an introduction to basic medical english terminology 1

1

Krasznai Mnika

AN INTRODUCTION TO BASIC MEDICAL ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY 1

Coursebook for Students of Medicine

Lektorlta: Mezei Zsuzsa Lvia

A segdanyagot ksztettk:

Szabn Enyedi Gabriella, Papp Eszter,

John Graham, Farkas Jnos,

Hajdu Zita, Dr. Nyilas Istvnn

Dr. Laczkn Rcz Edit, Louis J. Mattia,

Major Judit, George Seel

TMOP-4.1.2.D-12/1/KONV-2012-0008

Debrecen

2014

2

CONTENTS

UNIT 1 THE HUMAN BODY ................................................................... 15

1.1 FEATURES OF THE HUMAN BODY.. 16

1.1.1 Interesting Facts about the Human Body (W) ............................................................... 16

1.1.2 Pair-Work (S) .................................................................................................................. 16

1.1.3 The Human Body in Numbers (W) .................................................................................. 17

1.1.4 Interesting Activities of the Human Body (V) ................................................................. 17

1.2 BODY PARTS AND ORGANS 19

1.2.1 A: The Body (V) ............................................................................................................... 19

1.2.2 B: The Hand (V) ............................................................................................................... 20

1.2.3 C: The Head (V) ............................................................................................................... 20

1.2.4 D: The Eye (V) ................................................................................................................. 20

1.2.5 E: The Foot (V) ................................................................................................................ 20

1.2.6 F: The Internal Organs (W) ............................................................................................. 21

1.2.7 Body Systems and Organs (V)......................................................................................... 22

1.3 MEDICAL SPECIALISTS 24

1.3.1 Medical Specialists and Activities (V) ............................................................................. 24

1.3.2 Definition of Specialists (W) ........................................................................................... 24

1.4 A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 25

1.4.1 Pair - Work (S)................................................................................................................. 25

1.4.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue (R) ......................................................................................... 26

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1.4.3 Explaining Words (W) ..................................................................................................... 27

1.5 DISEASES. 27

1.5.1 Diseases - Categories (V) ................................................................................................ 27

1.5.2 Common Infectious Diseases Worldwide (S) .................................................................. 30

1.5.3 Common Infectious Diseases (R) .................................................................................... 31

1.5.4 Health Tips to Tourists Travelling to Hungary (W) ......................................................... 34

1.6 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS.. 34

1.6.1 Medical Abbreviations Guessing (W) .......................................................................... 34

1.6.2 Medical Abbreviations Completion (W) ...................................................................... 35

1.7 DOCTORS INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT.. 35

1.7.1 Names of Instruments (V) ............................................................................................... 35

1.7.2 Usage of Instruments (S) ................................................................................................ 37

1.7.3 Matching Instrument and Definition (V) ........................................................................ 37

1.8 BODY PLANES 38

1.8.1 Body Planes in Different Fields of Medicine (S) .............................................................. 38

1.8.2 Definitions (S) ................................................................................................................. 38

1.8.3 Body Planes Listening Comprehension (L) ...................................................................... 38

1.9 PHYSICALLY PAINFUL AND DESCRIBING PAIN.39

1.9.1 Matching Pain and Description (V) ................................................................................ 39

1.9.2 Pair-Work (S) .................................................................................................................. 40

1.9.3 What is Chronic Pain? (R) ............................................................................................... 40

4

1.9.4 Pain that Comes and Goes (S) ........................................................................................ 41

1.9.5 Doctor-Patient Dialogue Completion (R) ........................................................................ 42

1.10 SOME COMMON PROBLEMS.. 43

1.10.1 Some Troubling Symptoms (S) ...................................................................................... 43

1.10.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue: Pain (R) .............................................................................. 43

1.11 STRESS 44

1.11.1 Matching Pictures and Definitions (V).......................................................................... 44

1.11.2 Adjective Forms of Verbs (V) ........................................................................................ 45

1.11.3 Verbs and Nouns (V) ..................................................................................................... 45

1.11.4 Stress (L) ....................................................................................................................... 45

1.11.5 Stress Test (R) ............................................................................................................... 47

1.12 TYPES OF MEDICINE.. 48

1.12.1 Medicine and Definition (V) .......................................................................................... 48

1.12.2 Medicine Table Completion (V) ................................................................................. 49

1.12.3 A Prescription (S) .......................................................................................................... 51

1.12.4 Completing Prepositions Doctor-Patient Dialogue (R) .............................................. 51

1.12.5 Expressions (W) ............................................................................................................ 52

1.13 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY.. 52

1.13.1 Combining Forms (V) .................................................................................................... 52

UNIT 2 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM ............................................................. 54

2.1 THE SKELETON. 55

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2.1.1 Structure and Function of the Skeletal System (V) ......................................................... 55

2.1.2 Five Functions of Skeletal System (R) ............................................................................. 56

2.1.3 Bone Structure (R) .......................................................................................................... 56

2.1.4 Bone Development and Growth (R) ................................................................................ 57

2.1.5 Other Elements of the Skeletal System (V) ..................................................................... 58

2.2 JOINT PAIN.59

2.2.1 What Keeps the Joints Healthy? (S) ................................................................................ 59

2.2.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue - Joints ................................................................................... 59

2.2.3 Summing up a Case (W) ................................................................................................. 60

2.3 THE SPINAL COLUMN. 60

2.3.1 Parts of the Spinal Column (V) ........................................................................................ 60

2.3.2 Noun Forms of Adjectives (V) ......................................................................................... 62

2.4 HERNIATED DISC. 62

2.4.1 The Definition of Hernia (S) ............................................................................................ 62

2.4.2 Herniated Disc (R) ........................................................................................................... 63

2.5 SKELETAL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY.64

2.5.1 Skeletal System Root Words (V) ..................................................................................... 64

2.5.2 Analyzing Words (W) ...................................................................................................... 65

2.6 SPORTS INJURIES.. 66

2.6.1 Sports Injuries Pictures (S) ........................................................................................... 66

2.6.2 Sports Injuries (R) ........................................................................................................... 67

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2.6.3 Synonyms (W) ................................................................................................................. 70

2.7 OSTEOARTHRITIS 71

2.7.1 Osteoarthritis (L) ............................................................................................................ 71

2.8 FRACTURES. 72

2.8.1 Fractures (S) .................................................................................................................... 72

2.8.2 What Are Fractures? (R) ................................................................................................. 72

2.8.3 Fracture Types (V)........................................................................................................... 73

2.9 BONES AND FEATURES OF THE FOOT. 74

2.9.1 Bones and Arches of the Foot (V) ................................................................................... 74

2.9.2 Matching Foot Related Words (V) .................................................................................. 76

2.9.3 Flat Feet (L) ..................................................................................................................... 76

2.10 World Spine Day. 77

2.10.1 World Spine Day (R) ...................................................................................................... 77

Unit 3 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ................................................ 79

3.1 THE HEART.. 80

3.1.1 The Heart (R) .................................................................................................................. 80

3.1.2 Chambers and Valves of the Heart (V) .......................................................................... 81

3.1.3 Heart Cycle (R) ................................................................................................................ 82

3.2 HEART HEALTH TIPS 83

3.2.1 Giving Advice to Your Patient How to Keep His Heart Healthy (R)................................. 83

3.2.2 Diet Tips for a Healthy Heart (V) .................................................................................... 84

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3.2.3 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (S) ............................................................. 84

3.2.4 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (R) ............................................................. 85

3.2.5 Changing Exercise Habits (S) .......................................................................................... 86

3.3 CHECK YOUR KNOWLEDGE ON THE HEART.. 86

3.3.1 Healthy Heart Quiz (R) .................................................................................................... 86

