an introduction to steel and steel metallurgy
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy
![Page 2: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Metallurgy (and Materials Science) Summary
![Page 3: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Outline
What is steel? Mining for steel ingredients Steel Processing • Making • Shaping • Heat treating Structure • From atoms… • To crystals… • To microstructures.
Properties • Strength • Toughness • Hardness
![Page 4: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Steel
![Page 5: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• An alloy (mixture) of iron and carbon (<2.0%) • Plain Carbon Steel contains Manganese (>0.25%) • Alloy steels contain additional alloying elements,
typically C, Mn, Si, Cr, Ni, Mo, Al and sometimes Ti, V, Nb, W, Co.
• Typically Steels have 95% or more Iron with relatively small alloy additions.
• Stainless and other special steels might have as little as 60-70% Iron.
• Steel is highly recyclable.
5
What is Steel?
![Page 6: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Minerals and Mining
![Page 7: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mining Iron Ore The mineral Taconite is present as sedimentary rock in places like northern Minnesota and Michigan. Taconite contains about 25% Iron (Fe) in the form of Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Hematite(Fe2O3).
After mining and processing the concentrated iron ore pellets contain about 66% Fe with some silica (SiO2), Lime (CaO) a small amount of other metals, Phosphorus, and oxygen.
![Page 8: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Actively producing mines around the world (not just iron mines)
![Page 13: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Where do other minerals for steel making come from?
Iron (Fe) – Northern USA, Canada, Australia… Carbon – All over Manganese (Mn) – Australia, Africa, China, Europe… Chrome (Cr) – Europe, Russia, Asia, USA… Nickel (Ni) – Canada, Europe, Asia… Molybdenum (Mo) – Canada, Africa, Russia, Asia..
![Page 14: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Processing Steel Making and Shaping
Heat Treating
![Page 15: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Integrated Steel Mills Mini Mills
Two ways to make steel STEEL MAKING
![Page 16: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
LIMESTONE
COAL
PELLETS
SINTER
CRUSHED
COKE OVENS
BLAST FURNACE
DIRECT REDUCTION
SCRAP
LIME & FLUX
OXYGEN
SLAG BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
IRON ORE
MOLTEN IRON
Integrated Steel Making Flowline STEEL MAKING
![Page 17: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Strand Casting
Rolling Mill
Scrap
Ladle
Melting
Electric Arc Furnace
Mini Mill Steel Making Flowline STEEL MANUFACTURING PROCESS
19
![Page 19: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
STEEL MAKING
![Page 20: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solidification of Steel
Dendritic Zones
Equiaxed Zone
![Page 21: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Forge Press
![Page 22: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Soap Bubbles as an Analog for Grains
![Page 23: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Bar Rolling
Horizontal/Vertical Continuous Mill
Reversing Mill
![Page 24: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Piercing
Reheat Pierce Elongate Size Gage Mill Anneal Reduce
Hot Bed Cool
STEEL SHAPING
![Page 25: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Processing Steel Making and Shaping
Heat Treating
![Page 26: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
HEAT TREATING
![Page 27: An Introduction to Steel and Steel Metallurgy](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022071613/6157361b385fa4079410bdcd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)