an overview mayra buvinic, director premge monica das gupta, decrg ursula casabonne, premge the...
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![Page 1: An Overview Mayra Buvinic, Director PREMGE Monica Das Gupta, DECRG Ursula Casabonne, PREMGE The World Bank Gender-differentiated impacts of violent conflict](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062511/5514fdbf550346935c8b628d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
An Overview
Mayra Buvinic, Director PREMGEMonica Das Gupta, DECRG
Ursula Casabonne, PREMGEThe World Bank
Gender-differentiated impacts of violent conflict
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PREMGE – DECRG research program
• Earlier work on gender, poverty and demography:
• The impact of demographic conditions on poverty • How gender inequalities exacerbate this impact
• Current work is on the gender-disaggregated impact of violent conflict
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Conflicts can be self-renewing, livelihood support can help break the cycle
• High proportion of conflicts today are internal conflicts in poor developing countries
• Collier and others find:– Economically vulnerable nations more likely to experience
conflict– Conflicts destroy physical and human capital, disrupt
economies, “development in reverse”– “Conflict trap”: conflicts intensify economic vulnerability, so
chances of renewed conflict much higher in first 5 years after conflict.
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Large gender differentials in the impact of conflict
• Males are subject to far higher excess mortality, injuries, and disability
• especially young adult males, so labor force heavily impacted
• Females also highly impacted:– Sexual violence– Left to cope with raising children and caring for the old, often in the
face of:• Breakdown of economy, administration, service delivery• Breakdown of civil and social infrastructure• Rise in sick, maimed, and traumatized family members• Possible loss of household assets• Possible displacement from home
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Adult men more likely to be killed in conflict
Germany, 1950 Cambodia, 1980
Source: Authors’ analysis based on data from United Nations Population Division (2006).
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Source Blattman, C. & Annan, J. (2007), ‘The consequences of child soldiering’. Households in Conflict Network Working Paper, 22
Educational attainment lost and labor market effects of child soldiers is substantial: Abducted youth attain 0.78 fewer years of education than non-abducted youth, which implies an 11% reduction in education attainment.
Boys’ lifetime prospects can be affected by child soldiering
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Women have to cope under very challenging conditions
• Males are subject to far higher excess mortality, injuries, and disability
• especially young adult males, so labor force heavily impacted
• Females also highly impacted:– Sexual violence– Left to cope with raising children and caring for the old, often in the
face of:• Breakdown of economy, administration, service delivery• Breakdown of civil and social infrastructure• Rise in sick, maimed, and traumatized family members• Possible loss of household assets• Possible displacement from home
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PREMGE / DECRG work on the gender-differentiated impact of conflict
• To add rigorous studies of the gender-disaggregated impact of violent conflict on:
• human capital• marriage and fertility • labor force participation and economic empowerment
• There is little existing work in this area, and it is also often not gender-disaggregated
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There are few rigorous studies on the micro-level impacts of violent conflict due to data constraints
• Large-scale, high quality household surveys often not available for countries affected by violent conflict.
• Where surveys available, methodological issues:― often difficult to attribute causality ― selective nature of respondents: non-random attrition
due to mortality, migration or displacement
• But recent work is finding innovative ways to resolve some of these issues
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Emerging Evidence
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Effects on human capital
• Affects child health • higher mortality
• poorer growth
• Child schooling suffers
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Child mortality can rise
Source: Humberto, Lopez and Quentin Wodon, 2005. The Economic Impact of Armed Conflict in Rwanda, Journal of African Economies 14 (4): 586-602
Impact of the Genocide on Child Mortality in Rwanda
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Surviving children can have poorer growth outcomes
Sources: Guerrero-Serdán, Gabriela. 2009. “The Effects of the War in Iraq on Nutrition and Health: An Analysis Using Anthropometric Outcomes of Children” HiCN Working Paper 55; Bundervoet, Tom, Philip Verwimp, and Richard Akresh, 2009. “Health and Civil War in Rural in Burundi,” Journal of Human Resources 44(2): 536–563.; Akresh, Richard, Philip Verwimp, and Tom Bundervoet, 2007. “Civil War, Crop Failure and Child Stunting in Rwanda,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4208.
The effect is between -0.22 to -0.48.
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Children’s schooling can suffer(sometimes more for girls)
Sources: Chamarbagwala, Rubiana, and Hilcías E. Morán. 2008. “The Human Capital Consequences of Civil War: Evidence from Guatemala” HiCN Working Paper 59; Shemyakina, Olga, 2006. “The effect of armed conflict on accumulation of schooling: results from Tajikistan”. Households in Conflict Network Working Paper 12
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Effects on marriage and fertility
Disruptions of conflict can lead to: • Postponement of marriage
• Postponed childbearing even if married
• Rebound in fertility after the conflict
Shortage of men due to their higher mortality in conflict can lead to:• High rates of non-marriage of women
• Increase in short-term consensual unions as male bargaining power higher
• Out-migration of single women to places with better opportunities
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Effects on household economy
• Household economy disrupted:• Loss of assets (destruction, looting, distress sale)
• Loss of working age men, rise in maimed
• Displacement from home
• Breakdowns in administration, services, infrastructure
• Shift to subsistence farming (in agrarian settings)• Found to help maintain child nutrition indicators despite falling income
• Women take on role of breadwinner. Some options:• Home-based work (subsistence farming, crafts with established market such as
carpet-weaving in Afghanistan)
• New entrepreneurship providing services locally (e.g. tailoring)
• Training in new skills geared to meet existing demand / markets
• Attempts to build entrepreneurship in unestablished channels less likely to succeed under all the additional constraints of post-conflict life