truths: Participation, Empowerment and Other Buzz

Words. In Assessing Participation: The Debate from South Asia. Sunil Bastian andNicola Bastian, eds. New Delhi: Konark Publishers.

Tapscott, Chris1995 Changing Discourses of Development in South Africa. In Power of Development. Jonathan

Crush, ed. London: Routledge.Vargas-Cetina, Gabriela

2005 Anthropology and Cooperatives: From the Community Paradigm to theEphemeralAssociation in Chiapas, Mexico. Critique of Anthropology25(3) 229251.

Yarrow, Thomas2008 Paired Opposites: Dualism in Development and Anthropology. Critique of Anthropology

28(4):426-445.

Week 11

"Second World" Development? Socialist and Post-Socialist Approaches

A great deal of development theory focuses on the relationship between what were called, in an oldergeopolitical parlance, the "first" and "third" worlds. Yet nation-states operating under the ostensibly socialistregimes of the "second" world have engaged in their own development discourses and practices, many ofwhich were not far removed from those of the capitalist regions. In this lecture we explore the concept ofdevelopment in "planned economies," as well as taking a brief look at upheaval in the aftermath of post-socialist transitions to other political economic forms as western-style development begins to flood theeastern bloc. In particular, we examine development in socialist and capitalist societies as projects ofmodernity which not only shared many tropes and practices in common, but were mutually influenced insignificant material ways. This week we are pleased to welcome Catherine Alexander for a guest lecture onsocialist and post-socialist development in Kazakhstan.

Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon2007 Land Markets and Rural Livelihoods in Vietnam. In Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Eraof Globalization: Perspectives from Developing and Transition Countries. A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Saturnino M. Borras, Jr. and Cristbal Kay, eds. London and New York: Routledge.

Anderson, Perry1974 Lineages of the Absolutist State. London and New York: Verso.

Bengelsdorf, Carollee and Alice Hageman1979 Emerging from Underdevelopment: Women and Work in Cuba. In Capitalist Patriarchy and

the Case for Socialist Feminism. Zillah R. Eisenstein, ed. New York: Monthly Review Press.Bideleux, Robert

1985 Communism and Development. London and New York: Methuen.Bruno, Marta

1998 Playing the Cooperation Game: Strategies Around International Aid in Post-Socialist

Russia. In Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses inEastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Sue Bridger and Frances Pine, eds.London: Routledge.

Burawoy, Michael and Katherine Verdery, eds.1999 Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Postsocialist World. Lanham: Rowman

& Littlefield.1985 The Politics of Production: Factory Regimes under Capitalism and Socialism. London:

Verso.Burawoy, Michael and Jnos Lukcs

1992 The Radiant Past: Ideology and Reality in Hungarys Road to Capitalism. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Chae, SuHong2003 Contemporary Ho Chi Minh City in Numerous Contradictions: Reform Policy,

Foreign Capital and the Working Class. In Wounded Cities: Destruction and Reconstructionin a Globalized World. Jane Schneider and Ida Susser, eds. Oxford: Berg.

Creed, Gerald1998 Domesticating Revolution: From Socialist Reform to Ambivalent Transition in a


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Bulgarian Village. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Croll, Elisabeth

1994 From Heaven to Earth: Images and Experiences of Development in China. London and NewYork: Routledge.

Feldman, Gregory2005 Culture, State and Security in Europe: The Case of Citizenship and Integration Policy

in Estonia. American Ethnologist32(4):676-694.Ghai, Dharam P., Cristbal Kay and Peter Peek

1987 Labour and Development in Rural Cuba. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Kautsky, John H.

1968 Communism and the Politics of Development: Persistent Myths and Changing Behavior.New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Khan, Azizur Rahman2007 The Land System, Agriculture and Poverty in Uzbekistan. In Land, Poverty and Livelihoods

in an Era of Globalization: Perspectives from Developing and Transition Countries. A.Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Saturnino M. Borras, Jr. and Cristbal Kay, eds. London and NewYork: Routledge.

Oushakine, Serguei2000 In the State of Post-Soviet Aphasia: Symbolic Development in Contemporary Russia.

Europe-Asia Studies52(6):991-1016.

Pine, Frances2007 Dangerous Modernities? Innovative Technologies and the Unsettling of Agriculture inRural Poland. Critique of Anthropology27(2):183-201.

