an investigation into politeness strategies used in conversations
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
1/56
AN INVESTIGATION INTOPOLITENESS STRATEGIES USED INCONVERSATIONS IN THE BOOK“REAL LISTENING AND SPEAKING
3”
Student: Bui Anh Duong
Class: 62A
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Tran XuanDiep
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
2/56
OUTLINE • PART I: INTRODUCTION
o RATIONALE, AIMS, SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
• PART II: DEVELOPMENT o CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW
• SPEECH ACTS
• POLITENESS
• PREVIOUS RELATED STUDIES
o CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGY
• DATA COLLECTION, RESEARCH METHOD, PROCEDURE
o CHAPTER III: FINDINGS
• PRESENT AND DISCUSS THE POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED IN
CONVERSATIONS IN THE SELECTED BOOK THROUGH THEIR FREQUENCY
• PART III CONCLUSIONo RECAPITULATION
o LIMITATION
o SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
3/56
PART I:INTRODUCTION
I. ATI!"A#$:
POLITENESS PLAYS A DOMINANT ROLE IN COMUNICATION, ESPECIALLY
CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION.
LANGUAGE LEARNERS SOMETIMES CANNOT COMMUNICATE
EFFECTIVELY AND APPROPRIATELY BECAUSE OF:
THE LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF POLITENESS
THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF TEACHING: LANGUAGE IS TAUGHT
WITHOUT ANY CONNECTION WITH ITS CULTURE.
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
4/56
PART I:INTRODUCTION
II. AI%S !& T'$ ST(D)
1. AIMS RAISING ENGLISH LEARNERS’ AWARENESS OF THE ROLE OF
POLITENESS
PUTTING FORWARD SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR LEARNING AND TEACHING
. OB!ECTIVES E"PLORING WHAT KINDS OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES ARE USED
DESCRIBING THEIR FREQUENCY
#. RESEARCH QUESTIONS WHAT KINDS OF POLITE STRATEGIES ARE USED IN CONVERSATIONS IN
THE CHOSEN MATERIAL$
HOW FREQUENTLY ARE THE IDENTIFIED STRATEGIES USED$
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
5/56
PART I:INTRODUCTION
III. SC!P$ !& T'$ ST(D):MAIN FOCUS: POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS IN
CONVERSATIONS. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION: MODEL OF
POLITENESS PROPOSED BY BROWN ANDLEVINSON
ANALYSIS BASED ON TRANSCIPTION %& TONE, INTONATION, NOVERBAL ASPECTSARE OUT OF THE SCOPE.
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
6/56
PART II:
DEVELOPMENT
C'APT$ I: #IT$AT($ $*I$+
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
7/56
I. SPEECH ACT
THEORY
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
8/56
WHAT IS SPEECH
ACT• &IST#) P!P!S$D B) A(STI" ,-62/: B)
SA)I"0 S!%$T'I"01 +$ D! S!%$T'I"0
• )(#$ ,-6/: ACTI!"S *IA (TT$A"C$S
• SP$$C' ACTS C!"SIST !& T'$$ $#AT$D
ACTS: #!C(TI!"A) ACT1 I##!C(TI!"A)
ACT1 P$#!C(TI!"A) ACT
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
9/56
WHAT IS SPEECH ACT
LOCUTIONARY ACT• THE ACT OF PRODUCING A MEANINGFUL
LINGUSTIC E"PRESSION
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
10/56
WHAT IS SPEECH ACT
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT• THE INTENDED MESSAGE OF THE SPEAKER
'ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE(
• HOW TO RECOGNIZE ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE IFID) 'ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE INDICATING DEVICES
PERFORMATIVE VERBS: I PROMISE THAT*, I PREDICT THAT WORD ORDER, STRESS, INTONATION
FELICITY CONDITIONS
APPROPRIATE CIRCUMSTANCES FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF ASPEECH ACT TO BE RECOGNIZED AS INTENDED
+ TYPES OF FELICITY CONDITIONS 'ACCORDING TO YULE(
GENERAL PREPOSITIONAL CONTENT
PREPARATORY
SINCERITY
ESSENTIAL
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
11/56
WHAT IS SPEECH ACT
PERLOCTIONARY ACT• T'$ $&&$CT T'AT A" (TT$A"C$ 'AS !"
