an essential resource for the aging dance therapy

An Essential Resource for the Aging: Dance TherapyAuthor(s): Jocelyn B. Helm and Kathleen L. GillSource: Dance Research Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Autumn, 1974 - Winter, 1975), pp. 1-7Published by: Congress on Research in DanceStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1478650 .Accessed: 22/07/2014 11:45

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AN ESSENTIAL RESOURCE FOR THE AGING: DANCE THERAPY JOCELYN B. HELM and KATHLEEN L. GILL

How marvelous to observe what pure ecstasy dance brings to small children where the movement has become an exploration of the total being - "spontaneity and crea- tivity working together toward a knowing, doing, and valuing experience" (Dimondstein 249). But dance as defined in America, when applied to the young means one thing, to the middle-aged another, and to the aged something entirely different.

The whole spectrum of movement is diminished for the aged. Within our system we have subtle culturally deter- mined reinforcers which encourage negative self-images and attitudes as people grow old. Our society prescribes, along with what we eat, wear, and think, even how and when we shall grow old. Individuals are forced to assume the charac- teristic physical and mental attitudes of the aged, once they have acquired a certain number of years. The current aged population is a product of its upbringing - of the youth cul- ture and "the Pepsi generation." Forced into obsolescence, the bodies of the aged become "folded inward" reflecting and enforcing their withdrawal from society. Their percep- tion of themselves as fragile is visible in their every movement.

This paper focuses on aging as a natural biological process and studies the role of movement and exercise in this process. It puts forth the thesis that regular programs of dance and movement are vital for the physical and mental well-being of the aged in our society.

Sociological Aspects of Aging

Currently 10% of our population is 65 years or older. Most of them live independently, but the quality of their living is greatly restricted by low-income, poor housing, poor nutrition, and poor health which critically affect freedom, individuality, usefulness, and independence. In 1971, 25% of older Americans had an annual income of less than $1,500 a year, while 60% received less than $2,500 annually (Weg 751). The aged poor compose 30% of the resident population in public mental hospitals, and 25% of all suicides are in persons over sixty-five years of age (Laurey 182).

Retirement is the very contradiction of the work ethic. Western society has always valued work as spiritually des- irable and leisure as spiritually suspect. Now the aged find

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articles that not only has the length of retirement doubled, but, at the same time their standard of living is drastically curtailed. The condition of their lives is indeed unpleasant.

In general, there is more time for leisure and the pursuit of expressive roles, but idleness is widespread and the aged tend to spend little time actively engaged in intellectual pur- suits or arts or crafts. The elderly average five leisure hours each week day, and up to 6.5 hours each day on weekends, and much of this time is devoted to television and reading 1 (Riley et al., 513).

Kinsey et al., (319) propose the idea that gradual changes accompanying old age are not experienced as threatening until they result in a lowered sense of autonomy. When the aged become consciously aware of physical and mental deterioration, increasing dependency and debility, then they unconsciously regress psychologically.

Physiological Aspects of Aging

To age is to learn the feeling of no longer growing, and to have the body slowly lose some of its powers. In our present state of knowledge it is often difficult to separate whether observed physical changes in aging are due to (1) disease, (2) degenerative processes which develop more fully with time, or (3) true aging--a gradual dimishing of the physiological adaption of the organism (Howell 26).

Probably of most importance to fitness in the later years is the proper functioning of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. A strong and responsive heart is needed to pump blood to nourish body cells; good lungs are needed for the exchange of gases of cell metabolism and oxygen, and elastic blood vessels free of obstruction are important to the distribution of blood throughout the body (HEW publica- tion 6).

In the normal aging process, most hearts undergo some atrophy whereby the muscle fibers become smaller, and fibrous tissue in the heart muscle increases as does the a- mount of fat surrounding the heart.

Research supports the contention that exercise increases cardiac and vascular fitness. This improvement does not de- pend upon having trained vigorously in youth. Benestad de- termined that those who had been least active in early life profited most from exercise (Benestad 323). DeVries found that exercise has a beneficial effect upon patients with peri-

1 See Table I: in Appendix. Jocelyn B. Helm has been a director of a nursing home, Riverview, Shelton, Connecticut; has taught Physical Education and Dance in local schools, Princeton, New Jersey; has received an MA in Dance Therapy at New York University, 1974 after interning at St. Vincent's Hospital; has studied with Betty Meredith-Jones in "Movement Rehabilitation" at the School for Social Research, New York City; has established and is directing a Senior Citizen's Center in Princeton, N.J., which includes as part of its program Dance Therapy; is currently teaching a course, "Sensitization through Dance," at Stockton State College, New Jersey.