Ruffin, Patricia1990 Capitalism and Socialism in Cuba: A Study of Dependency, Development and

Underdevelopment. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Scott, James

1998 Soviet Collectivization, Capitalist Dreams. In Seeing Like a State: How CertainSchemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale: Yale University Press.

Seabright, Paul, ed2000 The Vanishing Rouble: Barter Networks and Non-Monetary Transactions in

Post-Soviet Societies. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.Spoor, Max

2007 Land Reform, Rural Poverty and Inequality in Armenia: A Pro-Poor Approach to LandPolicies. In Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization: Perspectives fromDeveloping and Transition Countries. A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Saturnino M. Borras, Jr. andCristbal Kay, eds. London and New York: Routledge.

Stiglitz, Joseph E.2002 Who Lost Russia? In Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W.W. Norton.

Stricker, Pamela2007 Toward a Culture of Nature: Sustainable Development and Environmental

Policy in Cuba. Lanham: Lexington Books.Szelnyi, Ivn

1996 Cities Under Socialism And After. In Cities after Socialism: Urban and Regional Changeand Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies. Gregory D. Andrusz, Michael Harloe, eds.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Verdery, Katherine1996 What Was Socialism and What Comes Next?Princeton: Princeton University Press.Volkov, Vadim

2002 Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.

Wallerstein, Immanuel1995 After Liberalism. New York: The New Press.


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A GUIDE FOR WRITING AND PRESENTING COURSE ESSAYS AND EXAMINED REPORTS

Please read these guidelines in conjunction with Section 7.7 Plagiarism in the Undergraduate StudentHandbook.

These guidelines have been designed to ensure that you are aware of the basic expectations of writtencoursework and assessed reports. In addition to general comments concerning essay structure, they include

details about how to reference work.

Please note that in the marking of work, both of these issues will be taken into account.

1. General essay guidance

An essay should present a well-organized argument that responds to a set question. It should include areview and discussion of relevant literature and should also present an argument from your own perspective.Aim to convince the reader that your angle on the topic is valid, but make sure you demonstrate knowledgeof other possible approaches.

a. The Introduction

You should begin with an introduction setting out the issue(s) to be discussed and tell the reader what yourgeneral approach will be. Avoid wasting space on definitions unless a particular question requires them.Make a clear argument and proceed from one point to the next so that the narrative builds on what wentbefore.

b. The main body of the essay

Tell the reader where a line of reasoning you refer to is helpful or flawed and, using your own judgment andthe work of previous commentators, explain why. Keep the essay focused on the argument and avoidmeandering. Critique is appropriate in an essay but unsubstantiated, moralistic and generalized polemic isnot.

You might want to use subheadings to provide structure to the essay and guidance for the reader. Make the

sections build on each other. In general, arguments should not be purely abstract or theoretical, but shoulduse examples (from ethnography, history, the media and popular culture, and your own experience, whereappropriate). Make sure that the relevance of your examples is clearly stated. Your essay should have aclear and succinct conclusion.

c. Examples

Ethnographic examples should be taken from their original source and described in sufficient detail so as tocreate an impression of complete familiarity. As the basis for an argument, examples like, As E -P observedin relation to the Azande, apparently irrational behaviour can be explained in rational terms is simply notgood enough. Encyclopaedia entries may serve as the starting point for your own reading, but they shouldnot appear in your written work as the culmination of those efforts. Examples should be explored, analysedand criticised until they make the intended contribution to your overall argument. This kind of scholarly

construction should prevent you from including personal opinion or polemic.

d. Clarity of expression

Keep your essay simple and clear. Avoid padding, such as, In this section it will be judicious for the author toconsider the effect of such theories upon social anthropology of the 1960s as following. Look at each of yoursentences. Change those you can from passive into active voice.

Get rid of anything unnecessary. Do not use ten words when five will do, especially when the extra fivewords are things like it would seem logical to assert perhaps that.


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e. Conclusion

A conclusion can be a summary of your text as long as it does not merely repeat points you have made inthe essay. Ideally, it should bring together your examples and argument in an analysis of what you havediscovered and what is interesting about the topic.

f. Bad sentences

Many people argue that structural functionalism neglects history. (Who?When? What is the evidence for their criticism? Is it well founded? Can you provide any criticisms of /support for this argument from yourreading?)