T'$ #IST$"$S T'!(0'TS1 &$$#I"0 !ATTIT(D$S.
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
12/56
WHAT IS SPEECH
ACT• locutionary act
• illocutionary act
• perlocutionary act
⇒
# DIMENSIONS OF A SPEECH ACT⇒CAN’T BE SEPARATED
⇒FOUND IN ANY UTTERANCES
S C C
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
13/56
SPEECH ACTCLASSIFICATION
• ACCORDING TO THE FUNCTIONS PERFORMED:
• THERE’RE + TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
o )/0023)
o
425023)o 56772))23)
o 8))23)
o 459023)
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/%23action%3Fjump=nextslidehttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/%23action%3Fjump=nextslide
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
14/56
REPRESENTATIVES• T ); ))0) 66)2026/ 06 >50), ))026/), 56/59=)26/)*
• T ); 7;) ?64) @0 0 ?694
• E8:
o T 0 6) 6=/4 0 )=/.
o I0 2/) 960 2/ 02) .
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
15/56
DIRECTIVES• 0 ); 02) 06 7; 0 46
)6702/
• C677/4), 64), =)0), )=)026/)*
• T ); 7;) ?64 @0 0 ?694.
• E8:
o
G23 7 0
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
16/56
COMMISSIVES• 0 ); 567720) 27)9> '6 )9>( 06
'>=0=( 56=) 6> 5026/
• T0/), ?/2/), >=)9)*
• T ); 2) )6/)26 7;2/ ?64) @0
0 ?694.
•
8:o I ?6/’0 23 6= / 76/.
o I’99
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
17/56
EXPRESSIVES• 0 ); 8))) / 0020=4 06 6 2)
• T )00) 5=)4
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
18/56
DECLARATIONS• 0 ); 90) 0 80/9 )00=) 6 56/42026/
6> / 6
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
19/56
DIRECT AND
INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS• CLASSIFY SPEECH ACTS ACCORDING TO THEIR
BASIC STRUCTURE
DIRECT SPEECH ACTS
INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
DIRECT SPEECH
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
20/56
DIRECT SPEECH
ACTS• A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
FUNCTION OF A SPEECH ACT WITH ITSSTRUCTURAL FORM
• # TYPES OF DIRECT SPEECH ACTS
SPEECH ACT SENTENCE TYPE FUNCTION
ASSERTIONS DECLARATIVE CONVEY INFO
QUESTIONS INTERROGATIVE ELECIT INFO
ORDER AND REQUESTS IMPERATIVE GET OTHERS TO
BEHAVE IN CERTAIN
WAYS
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
21/56
INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
• NO DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A
STRUCTURE AND A FUNCTION
• AN UTTERANCE CONTAINING AN IFID FOR ONE
KIND OF ILLOCUTION BUT FUNTIONING AS
ANOTHER
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
22/56
II. POLITENESS
WHAT IS
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
23/56
WHAT IS
POLITENESS?• B6?/ /4 L32/)6/: 0252/0) 3
0/4/5 06 72/02/ 0 >5 6> 6/ /60
• Y=9: 7/) 7964 06 )6? ?/)) 6>
/60’) >5
THE NOTION OF
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
24/56
THE NOTION OF
FACE• Y=9: >5’ 2) 0 =-27 00 36/
850) 60) 06 56/2J
• B6?/ /4 L32/)6/: >5’ 2) )6702/
76026/99 2/3)04, /4 00 5/
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
25/56
THE NOTION OF
FACE• F5 56/)2)0) 6> 0?6 904 )50):
• N023 >5: 0 4)2 >6 >467 6> 5026/ /4
>467 >67 276)2026/
• P6)2023 >5: 0 4)2 >6 52026/ /4 639
5 ?/0)
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
26/56
POLITENESSSTRATEGIES
• U)4 06 )3 0 ’) >5 6 3624 >5
00/2/ 50)
• 0) 6> 6920/)) )002) 'B6?/ /4 L32/)6/(
B94 O/ R564
N023 P6920/))
P6)2023 P6920/))
O-R564-2/4250
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
27/56
BALD-ON RECORD• 46) /602/ 06 72/272J 00) 06 0 )
>5
• M20202/ 4325): ?6=94 6=9) %& )6>0/
0 47/4.