Kathleen L. Gill has attended the University of Siena, Italy; has a BA in Sociology, the State University College at Buffalo, New York; has held the position of social worker in a hospital, Cape Cod, Massachusetts; is currently complet- ing her MA in Dance Therapy, New York University.


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pheral vascular and coronary heart disease (DeVries 345). Kellerman et. al. discovered that physical work capacity increased after patients with coronary heart disease underwent an exercise program.

Another result of the aging process is the narrowing and degeneration of the elastic tissue in blood vessels (Anderson 190). Concomitantly, there can be an increase in the amount of lipid found in the blood and plasma (Grollman 335).

Ricitelli found that exercise augments circulation resulting in vessel dilation and increasing collateral circulation (Ricitelli 304). Grollman and Costelli found that exercise tends to lower the lipid content of plasma (Grollman and Costelli 336). Findings by White suggest a relationship between high serum cholesterol and arteriosclerosis; hence exercise may possibly aid in the prevention of this disease (White viii). According to White, exercise promotes collateral blood flow in the lower limbs of patients with peri- pheral vascular disease. Frequent motion of the limbs in conjunction with an anticoagulant was found to aid in the prevention of venous and arterial thrombosis. Muscle action of the leg is believed to facilitate blood return to the heart against gravity. Active leg muscle contraction yields more of the power required to sustain the movement of the blood, thus reducing the work of the heart by a corresponding amount (White ix-x).

Exercise therefore can be seen to increase blood flow, aid the functioning of the heart, inhibit the development of arteriosclerosis, and be of value in the treatment of oc- clusive arterial disease.

Specific changes in the lungs occur with age which lower the efficiency of the respiratory system predisposing disease (Kronberg 1008). Breathing capacity is decreased creating less oxygen available for energy production. Stooped posture of the upper thoracic spine contributes to decreased chest capacity. Atrophy and fatigue of respiratory muscles, and poor tone of the abdominal muscles may result in inad- equate respiratory action.

Studies by DeVries and Benestad substantiate the fact that exercise, especially proper breathing exercises, can strengthen the respiratory muscles, provide better ventilation, improve the motion of the diaphragm, and increase expiration (DeVries 330, Benestad 322). Exercise will not alter the underlying pathology of diseases such as asthma and emphysema, but it may aid the individual's ability to function better within the confines of these diseases.

Movement is essential for the maintenance of the structural stability of the muscoskeletal systems. These systems require both basic tonicity and intermittent work loads. Normal activity promotes endurance, strength, and coordi- nation of the muscles. It permits a balance of activities within the bone to maintain its solidity and its capability to support the weight of the body and contribute to cell nutrition by maintaining the muscle pump activity upon the blood circulation (Volson 786).

Normally with aging the content of bone material changes from organic to inorganic. This means that bones are less fibrous with a tendency toward brittleness. The supply of calcium to the bone is depleted causing a porousness. When this occurs, bones lack a structural formation and become deformed and compressed. With the likelihood of bone frac- ture increased, the fear of injury is also greatly increased

often causing an inhibition of activity. According to Mary Corbett in "The Use and Abuse of Massage and Exercise", exercise aids in attaining better calcium balance (along with good nutrition), and better posture by maintenance of weight bearing and movement of muscles (Corbett 137-8).

Muscles, which make up 40% of the body, undergo dras- tic change in old age. Immobility and disuse lead to atrophy which, in turn, leads to decrease in both size and strength. Joints become less flexible, reflex reaction time diminishes, and muscle fibre becomes smaller (Ricitelli 385). Accord- ing to both Barry and Christensen, the only way to maintain efficiency and flexibility in muscles is through exercise (Barry 198, Christensen 324).

It is evident from our brief review of current research that exercise can lessen the intensity of the effects, if not slow down the aging process of some individuals.

The Role of Dance Therapy in Aging

As their friends and neighbors die or move away, the world narrows; it seems to require more energy simply to stay alive. Needs decrease, thus food and sleep are less essential. Helplessness and hopelessness often become over- whelming, and with these, the ability to cope with the contingencies of everyday life. It is easier to become less and less visible - to vegetate - to shrink into stillness and death.

We would argue that this is where the dance therapist with the mind-body approach can play an important role in helping the elderly rediscover their bodies so that they can use them as instruments for release and joy! Man is a biological organism whose first point of inhibition is his physical structure. A sickly, weak person is low in energy and barely functioning. In this world of tension, compul- sion, work, and competition, the elderly are made to feel that they are a burden; one need only observe their shuff- ling gait, clumsy hands, stooping shoulders and shallow breathing.

The dance therapist serves as a catalyst using the individual's behavior patterns as a background, and attempts to work with the organism from the inside out. At no time is he/she judgmental, nor does he/she try to teach or manipu- late the patient. There must be an acceptant and congruent atmosphere in which the elderly will be able to express their feelings. Even those feelings which are negative can be shar- ed safely with warmth and support from the group.