3.3.2 Exploding Exercise Myths (V).......................................................................................... 87

3.3.3 Exploding Exercise Myths (R) .......................................................................................... 88

3.4 HEART CONDITIONS 92

3.4.1 High Blood Pressure (S) .................................................................................................. 92

3.4.2 High Blood Pressure (L)................................................................................................... 93

3.5 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM COMMON AILMENTS.94

3.5.1 Cardiovascular Problems (S) ........................................................................................... 94

3.5.2 Common Heart Ailments (L) ........................................................................................... 96

3.6 STROKE..96

3.6.1 Warning Signs and Symptoms of Stroke (S) ................................................................... 96

3.6.2 Stroke - Warning Signs and Symptoms (L) ..................................................................... 97

3.6.3 Stroke (R) ........................................................................................................................ 97

3.6.4 Stroke Survivors (L) ......................................................................................................... 99

3.7 WORLD HEART DAY..100

3.7.1 World Heart Day (R) ..................................................................................................... 100

3.8 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY.102

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3.8.1 Cardiovascular System Combining Forms (V) ............................................................... 102

3.8.2 Specialist Words for Definitions (W)............................................................................. 103

Unit 4 THE URINARY SYSTEM ............................................................. 104

4.1 FUNCTION AND PARTS OF THE KIDNEY..104

4.1.1 The Kidney (R) ............................................................................................................... 105

4.1.2 Parts of the Urinary Bladder (V) ................................................................................... 107

4.1.3 The Kidney Sentence Completion (V) ......................................................................... 107

4.1.4 Matching Tests and Definitions (W) ............................................................................. 108

4.1.5 Matching Bladder Treatments (W) ............................................................................ 109

4.2 BLADDER PROBLEMS.. 109

4.2.1 Interstitial Cysitis (V)..................................................................................................... 109

4.2.2 Bladder Inflammation (S) ............................................................................................. 110

4.2.3 Interstitial Cystitis (L) .................................................................................................... 110

4.2.4 Myths and Facts about the Bladder (R) ........................................................................ 111

4.3 URINARY SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY..115

4.3.1 Root Words (V) ............................................................................................................. 115

4.3.2 Specialist Words (W) .................................................................................................... 115

4.3.3 Urinary System Specialists and Procedures (V) ............................................................ 116

4.4 KIDNEY CONDITIONS.. 118

4.4.1 Kidney Conditions and Definitions (V) .......................................................................... 118

4.4.2 Kidney Diseases Pictures (W) ..................................................................................... 119

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4.4.3 10 Tips to Prevent Kidney Disease (R) .......................................................................... 121

4.4.4 Advice to Patients Based on Pictures (W) .................................................................... 122

4.5 WORLD KIDNEY DAY 125

4.5.1 World Kidney Day Sentence Completion (R) .............................................................. 125

Unit 5 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ................................................... 127

5.1 THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 128

5.1.1 Parts of Female and Male Bodies (W) .......................................................................... 128

5.2 MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY 128

5.2.1 Root Words (V) ............................................................................................................. 129

5.2.2 Analyzing Medical Words (W) ...................................................................................... 130

5.3 ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 131

5.3.1 Parts of the System (V) ................................................................................................. 131

5.3.2 Article on Female Reproductive Organs (R) ................................................................. 131

5.3.3 Opposite Words (V) ...................................................................................................... 133

5.3.4 Female Reproductive System Physiology Processes (S) .............................................. 133

5.3.5 Physiology of the Female Reproductive System (R) ..................................................... 135

5.4 ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 136

5.4.1 Parts of the System (V) ................................................................................................. 136

5.4.2 Parts of the Male Reproductive System (R) .................................................................. 136

5.4.3 Physiology of the Male Reproductive System (R) ......................................................... 139

5.5 PREGNANT BODY 140

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5.5.1 Pregnancy and Childbirth (S) ........................................................................................ 140

5.5.2 Labelling a Picture (W) ................................................................................................. 140

5.5.3 Pregnancy (L) ................................................................................................................ 141

5.5.4 Pregnancy Myths and Facts (R) .................................................................................... 142

5.6 DISORDERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. 144

5.6.1 Uterine Fibroids (S) ....................................................................................................... 144

5.6.2 Uterine Fibroids Facts (V) ............................................................................................. 145

5.6.3 The Nature of Uterine Fibroids (V) ............................................................................... 145

5.6.4 Background, Prevalence and Symptoms of Fibroids (V) ............................................... 146

5.6.5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Fibroids (W) .................................................................... 147

5.7 OVARIAN CANCER.. 151

5.7.1 Opposite Words (V) ...................................................................................................... 151

5.7.2 Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer (L) .................................................................................. 151

5.7.3 World Ovarian Cancer Day (R) ..................................................................................... 152

5.8 DISORDERS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 154

5.8.1 Prostate Facts (S) .......................................................................................................... 154

5.8.2 Prostatitis (R) ................................................................................................................ 154

5.8.3 Testicular Cancer (S) ..................................................................................................... 159

5.8.4 Testicular Cancer (L) ..................................................................................................... 160

Unit 6 FINDING A JOB AND CREATING YOUR PROFILE ........................ 161

6.1 GETTING YOUR CAREER STARTED 162

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6.1.1 Assessing Yourself (S) ................................................................................................... 162

6.1.2 Choosing a Career (S) ................................................................................................... 164

6.1.3 What Employees Are Looking For (L) ........................................................................... 165

6.1.4. Starting Your Career (V) .............................................................................................. 165

6.1.5 Steve Jobs (L) ............................................................................................................... 166

6.2 FINDING JOBS USING SOCIAL MEDIA, INTERVIEWS. 168

6.2.1 How to Find a Graduate Job Using Social Media (R) .................................................... 168

6.2.2 The Rules of Social Recruiting (R) ................................................................................. 172

6.2.3 Should You Pay Someone to Write Your CV? (R) .......................................................... 175

6.2.4 How to Create Your CV (W) .......................................................................................... 176

Unit 7 INTERVIEWS AND STARTING WORK ......................................... 178

7.1 PROFESSIONAL NETWORKING AND INTERVIEWS. 179

7.1.1 Social Networking (S) ................................................................................................... 179

7.1.2 Focus Point: LinkedIn (R).............................................................................................. 179

7.1.3 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (1) (R) .......................................................................... 181

7.1.4 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (2) (W) ......................................................................... 184

7.1.5 Creating Your LinkedIn Profile (3) (S) ........................................................................... 184

7.1.6. Interviews 1 (S) ............................................................................................................ 184

7.1.7. Interviews 2 (S) ........................................................................................................... 185

7.1.8 Reported Interview Questions (V) ................................................................................ 186

7.1.9 Tricky Questions (S) ...................................................................................................... 187

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7.2. IN THE OFFICE.. 187

7.2.1 The Perfect Office 1 (S) ................................................................................................. 187

7.2.2 The Perfect Office 2 (W) .............................................................................................. 188

7.2.3 Making a Good Impression (R) .................................................................................... 189

7.2.4 Benefits at Work 1 (R) .................................................................................................. 191

7.2.5 Benefits at Work 2 (S) .................................................................................................. 193

7.2.6 Codes of Practice What to Wear 1 (R) ...................................................................... 194

7.2.7 Codes of Practice - What to Wear 2 (W) ...................................................................... 195

7.2.8 Codes of Practice Privacy Issues (R) .......................................................................... 196

7.2.9 Encouraging Younger Staff (L) ..................................................................................... 197

Unit 8 mobility AND Cultural Diversity ............................................... 198

8.1 Working and Studying Abroad 1 The Advantages and Disadvantages 199

8.1.1 Understanding Cultural Differences (R) ....................................................................... 199

8.1.2 Cultural Diversity Interview (S) .................................................................................... 201