• C062J4 2/06 0?6 0) ' /6/-72/272J026/ 6> 0 >5 00
C)) 6> FTA-62/04
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
28/56
BALD-ON RECORD• E":
• L/4 7 6= /
• I ?/0 06 =) 6= /.
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
29/56
POLITENESSSTRATEGY
• 56/2J) ’) >5
• 4720) 00 S 2) 2/ )67 ? 276)2/ 6/
• 56/5/) ?20 42)0/5 /4 >67920C6=94 6= 9/4 7 /$
I’7 )6 06
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
30/56
POLITENESSSTRATEGY
• )6?) S 56/2J 00 0 ) >5 062/49 /48))) 6= 526520
• E8: I) 20 O.K. 2> I =) 6/ 6> 6= /)$
H6? 6= /)$
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
31/56
OFF-RECORD• S 02) /60 06 42509 276) 0
• 0 2/>) 0 2792504 7/2/ 2/ 02=00/5)
• S’) 2/0/026/ 720 0 7 / 0 67.
I0 )7) I’3 96)0 7 /.
H77, I ?6/4 ? I =0 7 /.
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
32/56
THE CHOICE OF
STRATEGIES• 0 5625 2/3693) 0 0 >6996?2/ >506):
0 )6529 42)0/5,
0 9023 6?,
0 /;2/ 6> 276)2026/).
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
33/56
SOCIAL DISTANCE• 0 9026/)2 )6529 42)0/5 %& 0 =) 6>
76 >679 9/=
E85=) 7 )2, 5/ 6= 892/ 02) 06 =)$
H, 099 7 ?0 02) 7/)
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
34/56
POWER• 5 )6/ 2/ )6520 ) 42/0 /; 6>
6?
• T 76 6? / 2/42324=9 ), 0 76)50 00 )6/ 5/ / >67 0
)=6=/42/)
• 0 @3 0) 6> 6?: '55642/ 06 T67) !(:R?4 6?
C6523 6? L20270 6?
R>/0 6?
E80 6?
THE SIZE OF
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
35/56
THE SIZE OFIMPOSITION
• 0 2760/5 6 4 6> 425=90 2/ 0
)20=026/
• T 2 0 )2J 6> 276)2026/ %& 0 76
6920 S 2) 8504 06
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
36/56
III. PREVIOUS
RELATED STUDIES
PREVIOUS RELATED
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
37/56
PREVIOUS RELATEDSTUDIES
• L5, B6?/ /4 L32/)6/: >76=) >6 02)0=42) 6/ 6920/))
• M/ )0=42) 904 06 6920/))
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
38/56
PREVIOUS RELATEDSTUDIES
• I36/ B)63 '(, 8964 6920/)))002) 7964 06 56/3 5026/ 2/ 0?642/0 5=90=), A725/ /4 !/)
• L2= P/, L2/92/ C2, /4 "2/=/ T/ '1( 424
R)5 6/ C699 T5) P6920/))S002) 2/ EFL C9))667)
• N=/ M2 N T/ '1( 424 )5 06567 6920/)) )002) =)4
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
39/56
CHAPTER 2:
METHODOLOGY
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
40/56
TYPE OF RESEARCH• =/020023 /4 =920023 7064
o =920023 7064: 0 40 =00/5) 0;2/ 0
>67 6> ?64) /4 )/0/5)
o =/020023 7064: )/0)2J2/ 56/3)026/) /4
4072/2/ 0 >=/5 6> 6920/)) )002)
SOURCE OF DATA AND
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
41/56
SOURCE OF DATA AND
DATA COLLECTION• SOURCE: 0 0/)52026/ 6> 56/3)026/)
2/ 2/ 92)0/2/ )5026/ 2/ 0 0
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
42/56
DATA ANALYSIS• T >6996?2/ )0) 56/4=504 06 872/ 0
40:
• C9))2> =00/5) >67 0 56/3)026/) 2/ 0 29965=026/ 50)
• D)52=/5 6> 6920/)) )002)66)4 29965=026/ 50).