There is little to prepare one for the experience of growing old, and it is of interest to observe the difference in cellular clocks. There are eighty year old men and women, vital and active, with a sense of self, in contrast to those of fifty who are mere shadows in the grayness of the landscape. Movement, body awareness, and the positioning of self in time and space, is a necessary concomitant of being alive and experiencing. "Dance is one of the tools to bring us back to life" (Boas 26). Dance therapy, then, can be a tool through which the withdrawal, loneliness, and depression of old age can be dispelled.

The dance therapist must be constantly aware of the limitations of the elderly. Those limitations which the elderly place upon themselves should be considered. Many elderly who are physically inactive often have a very distorted body image. They believe themselves to be heavier and broader,


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and often feel the activity to be more strenuous than it is in reality (Irwin 163). This leads to a clumsiness which, in turn, causes increased fear of any activity. Tensions which are released through activity remain stored in the muscles, and accumulate causing restlessness and insomnia. Some- times in depression, the muscles assume a flaccidity which can be mistaken for relaxation.

The biological changes previously described provide essential source material upon which to base geriatric dance therapy sessions. These sessions would necessarily be open-ended with the therapist constantly alert to any psychological and physical changes.

The proper screening of all individuals is extremely important. The type of exercise appropriate for the elderly -erson varies greatly according to age, physical condition, nd personal preferences. Factors that should be known bout the participant individuals include:

1. Risk factor assessment - information received from a doctor; results from an electrocardia- gram; on-going medical assessment.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Past athletic participation Amount of present physical activity Presence of heart disease in family If individual is overweight Existence of hypertension If individual smokes (Zohman 113).

An approach which we have found effective in working with the elderly is to combine art and dance therapy. Our patients have participated with great enthusiasm in this activity. One half an hour of dance is followed by an art session (led by the art therapist) in which the patients express their feelings on large sheets of poster paper through such media as crayons, pastels, poster paints, and marker pens.

An effective dance therapy session should include a warm- up period, stimulus period, and a cool-down period. A balance between oxygen taken in and that which is burned should exist. The movements should start off being slight, and gradually become larger. It is all too easy to get ahead of the patients and try to elicit more movement than they can manage. If this happens, too often they will be lost to the entire session.

Arlynne Samuels (85-87) suggests that the movements reach out and up, not inward and down, which suggest withdrawal. She prefers to relate to a small number of people, two or three at a time although many of her tech- niques are similar to ours.

Isometric contraction exercises can be one of the more effective methods of producing muscular strength. It is of utmost importance to keep in mind that all the exercises should be performed with the comfort of the individual in mind thus moving away from the old concept of producing strength through stress. What one finds is that with some imagination, the possibilities are limitless, since many of the people are desperate for activity in an atmosphere that pro- vides release from tension. Movement tends to be laborious for the elderly, and thus any opportunity for increasing flexibility and range of motion with ease is savoured.

One of the pioneers in the field of movement rehabilitation (Parkinson's disease, stroke, and arthritis) is Betty Merideth-Jones, a former student of Rudolph Laban. Her exercises utilize Laban's analysis of movement, deepening

both body and space awareness, and increasing the range and ability to produce movement without expending a great deal of energy. She emphasizes the importance of all movement initiating in the spine, and the relatedness of one part of the body to another, which in turn leads to sequential flow (Meredith - Jones 1974).

Although there has been some expansion in the use of dance therapy since the 1940's in psychiatric settings in hospitals as part of therapeutic recreation programs, there re- mains a shocking lack of dance therapy services in facilities, clinics, rehabilitation centers, and especially nursing homes that provide long term care of the aged poor. As our citizens grow older, society reinforces both their distortions of body image and the taboo of dance. This is both destructive and archaic! When most of our elderly are suffering from disor- ders which affect the cardiovascular system, inactivity is cer- tainly no solution. What better therapy than total-body-motor activity through dance?

Current Programs for the Aging

The services provided for the elderly usually focus on only the most basic physical needs. Most of the therapeutic efforts are directed toward curing specific conditions, and not toward the overall needs of the individual. The aged lose their identity and become a medical management pro- blem. Often they adopt the "sick role" in order to live up to the expectations of society. This depersonalizing atmosphere offers no gratification, and serves only to reinforce the isolation and the separation that is often the cause for that individual being institutionalized.

