pronunciation, orthography, and syntax basic medical terminology 2 © karel Černý 2008
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Pronunciation, orthography, and syntax
Basic medical terminology 2
© Karel Černý 2008
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Content
• Orthography, diacritic
• Pronunciation
• Word classes in BMT
• Relations of word classes in BMT
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Orthography
• Classic Latin had different orthography and pronunciation.
• For example: originally only capital letters were used, “u” was expressed using “v” (IANVARIUS instead of JANUARIUS) etc.
• Classic Latin also used diacritic signs namely macron (vēna). Today macron is used only in textbooks and dictionaries. Do not use it in praxis.
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Phoenician alphabet
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An early Greek inscription from Egyptian Abu Simbel 7th - 6th century BC.(Source: Johanna Druckner, The Alphabetic Labyrinth, London 1995, p.
53.)
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Alphabet• Roman alphabet (Latin alphabet) is based on Greek which was created
from Phoenician alphabet.
• Following words were used in the beginning: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V.
• Non native letters: “Z” is not native Latin consonant. It was used for Greek loanwords containing zeta ζ. “PH”, “TH” and “CH” were used for Greek loanwords with Φ (phi), Θ (theta) and Χ (chi). “Y” is another letter influenced by Greek. It is pronounced as [i] in Latin.
• “J” was originally expressed by “I” and in central-European pronunciation often both could be used: iustitia x justitia.
• A distinction between “U” (vowel) and “V” (consonant) was introduced later to avoid confusion.
• There was no “K” in the classic Latin, on the other hand “C” was always pronounced as [k]. Later “K” was adopted for Greek loanwords and in medieval Latin the pronunciation of “C” was divided to [k] or [ts].
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Pronunciation
• See textbook p. 26.
• Latin orthography is “phonetic” i. e. “what you see is what you pronounce”.
• List of the most distinct differences follows on the next slide:
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Letter Example IPA phonetic pronunciation
Czech equivalentEnglish regional pronunciation
ae (æ)saepe, bonae
[e:] é /eɪ/ or /iː/
c followed by [e,i]
cista, caeruleus
[ts] c /s/
ch pulcher [x] ch /k/
ē (and other vowels with macrons)
vēna [e:] é /ɛ/, /eɪ/ or /iː/
g followed by [e,i]
agimus [g] g /dʒ/
h homo [h] h /h/ or /-/
oe (œ) foetus [e:] é /iː/
qu questio [kv] kv /kw/
sc followed by [e,i]
ascites [sts] sc /s/
ti followed by vowel and not precedented by s,x
fractio [tsi] ci /ʃɪ/ (in Czech ši)
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Examples
ruptura musculi bicipitis[ruptu:ra muskuli bitsipitis]
lagoena aquae[lage:na akve:]
caput hominis[kaput h(!)ominis]
intestinum caecum[intestinum ce:kum]
fractura carpi[fraktura karpi]
philosophia, thesis, menorhea[filozofia, t(h)esis, menorhea]
vagina, fascia, staphylococus aureus[vagina (not -dʒ-), fastsia, stafilokokus aureus]
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Word classes in Basic Medical Terminology
• Various languages have various sets of word classes.
• English recognises following w.c.: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, interjections, articles (a/the).
• Medical terminology uses only nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions and as a semi-independent category also numerals (they behave like adjectives).
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Relation types
• Noun - noun relation (if a noun becomes an attribute of other dominant noun) Ex.: fracture of bone - fractura ossis. (Dominant is bold.)
• Noun - adjective relation (an adjective is attribute of the noun). complicated fracture - fractura complicata.
• Preposition - noun relation (i.e. a preposition can not be connected to the noun in nominative grammatical case, it requires using of accusative or ablative).
• Verb - noun relation in medical prescriptions (requires combination of imperative and accusative of unit or portion).
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Noun - noun relation
• The rule is (roughly): the second noun (i.e. the attribute) must be given in genitive case. Or you could say: the word after the “of” in English will be in genitive.
• Both grammatical numbers could be used (sg. or pl.).
• This relation says nothing about the dominant member of the link. It could be in nominative, if unaffected by the context, but if there is for example a preposition, then the leading component of the link will be either in accusative or ablative depending on the preposition.
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Noun - adjective
• The dominant component is always the noun.
• You must extract following information from the noun: its grammatical gender, its grammatical case, and its grammatical number.
• Then you have to apply it to the adjective. Sometimes this process results in the same ending (example: vena saphena), but usually not (vena lateralis)
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Preposition - noun relation
• Prepositions in Latin are divided into three groups.
• Majority of preps. is associated with accusative.
• Minority requires ablative.
• Three prepositions in medical terminology (in, sub, super) could be followed either by acc. or abl.
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Verb - noun relation
• This case will be explained during the summer term.