• D? 56/59=)26/): ?25 ;2/4 6> 6920/))
)002) 2) 0 76)0 6>0/ =)4 2/ 5 ;2/4 6>)5 50) /4 2/ 0609
NO ILLOCUTIONARYACT TYPESOFPOLITENESSSTRATEGIES
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
43/56
NO. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT TYPES OF POLITENESS STRATEGIES
B O P N
1 REPRESENTATIVES
1
2
2 DIRECTIVES
1
23 COMMISISVES
1
2
4 EXPRESSIVES
1
2
5 DECLARATIVES
1
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
44/56
CHAPTER 3:
FINDINGS
+, , ,
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
45/56
*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&#!*#!!&/,1!
No.Types of PT Number Percentage
1 Bald-on record 40 32.26%
2 Positive 45 36.29%3 Negative 39 31.45%
4 Off-record 0 0
Total: 124 100%
*)+,!&! #/!0,!
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
46/56
*)+,!&! #/!0,!,& ,#!',1!
No.Types of PT Number Percentage
1 Bald-on record 64 38.32%
2 Positive 67 40.12%
3 Negative 30 17.97%
4 Off-record 6 3.59%
Total 167 100%
*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
47/56
*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&!*#!,1!
No. Types of PT Number Percent
1 Bald-on record 6 23.08%
2 Positive 12 46.15%
3 Negative 8 30.77%
4 Off-record 0 0%Total: 26 100%
*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
48/56
*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&')44,,1!
No.Types of politeness strategies Number Percent
1 Bald-on record strategy 3 13.64%
2 Positive politeness strategy 15 68.18%
3 Negative politeness strategy 4 18.18%
4 Off-record strategy 0 0%
Total: 22 100%
*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
49/56
*)+,!&! #/!0,! ,&!'+/#/,1!
• /6 459023 )5 50) >6=/4
)" *)+,!&!
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
50/56
)" *)+,!&!#/!0,!
No. Types of PT Number Percentage
1 Bald-on record strategy 113 33.34%
2 Positive politeness 139 41%
3 Negative politeness 81 23.89%
4 Off-record strategy 6 1.77%
Total 339 100%
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
51/56
PART 3:
CONCLUSION
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
52/56
SUMMARY • IN THIS PAPER, THE AUTHOR AIMS AT
o D2)5632/ ?0 0) 6> 6920/)) )002) 924 2/ /9 /4 2/ 502/ 0) 6> )5 50) 2/56/3)026/) 2/ 92)0/2/ )5026/ 6> 0 0 )002)
• MAIN FINDINGS:o A99 6920/)) )002) 2/ B6?/ /4 L32/)6/’) 7649
=)4 76/ 07 6)2023 6920/)) )00 2) 0
76)0 4672//0.o I/ 425023), S;) =) 99 0) 6> )002).
H6?3, 2/ )/0023), 8))23) /456772))23), 6-564 )00 2) /60 896204.
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
53/56
SUMMARY • IMPLICATIONS:
o =2 )0=4/0) ?20 / =/4)0/42/ 6> 56))-5=90=9
5677=/25026/ /4 0 69 6> 6920/)) )002)
o 052/ 9/= )6=94 =/5026/) 0 0/ >65=) 066 7=5 6/
)0=50=
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
54/56
LIMITATIONS• 02) )0=4 >65=)) 6/9 6/ 2/3)0202/ 0 6920/))
)002) 66)4
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
55/56
S%00!,)& ")# "%#!#
%,!• A/9)2)
-
8/16/2019 An Investigation Into Politeness Strategies Used in Conversations
56/56
T'A"3 )!( &!
)!(#IST$"I"0