I think that he was wrong / he was right. (Explicitly stating opinions in this way is clunky, especially if they arenot supported by any further argument. The reader should be able to track your opinion throughout an essayin the way that you employ your material to advance an argument.) Replace with This argument has severalflaws, or, better, As Levi Strauss has argued, this argument has several flaws (1969: 16). Then go on todescribe in precise terms exactly what those limitations are.

Structural functionalists neglected to consider the meaning behind social structure. (Which ones? All of

them? Assess the evidence put forward to support this criticism) Structural functionalists saw society as aholistic system. (All of them? All the time?)

Anthropologists believe that people are rational. (Do they all mean the same thing?)

Apes should have rights because humans and chimpanzees are over 98% genetically identical. (Is this figurecontested? What does it mean to be 98% genetically similar? How have different anthropologists interpretedthis suggestion? What is the relationship between genetic similarity and the attribution of rights?) Statementsof these kinds are either truisms (all humans breathe air) or contested (all humans are capable of kindness),and should be argued for in relation to specific ethnographic and theoretical examples.

g. Quotations

Quotes of fewer that fifty words should be contained within inverted commas in the text. If a quote is morethan fifty words long you should put a colon in the text, then hard return and then indent, then hard returnbefore returning to the text.

h. Footnotes and Endnotes

Footnotes may be used for points of amplification, but are not generally necessary. Endnotes arediscouraged.

i. Proof reading

You should proof read every piece of work you write before you submit it. Spelling errors are distracting forthe reader. Misspelling authors names is particularly off putting.

2. References

Sources listed in the reading list will provide good starting points, but you may introduce other material. Youmay locate further references through bibliographies in articles and books that you already have, throughbrowsing relevant journals, through library catalogues, or through searching the web. Bear in mind thatmaterial on the web is very uneven in quality: you need to make judgements as to whether data are likely tobe accurate, and whether interpretations are justifiable or opinionated. In any event, cite your web sources.

In order to be clear and professional, you should cite and list your sources in a standardized way. Inanthropology, the most common system uses author-date citations within the text rather than footnotes orendnotes.

General reference to writer/text within a sentence: for example,

as Leach (1972) influentially arguedas critics of Said have noted (e.g. Clifford 1988)


21/21

Reference to a specific passage/quotation: all direct quotations must be accompanied byspecific page references, for example,

Fry and Willis are suspicious of the emphasis they see on traditional Aboriginal artists (1989: 160-62)Myers has suggested that the appeal of the acrylics is the sense of their rootedness in the world (1995:84).

Any quotation longer than three lines should appear as a separate, indented paragraph, without quotation

marks.

The Bibliography

Full references should be consolidated in a bibliography at the end of your essay, not in the form ofendnotes. It should be in alphabetical order by author and should include alland onlythose works cited. Itis important that you include allthe information for a reference, and not only date, author and title. Althoughthere are a number of set bibliographic styles, we strongly recommend that you use the following form:

Book:Taussig, Michael (1987) Shamanism, colonialism and the wild man: a study in terror and healing. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Edited book:Karp, Ivan and Stephen Lavine (eds) (1991) Exhibiting cultures: the poetics and politics of museum display.Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Article in journal:Appadurai, Arjun (1990) Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. Public Culture2 (2): 1-24.

Chapter in book:Beckett, Jeremy (1998) Haddon attends a funeral: fieldwork in Torres Strait, in Cambridge and the TorresStrait, Anita Herle and Sandra Rouse, (eds) pp. 23-49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Film/Video:

Harlan County, USA. (1976) Barbara Kopple. Cabin Creek Films, USA. 103 minutes. [name after date is thatof director].

Web pages:Where appropriate, refer to the specific page, rather than the site in general, and include details of the titleand author of specific material, for example:Luttwak, Edward (1990) Capitalism without capital,www.lrb.org.uk/articles/luttwak.html

You will also find guidelines atwww.real.gold.ac.uk/essayguide/index.html
http://www.lrb.org.uk/articles/luttwak.htmlhttp://www.lrb.org.uk/articles/luttwak.htmlhttp://www.lrb.org.uk/articles/luttwak.htmlhttp://www.real.gold.ac.uk/essayguide/index.htmlhttp://www.real.gold.ac.uk/essayguide/index.htmlhttp://www.real.gold.ac.uk/essayguide/index.htmlhttp://www.real.gold.ac.uk/essayguide/index.htmlhttp://www.lrb.org.uk/articles/luttwak.html

an53023a anthropology-of-development aut 10-11 final

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