8.1.3 Should I Study Abroad? Advantages and Disadvantages (R) ...................................... 202

8.1.4 My Study Abroad Experience (L) .................................................................................. 204

8.1.5 Role-Play Dialogue to go abroad or not? (S) ............................................................ 206

8.1.6 Should You Study Abroad in Australia or New Zealand? (R) ....................................... 208

8.2 Working and Studying Abroad 2 How to Get There.. 213

8.2.1 Writing an Enquiry Letter to Study Abroad (W) .......................................................... 213

8.2.2 Application Letter - Erasmus Student Network (W) .................................................... 214

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8.2.3 Erasmus University in a nutshell (L) ............................................................................. 216

Unit 9 Business Travel ....................................................................... 218

9.1 Travelling Abroad on Business 1 Tips for Travellers 219

9.1.1 Executive Planet Website Etiquette by Country (R) .................................................. 219

9.1.2 A Guide to Business Travel (R) ..................................................................................... 220

9.1.3 SEVEN TIPS FOR BUSINESS TRAVEL (R) ........................................................................ 223

9.1.4 Business Travel ............................................................................................................ 228

9.1.5 Discussing a Group Booking for a Hotel (S) ................................................................. 229

9.2. Travelling Abroad on Business 2 Organizing Travel 230

9.2.1 Letter of Complaint (W) ................................................................................................ 230

9.2.2 Business Travel Etiquette (L) ........................................................................................ 231

9.2.3. Corporate Travel Management from FCM (L) ............................................................. 233

9.2.4. Missed Flight Airport Ticket Counter Encounter (S) ................................................. 236

Unit 10 DEVELOPING YOUR CAREER ................................................... 237

10.1 TRAINING FOR WORK.. 238

10.1.1 The Labour Market of the Future 1 (S) ...................................................................... 238

10.1.2 The Labour Market of the Future 2 (L) ...................................................................... 238

10.1.3 Its Never Too Late to Learn (R) .............................................................................. 239

10.1.4. E-Learning (L) ............................................................................................................ 241

10.1.5 Addressing Weaknesses (R) ....................................................................................... 242

10.1.6 What is E-Learning? (L).............................................................................................. 244

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10.1.7 E-Learning (S) ............................................................................................................. 245

10.1.8 Whats Your Opinion about E-Learning? (W) ............................................................ 245

10.1.9 How to Write For and Against Type Essays (1) (W) ................................................. 246

10.1.10 Writing a Letter Inviting a Tender 1 (W) ................................................................. 247

10.1.11 Writing a Letter Inviting a Tender 2 (W) ................................................................. 248

10.2.MANAGEMENT248

10.2.1 What do Managers Do? (V) ....................................................................................... 248

10.2.2 Useful People to Have in Teams (S) ........................................................................... 249

10.2.3 Selecting a Team (S) ................................................................................................... 250

10.2.4 Writing an E-Mail (W) ................................................................................................ 250

10.2.5. Motivating Staff Financially (V) ................................................................................. 251

10.2.6 How to Manage Your Staff (L) ................................................................................... 251

10.2.7. Motivating Staff (R) ................................................................................................... 253

KEY TO EXERCISES AND TRANSCRIPTS ................................................ 256

L = listening activity; R = reading activity; S = speaking activity; W = writing activity; V = vocabulary

development activity

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UNIT 1 THE HUMAN BODY Aims of the Unit

After completing this unit you will have the language skills that will prepare you for the start of your

medical terminology studies. The sub-units will guide you through the basics of

anatomy

medical English.

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1.1 FEATURES OF THE HUMAN BODY

WRITING

1.1.1 Interesting Facts about the Human Body (W)

Can you finish these sentences related to the human body?

1. The brain is much more active at night than .

2. 80% of the brain is .

3. The largest internal organ is .. .

4. The acid in your stomach is strong enough to dissolve .. .

5. The surface area of a human lung is equal to . .

6. Womens hearts beat faster .. .

7. Your left lung is smaller than your right lung to .

8. Over 90% of diseases are caused or complicated by .

9. Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood the number is .

10. We are about 1 cm taller in the morning than . .

http://icantseeyou.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/02/100-very-cool-f.html

www.thepracticeofyourlife.com

SPEAKING

1.1.2 Pair-Work (S)

Choose two interesting facts. Discuss the reason for the answers in task 1.1.1. with your partner.

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WRITING

1.1.3 The Human Body in Numbers (W)

Can you guess the correct number in the following sentences? The numbers are given in the box

below. The number of lines will help you to find the answer.

70 1 120 60,000 20 400

1.5 3 30 100,000 166 600,000

1. The average red blood cell lives for _ _ _ days.

2. Nerve impulses travel at over _ _ _ km/hr.

3. We exercise at least _ _ muscles when we smile.

4. We are about _ _ percent water.

5. Our heart beats around _ _ _ _ _ _ times every day.

6. A fetus acquires fingerprints at the age of _ months.

7. We make _ litre of saliva a day.

8. A sneeze generates a wind of _ _ _ km/hr

9. The average human brain weighs about _ _ kg.

10. It takes about _ _ seconds for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.

11. An average human drinks about _ _ _ _ _ litres of water in a lifetime.

12. Humans shed about _ _ _ _ _ _ particles of skin every hour.

http://icantseeyou.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/02/100-very-cool-f.html

www.express.co.uk

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT

1.1.4 Interesting Activities of the Human Body (V)

Choose the correct answer.

1. The higher your IQ, the more you .

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a. dream.

b. forget

2. Facial hair . faster than any other hair on the body.

a. turns grey

b. grows

3. Women are born better smellers than men and better smellers over life.

a. form

b. remain

4. Men fat faster than women by a rate of about 50 calories a day.

a. eat

b. burn

5. During your lifetime, you will enough saliva to fill two swimming pools.

a. produce

b. take

6. After too much, your hearing is less sharp.

a. learning

b. eating

7. Noise the pupils of your eyes to dilate. Even very small noises can do this.

a. causes

b. has

8. Your eyes remain the same size after birth but your nose and ears never . growing.

a. stop

b. keep

9. The hands and feet . almost half of the total bones in the human body.

a. belong to

b. contain

10. Three hundred million cells . in the human body every minute.

a. lose

b. die

11. All babies are colour blind at birth, they .. only black and white.

a. look at

b. see

12. A normal human being can .. 20 days without eating .

a. stay

b. survive

http://www.nairaland.com/1178211/40-amazing-facts-human-body

www.ehow.com

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1.2 BODY PARTS AND ORGANS


1.2.1 A: The Body (V)

Can you complete the missing body parts?

http://englishpatterns.com/community/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=1726

1. face 2. mouth 3. chin 4.________ 5. shoulder 6. arm

7. upper arm 8. ________ 9. forearm 10. armpit 11. _______ 12. chest

13. _______ 14. abdomen 15. buttocks 16. hip 17. leg 18. _______

19. knee 20. calf

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1.2.2 B: The Hand (V)


21.________ 22. knuckle 23. fingernail 24. ________ 25. index finger

26. middle finger 27. ring finger 28. little finger 29. ________


1.2.3 C: The Head (V)


30. hair 31. part 32. ________ 33. side burn 34. ________

35. cheek 36. _______ 37. nostril 38. jaw 39. beard

40. ________ 41. tongue 42. tooth 43. lip


1.2.4 D: The Eye (V)


44. ________ 45. eyelid 46. _______ 47. iris 48. pupil


1.2.5 E: The Foot (V)


49. ankle 50. _______ 51. instep 52. ball

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53. big toe 54. _______ 55. little toe 56. toenail


WRITING

1.2.6 F: The Internal Organs (W)

Complete the missing letters.

