?• Patient was admitted with the complaints of high

temperature, vomitting and pain in lower abdomen – right side

• Diagnosis- Appendicitis

TREATMENT HISTORY-

• Symptomatic- Analgesic, Antipyretics & anti-emetics.

• Patient showed least response to symptomatic treatment

• Surgical treatment: APPENDICECTOMY

append(ix) + -ectomy.

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• An old aged patient reported to the physician with the complaints (s/s) of Dyspnea,

Tachycardia,

Retrosternal pain and

Oliguria.

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Prefixes

Objective:

Common Prefixes used in the Language of Medicine

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Categories of Prefixes

• Time or speed

• Direction

• Position

• Size or number

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Prefixes of time or speed

• Ante-, pre-: before

• Brady-: abnormally slow rate of speed

• Neo-:new

• Post-: after

• Tachy-: rapid, abnormally high rate of speed

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Examples

• Antenatal care: care given to a baby before she/he is born.

• Bradycardia: slow heart rate

• Neoplasm: new tumor cells, formation

• Post-partum: after birth, labor

• Tachycardia: rapid heart beat

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Prefixes of direction

• Ab-: away from, outside of, beyond

• Ad-: toward, near to

• Con-, sym-, syn-: with

• Contra-: against

• Dia-: across, through

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Examples

• Ab: Abnormal, abductor (muscle that draws a limb away from the body)

• Ad: adductor (muscle that draws a limb towards the body), adrenal gland (gland related to the kidney)

• Con: congenital anomaly, connective tissue (used to support and bind other body tissue and parts). Bone, cartilage are examples of this.

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Examples Contd...

• Sym-: Symbiosis: A close, prolonged association between two or more different organisms of different species that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each member.

• A relationship of mutual benefit or dependence. • Symphysis: A growing together of bones

originally separate, as of the two pubic bones or the two halves of the lower jawbone

• Syn-: Syndactyly: The condition of having two or more fused digits, as occurs normally in certain mammals and birds.

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Examples contd...

• Contra-: contraindications (here contra means against).

• Contralateral: Taking place or originating in a corresponding part on an opposite side (here it means opposite).

• Dia-: diarrhea (dia – complete, rrhea – discharge) • Dialysis: (lysis: disintegration) (complete removal

or disintegrated stuff from the system)

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Prefixes of Position

• Ec-, ecto-: Outside

• en- : inside

• Endo- : within

• Epi- : upon, subsequent to

• Ex- : outside

• Exo-: outside

• Extra-: beyond

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Ectopic Pregnancy

• Ec-, ecto- : Ectopic pregnancy: the embryo implants itself outside the uterus.

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Examples contd.

• en-, endo-: endoscopy

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Epithelium

• Epi-: epithelium tissue (found in the lining and covering of organs and body cavities)

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Examples Contd...

• Ex-, Exo- : exophthalmos – protrusion of the eyeball associated with enlargement and overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called proptosis (pro = forward, ptosis = prolapsed)

• Extra-: Outside; beyond: extracellular • Extra sensory: The alleged phenomenon of

perception or awareness of external events in the absence of any sensory stimulation arising from the events. Abbreviated ESP. Extra sensory perception

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Prefixes pertaining to position

• Hyper-: above, beyond normal

• Hypo-: below, below normal

• Infra-: inside or below

• Inter-: between

• Intra-: inside

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Examples of the prefixes

• Hyperglycemia: increased levels of glucose in the body

• Hyperplasia: increase in cell numbers

• Hypoglycemic: Lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood: a hypoglycemic drug

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Hyperglycemia

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Hypoglycemia

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Examples of prefixes

• Infra-axillary: Below the axilla.(armpit)

• Inter: Between; among: interdental. • In the midst of; within: interoceptor.• A specialized sensory nerve receptor that

receives and responds to stimuli originating from within the body.

• Intra: Within: intraocular. intramedullary. (within the bone marrow)

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Prefixes of Position

• Meso: middle

• Meta: beyond, behind

• Pan: all or everywhere

• Para: along side or like

• Retro: backwards, behind

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Examples of prefixes • Mesoderm: Middle layer of the skin – • The middle embryonic germ layer, lying between the

ectoderm and the endoderm, from which connective tissue, muscle, bone, and the urogenital and circulatory systems develop.

• Meta: Situated behind: metacarpus: The part of the human hand that includes the five bones between the fingers and the wrist.

• Pan: General; whole: panimmunity.

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Examples of the prefixes

• Para: Beside; near; alongside: parathyroid.

• Beyond: paranormal

• Retro: Backward; back: retroposition.

• Situated behind: retroperitoneum

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Prefixes of size or number

• Bi: two, bilateral • Hemi-, semi-: Half: hemicardia, Partial;

partially: semiconscious. • Macro: big, large: macronucleus • Micro: small, Abnormally small:

microcephaly – abnormally small head • Mono: one, One; single; alone:

monomorphic – having only one form

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Examples of the prefixes

• Olig-: Oligo-: a few, oligosaccharide. A carbohydrate that consists of a relatively small number of monosaccharides*.

• Quadri: four, quadriplegia • Tri: three, tricuspid Having three points, prongs,

or cusps. • Uni: , Single; one: univalent, unicycle • * Any of a series of compounds of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen in which the atoms of the latter two elements are in the ratio of 2:1.

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•The EndThe End