brain drain issuesresearch policies + interventions caglar ozden decrg january 2007
TRANSCRIPT
BRAIN DRAIN BRAIN DRAIN
Issues Issues
Research Research
Policies + InterventionsPolicies + Interventions
Caglar OzdenCaglar Ozden
DECRGDECRGJanuary 2007January 2007
Brain Drain Issues
Growth + Development + Investment Role of Human Capital Lost Positive Externalities
Key Public Services Medical Services Education + R&D
Fiscal Impact Expenditure + Lost tax Revenue
Brain Drain Issues
Are there no benefits? Remittances?? Technology transfer Return + Circular Migration Integration w/ Global Economy Other Diaspora externalities
Brain Drain Issues
Million Dollar Question Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not
migrate?
Brain Drain Research
Most Comprehensive Database to Date (2005) Data from 190+ countries 3 Education levels Both 1990 & 2000
New Extensions Place of Education Gender 1970 + 1980 Specific Professions - Medicine
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Share of Educated Population Living Abroad
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
North America
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Middle East/North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia
South Asia
South America
Central America
Caribbean
Brain DrainBrain Drain
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Small
Countries
(<650K)
Median Large
Countries
(>30M)
Share of Population Living Abroad
Total Tertiary educated
Share of Educated Labor Force
Selected Caribbean Countries
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Barbados Dominica Dominican
Republic
Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and
Nevis
Trinidad and
Tobago
Brain DrainBrain Drain
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Barbados Dominica Dominican
Republic
Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and
Nevis
Trinidad and
Tobago
Share of Labor Force Living Abroad,
Selected Caribbean Countries
Total Tertiary educated
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Share of Educated Labor Force
Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
Gambia Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Share of Labor Force Living Abroad, Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Gambia Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe
Total Tertiary educated
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Migrants from Developing Countries in 2000 (Mil.)
Others Tertiary
0
5
10
15
20
25
Australia+Canada Europe USA
20%
41%
57%
Migrants to US by Age of Migration, 2000
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Mexico Colombia Haiti El Salvador China Philippines India Poland Egypt Nigeria
0-11 12-17 18-21
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Migrants to France by Age of Migration, 1990
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Morocco Tunisia Cote d'Ivoire Senegal Niger Turkey Poland Albania
0-11 12-17 18-21
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Physicians’ Emigration Rates to OECD Countries
Selected Countries from Sub-Saharan Africa
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Gambia, The Ghana Kenya Madagascar Niger Nigeria Senegal Uganda Zimbabwe
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Physicians' Emigration Rates to OECD CountriesSelected Caribbean Countries
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Barbados Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts andNevis
Trinidad andTobago
Brain DrainBrain Drain
Brain WasteBrain Waste
Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in 2000
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Kenya
China
India
Russia
United Kingdom
Guatemala
Mexico
Brain Drain Research
Brain Gain + Brain Waste Brain Drain + Small States Brain Drain + Economic Growth Medical Brain Drain + HIV in Africa
GHANA HEALTH SYSTEM REFORM
Brain Drain Policies + Interventions
Do we really have a problem? small + isolated countries Large developing countries Europe + Japan?
Fiscal Impact Bhagwati Tax? Turkish Military Service Exemption (if you pay!) Private Education a la the Philippines?
Brain Drain Policies + Interventions
Educational Reform Private education Mandatory service Restrictions on mobility
Services Delivery Reforming labor markets Healthcare services in Africa
Brain Drain Policies + Interventions
Destination Country Policies Should Britain limit recruitment of nurses from Africa? Mutual Recognition of Diplomas Citizenship Policies
Multilateral Policy Coordination Trade in Service – why can’t the patient travel? Temporary migration policies Linkages with goods trade and FDI
Brain Drain Issues
Million Dollar Question Do we have the right to limit migration? Do we have the right to tell people they can not
migrate?