57.br _ _ _ 58. spinal cord 59. th _ _ _ 60. windpipe

61. esophagus 62. mu _ _ _ 63. lung 64. he _ _ _

65. liver 66. st _ _ _ _ _ 67. intestines 68. ve _ _

69. artery 70. ki _ _ _ _ 71. pancreas 72. bl _ _ _ _ _

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1.2.7 Body Systems and Organs (V)

What body system do the following organs belong to?

brain

spinal cord

..system

esophagus

liver

stomach

intestines

pancreas

.system

muscle

bone

..system

kidney

bladder

..system

throat

windpipe

lung

...system

heart

vein

artery

system

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WRITING

1.2.8 Body Systems Pictures (W)

What body systems do you see in the pictures? Write underneath.

www.aokainc.com

www.aarcaro.wordpress.com

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1.3 MEDICAL SPECIALISTS

www.omaspokane.org


1.3.1 Medical Specialists and Activities (V)

Match the medical specialists and their activities.

1. allergist a. tooth specialist

2. anesthesiologist b. specialist in mental health

3. caridologist c. brain specialist

4. dentist d. specializes in natural cures and remedies

5. dermatologist e. tumour specialist, including cancer

6. gynecologist f. specializes in imaging tests

7. midwife g. specializes in eye diseases

8. naturopath h. specialist for babies and children

9. neurologist i. heart specialist

10. obstetrician j. specializes in pain prevention during surgery

11. oncologist k. specialist for pregnant women

12. ophthalmologist l. spelializes in determining allergies

13. pediatrician m. skin specialist

14. psychiatrist n. specializes in womens diseases

15. radiologist o. helps women deliver babies in a natural way

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

http://www.englishclub.com/english-for-work/medical-specialists.htm

WRITING

1.3.2 Definition of Specialists (W)

Give a definition of what the following specialists do.

a. gastroenterologist

25

b. general practitioner

c. internist

d. ENT (ear, nose, throat) specialist

..

..

e. pathologist

.

.

f. plastic surgeon

.

.

g. rheumatologist

h. sports medicine specialist

..

..

i. urologist

..

..

www.webmd.com

1.4 A PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

www.discovery.com

SPEAKING

1.4.1 Pair - Work (S)

Discuss your last visit at the general practitioner with your partner. Mention when it happened,

what your complaints were, what examinations the doctor performed, and what he suggested.

26

READING

1.4.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue (R)

Complete the text with the words given.

run up, listen to, take, roll up, hold, exercise, order, have, open, come in for

Doctor: When did you last 1. a physical exam?

Patient: I had my last physical two years ago.

Doctor: Have you had any other exams recently? Blood test, an ECG or an ultra-sound?

Patient: Well, I had a few X-rays at the dentist's.

Doctor: How have you been feeling in general?

Patient: Pretty well. No complaints, really.

Doctor: Could you 2. . your left sleeve? I'd like to 3. .. your blood pressure.

Patient: Certainly.

Doctor: 120 over 80. That's fine. You don't seem to be overweight, that's good. Do you 4. .

regularly?

Patient: No, not really. If I 5. a flight of stairs, it takes me a while to get my breath back.

Doctor: How about your diet?

Patient: I think I eat a pretty balanced diet. You know, I 6. a hamburger from time to time,

but generally I have well-balanced meals.

Doctor: That's good. Now, I'm going to 7. .. to your heart.

Patient: Ooh, that's cold!

Doctor: Don't worry it's just my stethoscope. Now, breathe in and 8. . your breath. Please

pull up your shirt, and breathe deeply... Everything sounds good. Let's take a look at your throat.

Please 9. . wide and say 'ah'.

Patient: 'ah'

Doctor: OK. Everything looks ship shape. I'm going to 10. some blood test and that's

about it. Take this slip to the front desk and they'll arrange an appointment for the tests.

Patient: Thank you doctor. Have a nice day.

http://esl.about.com/od/intermediatereading

27

www.uctclinic.com

WRITING

1.4.3 Explaining Words (W)

Explain the following with your own words:

physical examination (exam): ...

ultra-sound:

overweight: .

balanced diet: ...................................

stethoscope:

to look ship shape: .................................

slip: ........................................

to arrange an appointment: .

1.5 DISEASES


1.5.1 Diseases - Categories (V)

Put the following diseases and health problems in one of the categories below. There are three

diseases in each category.

www.sparticl.org

Musculoskeletal:

28

www.drstandley.com

Hormonal:

www.nursingcrib.com

Neurologic:

www.grendahl.com

Visual:

www.medimoon.com

Cardiovascular:

www.clker.com

Lungs:

29

www.aminoacidstudies.org

Skin and hair:.

www.jonbarron.org

Gastrointestinal:

www.ladycarehealth.com

Urinary:.

www.nedelta.com

Oral and dental:..

www.healthimpactnews.com

Psychiatric:

www.beautyhealthtips.in

General problems:..

30

anxiety appetite loss asthma balance problem

cataracts chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

dementia depression diabetes dry mouth

dry skin dsyuria fatigue fracture

glaucoma gout gum disease hair loss

heart attack heartburn hypertension insomnia

irregular heart rhythm itching macular degeneration menopause

osteoporosis Parkinson's disease pneumonia polyuria

poorly fitting dentures thyroid dysfunction urinary incontinence

weight gain constipation stomach ulcer

http://www.medicinenet.com/senior_health/page2.htm

SPEAKING

1.5.2 Common Infectious Diseases Worldwide (S)

What do you see in the following pictures? What diseases are they related to?

1.. 2. 3.

www.enwikipedia.org www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu www.en.ird.fr

31

4. 5.

www.tabletsmanual.com www.fitsana.com

READING

1.5.3 Common Infectious Diseases (R)

Read the following section on common infectious diseases and choose the word that completes the

sentence.

The following is a list of the most common infectious diseases throughout the world today.

Accurate numbers are difficult to determine, especially because so many of these diseases are

endemic to 1. developed/developing countries, where many people do not have access to modern

medical care.

African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness): African trypanosomiasis is spread by the tsetse fly,

which is common to many African countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that

nearly 450,000 cases occur each year. Symptoms of the disease 2. contain/include fever,

headaches, joint pains, and itching in the early stage, and confusion, sensory disturbances, poor

coordination, and disrupted sleep cycles in the second stage. If the disease goes untreated in its

first stage, it causes irreparable neurological damage; if it goes untreated in its second stage, it is 3.

fatal/fetal.

Cholera: Cholera is a disease spread mostly through contaminated drinking water and unsanitary

conditions. It is endemic in the Indian subcontinent, Russia, and sub-Saharan Africa. It is an acute

infection of the intestines with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Its main symptom is copious

diarrhoea. Between 5% and 10% of those infected 4. from/with the disease will develop severe

symptoms, which also include vomiting and leg cramps. In its severe form, cholera can cause death

by 5. dehydration/rehydration. An estimated 200,000 cases are reported to WHO annually.

Cryptosporidiosis: Cryptosporidiosis has become one of the most common causes of waterborne

disease in the United States in recent years; it is also found throughout the rest of the world. It is

caused by a parasite that spreads when a water source is contaminated, usually with the faeces of

32

6. infecting/infected animals or humans. Symptoms include diarrhoea, stomach cramps, an upset

stomach, and slight fever. Some people do not exhibit any symptoms.

Dengue: WHO estimates that 50 million cases of dengue fever appear each year. It is spread

through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Recent years have seen dengue outbreaks all over

Asia and Africa. Dengue fever can be 7. mild/mildly to moderate, and occasionally severe, though it

is rarely fatal. Mild cases, which usually affect infants and young children, involve a nonspecific

febrile illness, while moderate cases, seen in older children and adults, display high fever, 8.

several/severe headaches, muscle and joint pains, and rash. Severe cases develop into dengue

hemorrhagic fever, which involves high fever, hemorrhaging, and sometimes circulatory failure.

Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus. Spread

primarily by the fecal-oral route or by ingestion of contaminated water or food, the number of

annual infections worldwide is estimated at 1.4 million. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, jaundice,

and dark urine. Although those exposed usually 9. develop/improve lifelong immunity, the best

protection against Hepatitis A is vaccination.

Hepatitis B: Approximately 2 billion people are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), making it

the most common infectious disease in the world today. Over 350 million of those infected never

rid themselves 10. from/of the infection. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that causes

symptoms such as jaundice, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain; hepatitis B is the

most serious form of the disease. Chronic infections can cause cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer in

later years.

Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is a less common, and less severe, form of hepatitis. An estimated 180

million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); 34 million more are infected

every year. The 11. major/majority of HCV cases are asymptomatic, even in people who develop

chronic infection.

Influenza: Several influenza epidemics in the 20th century caused millions of deaths worldwide,

including the worst epidemic in American history, the Spanish influenza outbreak that killed more

than 500,000 in 1918. Today influenza is less of a public health threat, though it continues to be a

serious disease that affects many people. Approximately 20,000 people die 12. in/of the flu in the

United States every year. The influenza virus attacks the human respiratory tract, causing

symptoms such as fever, headaches, fatigue, coughing, sore throat, nasal congestion, and body

aches.

Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that affects more than 500 million people annually,

causing between 1 and 3 million deaths. It is most common in tropical and subtropical climates and

is found in 90 countriesbut 90% of all cases are found in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of its 13.

victims/patients are children. The first stage consists of shaking and chills, the next stage involves

high fever and severe headache, and in the final stage the infected person's temperature drops and

he or she sweats profusely. Infected people also often suffer from anemia, weakness, and a

swelling of the spleen. Malaria was almost eradicated 30 years ago; now it is on the rise again.

33

www.etravelblog.com

Measles: Measles is a disease that has seen a drastic reduction in countries where a vaccine is

readily available, but it is still 14. prevalent/prevalence in developing countries. Symptoms include

high fever, coughing, and a rash; common complications include diarrhoea, pneumonia, and ear

infections.

Meningitis: Meningitis, often known as spinal meningitis, is an infection of the spinal cord. It is

usually the result of a viral or bacterial infection. Bacterial meningitis is more severe than viral

meningitis and may cause brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities. Symptoms include

severe headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, 15. lethargic/lethargy, delirium, photophobia, and a stiff

neck.

Pneumonia: Pneumonia has many possible causes, but it is usually an infection of the streptococcus

or mycoplasma bacteria. These bacteria can live in the human body without causing infection for

years, and only surface when another illness has lowered the person's 16. immune/immunity to

disease. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes streptococcal pneumonia, the most common kind,

which is more severe than mycoplasmal pneumonia.

Rotavirus: Rotavirus is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. It kills more than

600,000 children each year, mostly in developing countries. Symptoms include vomiting, 17.

water/watery diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal pain.

Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis causes nearly 2 million deaths every year, and WHO estimates that

nearly 1 billion people will be infected between 2000 and 2020 if more effective preventive 18.

procedures/ processes are not adopted. The TB bacteria are most often found in the lungs, where

they can cause chest pain and a bad cough that brings up phlegm with blood. Other symptoms

include fatigue, weight loss, appetite loss, chills, fever, and night sweats.

Typhoid: Typhoid fever causes an estimated 600,000 deaths annually, out of 1217 million cases. It

is usually spread through infected food or water. Symptoms include a sudden and 19. sustaining/

sustained fever, severe headache, nausea, severe appetite loss, constipation, and sometimes

diarrhoea.

Yellow Fever: Yellow fever causes an estimated 30,000 deaths each year, out of 200,000 cases. The

disease has two phases. In the acute phase, symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache,

shivers, appetite loss, nausea, and vomiting. This lasts for 34 days, after which most patients 20.

cure/recover. But 15% will enter the toxic phase, in which fever reappears, along with other

symptoms, including jaundice; abdominal pain; vomiting; bleeding from the mouth, nose, eyes, and

stomach. Half of all patients in the toxic phase die within two weeks; the other half recover.

34

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0903696.html

WRITING

1.5.4 Health Tips to Tourists Travelling to Hungary (W)

Give health tips to a tourist before travelling to Hungary. Write five sentences at least.

www.implant.uk.com

1.6 MEDICAL ABBREVIATIONS

WRITING

1.6.1 Medical Abbreviations Guessing (W)

Can you find out what these medical abbreviations stand for?

www.misslosaga26.soup.io

1. BP: .

2. COPD: .

3. CNS: ...

4. ER:

5. ECG:

6. IM: ..

35

7. IV:

8. M.D.: .

9. OR: .

10. OTC: ..

11. STD: ..

12. W: ..

http://medicalterminology4fun.com/medical-abbreviations-list/

WRITING

1.6.2 Medical Abbreviations Completion (W)

Complete the missing words for the following medical abbreviations.

1. ABR: absolute bed

2. ABT: antibiotic

3. ADH: antidiuretic ..

4. CBC: complete blood .

5. CSF: cerebrospinal ..

6. DOA: . on arrival

7. GI: ......intestinal

8. ICP: intracranial

9. MI: myocardial ....

10. SOB: shortness of ..

11. S/S: signs and

12. TPR:.., pulse, respiration

13. UTI: urinary tract

14. VS: vital .

15. WBC: white .. ..

http://medicalterminology4fun.com/medical-abbreviations-list/

1.7 DOCTORS INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT


1.7.1 Names of Instruments (V)

Write the name of the instrument below the pictures. The words have been given for you.

36

Blood infusion set Bandage Endoscope

Defibrillator Hemodialysis machine Syringe and needle

Stethoscope Reflex hammer Mercury thermometer

Weighing scale Nebulizer Kidney dish

1............................. 2...................................... 3...................................

4................................... 5.................................... 6.......................................

7....................................... 8............................... 9.................................

10................................... 11................................ 12..................................

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_used_in_general_medicine

37

SPEAKING

1.7.2 Usage of Instruments (S)

What do you use these tools and instruments for?

1. Bandage

2. Blood infusion set

3. Defibrillator

4. Endoscope

5. Hemodialysis machine

6. Kidney dish

7. Mercury thermometers

8. Nebulizer

9. Reflex hammer

10. Stethoscope

11. Syringe and needle

12. Weighing scale


1.7.3 Matching Instrument and Definition (V)

Match the instrument and its definition.

1. Bedpan a. It records the patients blood pressure.

2. Cannula b. This is used for an oral examination.

3. Catheter c. It is used as a test for deafness.

4. Enema set d. This is for patients who cannot walk to the toilet.

5. Instrument sterilizer e. It assists oxygen intake.

6. Ophthalmoscope f. This is used for cleaning the doctors tools.

7. Otoscope g. This drains and collects urine from the bladder.

8. Oxygen mask or tube h. This needle creates a permanent pathway to a vein.

9. Sphygmomanometer i. It drains blood or bodily secretions.

10. Sucker j. It is used for evacuating the rectum of faeces.

11. Tongue depressor k. You can take a look at the retina with this.

12. Tuning fork l. You can look at the external ear cavity using this.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruments_used_in_general_medicine

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

38

1.8 BODY PLANES

SPEAKING

1.8.1 Body Planes in Different Fields of Medicine (S)

Answer the question: In what fields of medicine are body planes especially important? Discuss the

question with your partner.

SPEAKING

1.8.2 Definitions (S)

You can see two definitions below. Decide which one is section and which one is plane.

a. An imaginary flat surface passing through the body.

b. It is a slice or cut to expose the internal anatomy.

LISTENING

1.8.3 Body Planes Listening Comprehension (L)

Now listen to the recording and complete the tasks.

Source: http://youtu.be/oxJ4fARh9gE

Task 1

What do we understand by anatomical position? Take notes.

Task 2

Label the picture below.

39

www.lifehealthwellness.com

Task 3

Find synonyms for 1. , 2. , and 3. ..

Task 4

Write down what directional aspects we get from

1. ...........

2.

3. ..

Task 5

What other plane is mentioned? Can you define it?

1.9 PHYSICALLY PAINFUL AND DESCRIBING PAIN

VOCABULARY

1.9.1 Matching Pain and Description (V)

Match the Pain and its Description.

40

1. acute a. This pain is serious and lasts for a long time.

2. burning b. It causes extreme pysical pain.

3. chronic c. This pain is sudden and severe.

4. dull d. It has been injured and it is painful when you touch it.

5. exruciating e. This pain is too unpleasant to bear it.

6. griping f. This pain is not very strong and usually lasts for a long time.

7. sharp g. It feels as if some part of your body is touching something hot.

8. stabbing h. A sharp and sudden pain in your stomach.

9. tender i. This pain is strong and lasts for a short time.

10. unendurable j. It feels like a knife.

www.macmillanictionary.com

SPEAKING

1.9.2 Pair-Work (S)

Discuss the following with your partner: When did you last experience pain? What was the matter

with you? What did you do to manage the pain?

READING

1.9.3 What is Chronic Pain? (R)

Read this article on chronic pain and decide if the statements are true or false.

Several people suffer from chronic pain, defined as pain that lasts longer than six months. Chronic

pain can be mild or excruciating, episodic or continuous, merely inconvenient or totally

incapacitating.

The most common sources of pain stem from headaches, joint pain, pain from injury, and

backaches. Other kinds of chronic pain include tendinitis, sinus pain and pain affecting specific parts

of the body, such as the shoulders, pelvis, and neck. Generalized muscle or nerve pain can also

develop into a chronic condition.

Chronic pain may originate from an initial trauma/injury or infection, or there may be an ongoing

cause of pain. Some people suffer chronic pain in the absence of any past injury or evidence of

body damage.

The emotional toll of chronic pain also can make pain worse. Anxiety, stress, depression, anger, and

fatigue interact in complex ways with chronic pain and may decrease the body's production of

41

natural painkillers; moreover, such negative feelings may increase the level of substances that

amplify sensations of pain, causing a vicious cycle of pain for the person. There is evidence that

unrelenting pain can suppress the immune system.

Because of the mind-body links associated with chronic pain, effective treatment requires

addressing psychological as well as physical aspects of the condition.

The symptoms of chronic pain include:

Mild to severe pain that does not go away

Pain that may be described as shooting, burning, aching, or electrical

Feeling of discomfort, soreness, tightness, or stiffness

Pain is not a symptom that exists alone. Other problems associated with pain can include:

Fatigue

Sleeplessness

Withdrawal from activity and increased need to rest

Weakened immune system

Changes in mood including hopelessness, fear, depression, irritability, anxiety, and stress

Disability

http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/understanding-pain-management-chronic-pain

1. Chronic pain can have different features. T/F

2. Specific muscle pain can turn to chronic pain. T/F

3. Chronic pain is always related to trauma. T/F

4. Negative feelings can generally worsen pain. T/F

5. Treatment should be focusing on the body exclusively. T/F

6. Pain can lead to further symptoms. T/F

7. Insomnia is usually not associated with pain. T/F

8. The immune system is still effective if you have pain. T/F

SPEAKING

1.9.4 Pain that Comes and Goes (S)

Try and guess the meaning of the following words and expressions with your partner:

to get to the bottom of something

eating habits

42

to come and go

on a scale of one to ten

heavy foods

READING

1.9.5 Doctor-Patient Dialogue Completion (R)

Choose the word that completes the dialogue.

Doctor: How long have you been having this pain?

Patient: It started in June. So for more than five months now. My 1. stomach/back hurts after some

meals, but not always.

Doctor: You should have come in 2. later/earlier. Let's get to the bottom of this. Have you changed

your eating habits during this period?

Patient: No, not really. Well, that's not true. I'm eating the same foods, 3. despite/but less. You

know, the pain seems to come and go.

Doctor: How 4. strong/heavy is the pain exactly? On a scale of one to ten, how would you describe

the intensity of the pain?

Patient: Well, I'd say the pain is about a two on a scale of one to ten. Like I 5. tell/say, it's not really

bad. It just keeps coming back...

Doctor: How long does the pain last when you get it?

Patient: It comes and goes. Sometimes, I 6. almost/hardly feel anything. Other times, it can last up

to half an hour or more.

Doctor: Is there a type of food that seems to 7. cause/give stronger pain than other types?

Patient: Hmmm ... heavy foods like steak or lasagna usually brings it on. I've been trying to avoid

those.

Doctor: Does the pain 8. travel/run to any other parts of your body - chest, shoulder or back? Or

does it remain around the stomach area.

Patient: No, it just hurts here.


43

1.10 SOME COMMON PROBLEMS

www.prathama.org

SPEAKING

1.10.1 Some Troubling Symptoms (S)

Guess the word with your partner. The definitions have been given for you.

High body temperature.

Sign, indication; something caused by and indicative of a certain disease or disorder.

Abnormally frequent and loose bowel movements.

Thick, sticky mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, as during a cold or

other respiratory infection.

Having knowledge of something.

Having the respiratory passages blocked.

An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens or foods. .

READING

1.10.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue: Pain (R)

Complete the text with the missing words. The first two letters have been given for you.

44

Patient: Good afternoon.

Doctor: Good afternoon. Take a seat. So, what have you come in for today?

Patient: Thank you. I'm feeling ill, I've got quite a bad 1. co_ _ _, but I don't seem to have a fever.

Doctor: I see. How long have you had these symptoms?

Patient: Oh, I've had the cough for two weeks, but I have been 2. fe _ _ _ _ _ ill just these past few

days.

Doctor: Are you having any other problems?

Patient: Well, I've got a 3. he_ _ _ _ _ _. I've also had a little bit of diarrhoea.

Doctor: Do you 4. pr _ _ _ _ _ any phlegm when coughing?

Patient: Sometimes, but it's usually pretty dry.

Doctor: Do you smoke?

Patient: Yes, a few cigarettes a day. Certainly no more than a half a 5. pa _ _ _ _ a day.

Doctor: How about 6. al _ _ _ _ _ _ _? Do you have any allergies?

Patient: Not that I'm aware of.

Doctor: Does your head feel stuffy?

Patient: Yes, for the 7. pa _ _ few days.

Doctor: OK. Now let's have a look. Could you please open your 8. mo _ _ _ and say 'ah'?


1.11 STRESS


1.11.1 Matching Pictures and Definitions (V)

Match the pictures and the following expressions.

1. 2. .. 3. .

www.metaversemodsquad.com www.sortednest.com www.article.wn.com

45

Fight or flight response

Don't sweat it./ Don't sweat the small stuff.

Hectic life


1.11.2 Adjective Forms of Verbs (V)

What are the adjective forms of these verbs?

a. circulate ..

b. digest ..

c. diaphragm ..

d. reproduce ..


1.11.3 Verbs and Nouns (V)

Can you complete this table?

Verb Noun

digestion

breathe ..

perspire .

. sweating

exhaust

grow ..

accumulation

LISTENING

1.11.4 Stress (L)

1. Now listen to the recording and write down the 12 areas that are affected when you face

stress.

Source: http://youtu.be/Ho_a5FlcsJ4

46

1.

2.

3. ..

4. ..

5. ..

6. ..

7. ..

8. ..

9. ..

10. ..

11. and ..

12. ..

www.lifecoachingcourses.ie

2. Listen to the recording again and complete the sentences. Use one word only.

1. When you're stressed your body a. instantly.

2. Your heart beats b. . and you put excess strain on it.

3. Your blood pressure further rises because your body also narrows and constricts

your blood vessels to prevent you from bleeding to c. from

injury.

4. Here's the challenge: your d. ... will clot regardless of whether

or not you really are injured.

5. So, even if you're eating healthy foods your body won't be able to e.

digest that food.

6. Your body will suppress your f. . system.

7. Anxiety and panic g. can also accompany shallow

breathing.

8. Under stress we can h. . excessively.

9. Some of our bodies are not equipped to adequately process that lot of blood sugar

and that can lead to i. health problems.

10. Your body reduces the flow of anti-aging growth hormones, so as a j.

. our bodies age faster.

11. Your reproductive systems are suppressed and you produce k.

sex hormones, so this can result in you feeling a drop in your

libido, your sex drive.

47

12. Your body pumps out adrenaline and noradrenaline which alert our body that it's in

l. .. .

13. Your body also pumps out cortisol which is considered the m.

.. stress hormone.

READING

1.11.5 Stress Test (R)

Complete this stress test and then check your result.

www.mymentalhealthday.org

In the last month, how often have you: Never Almost

never

(1 point)

Some-times

(2 points)

Fairly

often

(3 points)

Very often

(4 points)

1. Been upset because of something that

happened unexpectedly?

2. Felt that you were unable to control

the important things in your life?

3. Felt nervous and "stressed"?

4. Felt unsure about your ability to

handle your personal problems?

5. Felt that things werent going your

way?

6. Found that you could not cope with all

the things that you had to do?

7. Been unable to control irritations in

your life?

8. Felt that you werent on top of things?

9. Been angered because of things that

were outside of your control?

10. Felt difficulties were piling up so high

that you could not overcome them?

48

Score:

Interpreting the score:

Score your stress level

0-10 Below average. Congratulations, you seem to be handling lifes stressors well at the moment.

11-14

Average. Your life is far from stress-free so now is the time to learn how to reduce your stress to healthier levels.

15-18

Medium-High. You may not realize how much stress is already affecting your mood, productivity, and relationships.

19 + High. Youre experiencing high levels of stress. The higher your score, the more damage stress

is doing to your mind, body, and behavior.

http://www.helpguide.org/topics/stress.htm

1.12 TYPES OF MEDICINE


1.12.1 Medicine and Definition (V)

Match the medicine with its definition.

www.passkontrol.net www.ehow.com

49

1.anaesthetic A. A drug that makes people calmer when they are very worried or nervous.

2.analgesic B. A medicine you use for helping you to cough liquid up from your lung.

3.antacid C . A drug that we use in order to sleep better.

4.antibiotic D. A substance that prevents a poison from having bad effects.

5.antidote E. A drug or gas that is given to someone before a medical operation.

6.antihistamine F. A drug that reduces pain.

7.anti-inflammatory G. A pill that you take to help you to sleep.

8.contraceptive H. A drug taken to reduce inflammation (= swelling, heat, and pain).

9.emetic I. A drug used for preventing a woman from becoming pregnant.

10.expectorant J. A drug used to treat an allergy.

11.laxative K. A drug that makes someone calmer, or makes them sleep.

12.narcotic L. A medicine that reduces the amount of acid in your stomach.

13.sedative M. A drug that cures illnesses and infections caused by bacteria.

14.sleeping pill N. A medicine that helps you to make solid waste.

15.tranquillizer O. A drug that makes you vomit.

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/thesaurus-category/american/Types-and-forms-of-medicine


1.12.2 Medicine Table Completion (V)

Complete the table with the words given.

antibiotics

antidepressants

anxiety

50

blood pressure pills

blood thinners

diuretics

epilepsy drugs

headaches, muscle aches and pains

heart medicine

indigestion pills

insomnia

lower high blood sugar

mans best friend

moms bone pills

rheumatoid arthritis

Professional English word Common English word Usage

Analgesics pain pills

Antacids . heartburn

Antiarthritic rheumatism pills ..

.. bug killers microbial infections

Anticoagulants .. prevent blood clots

Anticonvulsants . prevent seizures

.. uppers relieve depression

Antihypertensives . lower high blood pressure

Cardiac drugs . treat abnornal heart rhythms, heart

failure and angina pectoris

water pills remove excess water from the body

Erectile disfunction ... impotency

Hypnotics sleeping pills

51

Hypoglycemic agents diabetic drugs

Osteoporosis medicine .. strengthens bones

Tranquillizers downers ..

www.dmu.edu

www.en.wikipedia.org www.dailymail.co.uk www.worldhealth.net

SPEAKING

1.12.3 A Prescription (S)

Discuss the questions with your partner.

When did you last take medicine? What was your problem? What medicine did you get?

READING

1.12.4 Completing Prepositions Doctor-Patient Dialogue (R)

Complete the missing prepositions.

Patient: What about my sleeping problems I've been having?

Doctor: I'm going to give you a prescription 1. some medicine to help you get a better night's

sleep.

Patient: Thank you doctor.

Doctor: Here, you can get this prescription 2. any pharmacy.

Patient: How often should I take the medicine?

Doctor: Just take one pill about 30 minutes before you go 3. .bed.

52

Patient: How long should I take them?

Doctor: The prescription is 4. thirty days. If you're not sleeping well after thirty days, I'd like you

to come 5. .

Patient: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep 6. night?

Doctor: Don't worry so much about things 7. work. I know, I know. Easier said than done.

Patient: Should I stay home 8. work?

Doctor: No, I don't think that's necessary. Just remember to stay calm.


WRITING

1.12.5 Expressions (W)

Put the following words and expressions in a sentence:

prescription ...

to get a good night's sleep ..

pharmacy ...

to take medicine ...

take a pill ...

stay calm .

1.13 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

www.nlm.nih.gov


1.13.1 Combining Forms (V)

Match the root words and their meaning.

1. bio- A. red, redness

2. cyan(o)- B. white

3. dors(o)- C. night

53

4. erythr(o)- D. heat

5. fibr(o)- E. woman

6. gyn(o)- F. eating, swallowing

7. hydr(o)- G. blue

8. immun(o)- H. tumour

9. kinesi(o)- I. life

10. leuk(o)- J. back

11. lip(o)- K. fibre

12. melan(o)- L. plant

13. micr(o)- M. breathing

14. noct(i)- N. water

15. onco- O. safe, immune

16. phago- P. fat

17. phyt(o)- Q. motion

18. pharmaco- R. black, pigmented

19. spir(o)- S. small

20. therm(o)- T. drugs, medicine

www.medicalterminology4fun.com

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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UNIT 2 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Aims of the Unit

After completing this unit you will know parts and functions of the skeletal system. You will also

learn about the most common

diseases

disorders affecting this system.

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2.1 THE SKELETON


2.1.1 Structure and Function of the Skeletal System (V)

1.Complete the missing vowels.

The skeletal system includes the bones of the sk_l_t_n and the c_rt_l_g_s, l_g_m_nts, and other

c_nn_ct_ve t_ss_ _ that stabilize or connect the bones. In addition to supporting the weight of the

body, bones work together with m_scl_s to maintain body position and to produce controlled,

precise movements.

http://my.clevelandclinic.org/anatomy/musculoskeletal_system

The skeleton is divided into two sections. One is appendicular skeleton - the bones of the limbs and

supporting thoracic (pectoral) and pelvic girdles. The other is the axial skeleton - the bones of the

body axis.

2.Based on the definitions above which one is appendicular and which one is axial skeleton in this

picture?

www.wcc.hawaii.edu

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READING

2.1.2 Five Functions of Skeletal System (R)

Match the five functions of the skeletal system with their definitions:

1. It provides support for the body.

2. It stores minerals and lipids.

3. It produces blood cells.

4. It protects body organs.

5. It provides leverage and movement.

A. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. (Ninety-nine percent of the body's

calcium is found in the skeleton.) The calcium salts of bone are a valuable mineral reserve

that maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids. The

bones of the skeleton also store energy reserves as fat in areas filled with yellow marrow.

B. Many bones function as levers that can change the magnitude and direction of the forces

generated by muscles.

C. Many soft tissues and organs are surrounded by skeletal elements. For example, the rib

cage protects the heart and lungs, the skull protects the brain, the vertebrae protect the

spinal cord, and the pelvis protects the reproductive organs.

D. Red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood elements are produced in the red

marrow, which fills the internal cavities of many bones.

E. The skeletal system provides structural framework for the entire body. Individual bones or

groups of bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs.


READING

2.1.3 Bone Structure (R)

Read this section and take notes about compact and spongy bones in the table below.

Each bone in the skeleton contains two forms of tissue: compact (dense) bone that is relatively

solid and spongy (cancellous) bone that forms an open network of struts and plates. Compact bone

is found on the external surface of the bone. Spongy bone is located inside the bone. The

proportion of compact and spongy bone varies with the shape of the bone. Compact bone is

thickest where stresses arrive from a limited range of directions. Spongy bone is located where

bones are not heavily stressed or where stresses arrive from many directions. Spongy bone is much

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lighter than compact bone, which helps reduce the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for

muscles to move the bones.


Type of bone Features of bone

READING

2.1.4 Bone Development and Growth (R)

Put the verbs in the correct form.

The growth of the skeleton 1. (determine) . the size and proportions of the body. Bones

2. (begin) to form in a mother's womb about six weeks after fertilization, and

portions of the skeleton 3. (not stop).. growing until about the age of 25. Most bones 4.

(originate) as hyaline cartilage. The cartilage gradually 5. (convert) . to bone

through a process called ossification. Bone growth 6. (begin) . at the center of the

cartilage. As bones 7.(enlarge) .., bone growth activity 8. (shift) to the ends of

the bones (an area commonly 9. (call) .. the growth plate), which 10. (result)

.. in an increase in bone length.

Bone growth facts

Twenty percent of the adult skeleton 11. (replace) .. each year.

Moderate amounts of physical activity and weight-bearing activities 12. (be) ..

essential to stimulate bone maintenance and to maintain adequate bone strength.


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2.1.5 Other Elements of the Skeletal System (V)

Complete the definitions with the words given.

cartilage, tendons, skeletal muscles, fibrocartilage, joints, nerves, ligaments, hyaline cartilage,

elastic cartilage

1. ... are where two bones interconnect. Each joint reflects a compromise

between stability and range of motion. For example, the bones of the skull are very stable

but with little motion, whereas the shoulder joint allows for a full range of motion but is a

relatively unstable joint.

2. .... attach muscle to bone.

3. .... attach bone to bone.

4. .... contract to pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton. In addition

to producing skeletal movement, muscles also maintain posture and body position, support

soft tissues, guard entrances and exits to the digestive and urinary tracts, and maintain

body temperature.

5. .. control the contraction of skeletal muscles, interpret sensory information,

and coordinate the activities of the body's organ systems.

6. . ..is a type of connective tissue. It is a firm gel-like substance. The body

contains three major types of cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and

fibrocartilage.

7. .. is the most common type of cartilage. This type of cartilage provides stiff but

somewhat flexible support. Examples in adults include the tips of ribs (where they meet the

sternum) and part of the nasal septum. Another example is articular cartilage, which is

cartilage that covers the ends of bones within a joint. The surfaces of articular cartilage are

slick and smooth, which reduces friction during joint movement.

8. provides support but can tolerate distortion without damage and return to its

original shape. The external flap of the ear is one place where elastic cartilage can be

found.

9. ... resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits relative

movement. Fibrocartilage can be found within the knee joint, between the pubic bones of

the pelvis, and between the spinal vertebrae.


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www.nlm.nih.gov

www.click4biology.info www.aviva.co.uk

2.2 JOINT PAIN

SPEAKING

2.2.1 What Keeps the Joints Healthy? (S)

What would you suggest to a patient with joint problems? Discuss the question with your partner.


2.2.2 Doctor - Patient Dialogue - Joints

Complete the dialogues with the missing words. The first two letters have been given for you.

Patient: Good morning. Doctor Smith?

Doctor: Yes, please come in.

Patient: Thank you. My name is Daniel Smith.

Doctor: What have you come in for 1. to _ _ _ Mrs Brown?

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Patient: I've been having some pain in my joints, especially the 2. kn _ _ _.

Doctor: How long have you been having the pain?

Patient: I'd say it started three or four months ago. It's been getting 3. wo _ _ _ recently.

Doctor: Are you having any other problems like weakness, 4. fa _ _ _ _ _ or headaches?

Patient: Well I've certainly 5. fe_ _ under the weather.

Doctor: Right. How much physical 6. ac _ _ _ _ _ _ do you get? Do you do any sports?

Patient: Some. I like to play tennis about 7. on _ _ a week. I take my dog for a walk every morning.

Doctor: OK. Let's have a look. Can you 8. po_ _ _ to the area where you are having pain?


WRITING

2.2.3 Summing up a Case (W)

Sum up Mrs Browns case in 5 sentences.

2.3 THE SPINAL COLUMN


2.3.1 Parts of the Spinal Column (V)

Complete the missing words with the help of the pictures.

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www.spineuniverse.com

The vertebral column (spinal column) supports the head and encloses the spinal cord. The spinal

column is comprised of 26 individual bones, these bones are referred to as vertebrae. The spinal

column is divided into 5 different areas containing groups of vertebrae and are grouped as follows:

7 cervical vertebrae in the

12 thoracic vertebrae in the upper . corresponding to each pair of ribs

5 lumbar vertebrae in the back

5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form one called the sacrum

4 coccygeal vertebrae that are fused together to form the coccyx or ..

The vertebrae are referred to by their name and number, counting down from the top of the spinal

column as follows:

The cervical vertebrae are C1 - C7

The thoracic vertebrae are T1 T12

The lumbar vertebrae are L1 L5

The sacrum and coccyx do not have numbers and each is thought of as one bone. Spinal nerves exit

the sacrum and coccyx at levels within the main structure of each vertebra.

http://www.apparelyzed.com/spine.html

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2.3.2 Noun Forms of Adjectives (V)

What are the noun forms of these adjectives?

Adjective Noun

vertebral

spinal

cervical

thoracic

lumbar

sacral

coccygeal ...

2.4 HERNIATED DISC

SPEAKING

2.4.1 The Definition of Hernia (S)

What do we understand by hernia? Can you give a definition?

www.mdguidelines.com

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READING

2.4.2 Herniated Disc (R)

Choose the word that completes the sentence.

Herniated disc is a relatively 1. common/commonly condition that can occur anywhere along the

spine, but most often affects the lower back or neck region. Also known as a slipped disc or

ruptured disc, a herniated disc develops when one of the cushion-like pads between the vertebrae

moves out of position and presses on adjacent nerves.

Herniated discs are typically 2. causing/caused by overuse injuries or trauma to the spine; however,

disc conditions can also develop as a result of the normal aging process. It is also known that there

is a genetic factor that contributes to the development of disc degeneration and herniated disc. In

most cases, a herniated disc in the 3

an introduction to basic medical english terminology 1

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