Some interesting experimentation on the effects of recreation is, however, taking place. A study of particular note took place in London Psychiatric Hospital, Ontario, Canada. A group oriented activity program consisting of physical exercise, rhythmic sessions, art therapy, group therapy, and family counseling, was introduced on the psychogeriatric ward; the three other geriatric wards acted as controls. The activities were directed by the nursing staff, and results showed that on the experimental ward both patients and staff benefited. Patients became less hostile with less behav- ioral deterioration, and as a result there was a higher dis- charge rate. The staff, who, at first had been ambivalent, became interested and enthusiastic, and this carried over in- to a greater sense of cohesiveness on that ward (Reichenfeld et al., 305- 310).

Another program was developed by the White Plains Dept. of Parks and Recreation and the Miller Center for Nursing Care. Its objective was to offer recreational services for the elderly who were not mobile and lived in a suburban area without public transportation. The Miller Center, a sixty- six bed, private nursing home, located in mid-city, offered its facilities, and a program of rhythmic exercises, music, bridge, bingo, crafts, and entertainment was set up. The nursing home patients benefited greatly from the interaction between the two groups, and it was definitely felt that this modest program had helped them to develop self awareness and re-establish group relationships. The program was so successful, in fact, that White Plains is expanding this service to a church and an adult community center (Curtis & Miller 196-199, 224).

There seems to be a growing interest in serving the needs of the healthy affluent elderly segment of our population, but we are desperately in need of a wider range of activity- oriented programs for the elderly poor, especially in the area


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of mental health. There is much fragmentation of the services, and a great need for more federal funding. Federal involvement took a giant step forward under the Johnson Administration which created the Administration of Aging with a budget of 30 to 40 million.1 However, there seems to be little administrative initiative at present in the Nation- al Institute of Health, and, as a result, many of the important university-based training programs have been seriously curtailed.2 The nation's 23,000 nursing homes are thriving, however. With 905 of these homes functioning as profit- making institutions, more and more public money in the form of Medicaid (matching state and federal money) is being allocated with utter disregard to available alternative services. In addition, poor enforcement of government standards plus a general downgrading of those standards by the Federal Government is resulting in one of the greatest consumer frauds of the century, with the aged used as pawns (New York Times, March 31, 1974, 13-14).

Future Prospects

There is some hope for optimism; our future older populations will be better schooled and more vociferous about claiming their rights and exerting more political pressure. In 1973, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a bill providing for unannounced inspections of nursing homes. It was because of the concerted action of thousands of the elderly pressuring their legislature that the powerful nursing home lobby was defeated. Consumerism, in this case, proved to be a powerful tool (New York Times March 31, 1974, p.92) !

Another group of elderly has not waited for society to change its view of aging, but instead has banded together to liberate the old. One of the primary goals of The Gray Pan- thers is to raise the consciousness of elderly citizens. Accor- ding to Maggie Kuhn, 67, their vivacious gray-haired leader, "our society is age-ist -- scraps people just like old auto- mobiles" (Parade Magazine January 28, 1973). By conduc- ting workshops and discussion groups, The Gray Panthers hope to separate feelings of "this is the way I feel" from "this is the way I am supposed to feel". Lilia Bragger, New

York City coordinator for The Gray Panthers, believes that too many of the aged have internalized society's attitude towards them. Attempting to separate fact from fiction, she asked a group of elderly at a Forest Hills, New York workshop, "How are you young?" and "How are you old?" Not surprisingly, first on the list in response to "How are you young?" was "I like to dance," followed by: "I like to keep busy," "I like tr become involved," "I like to so- cialize." High on the list for "How are you old?" included responses involving loss of body function, e.g., "losing hearing," "losing teeth," "can't do all the things I used to do" (Bragger 1974).

The Gray Panthers have expanded to many major U.S. cities. While stressing individual growth and change, they feel that as a group they can be extremely effective in bring- ing about much needed changes in health services, health insurance, nursing homes, transportation costs and manda- tory retirement age.

A large proportion of this paper has been devoted to an analysis of the problems of the aged in our society. It is essential for dance therapists to be knowledgeable about these problems if we are to actively pursue and promote the development and funding of new programs within our communi- ties. We have before us the opportunity to add a major new dimension to the field of dance therapy through the development of specific new programs of dance to serve the special needs of the aged in Senior Citizen Centers, Rehabilitation Centers, and community-based psychiatric facilities. We are convinced that such programs, if effectively supported, can have a significant effect in reducing the resident population of our mental institutions, as well as improving the quality of life for our elderly.

Future aging populations can benefit from the results of current research if we can change society to provide optimum opportunities for individuals of all ages for the "aged are sen- sitive barometers of how well our society handles the basic problems of living" (Maddox 1).

1 See Table 2 in Appendix for the history of Gerontology in the U.S. 2 The following universities are currently actively engaged in the study of human development and aging: University of

Miami, Duke University, University of Southern California, Western Reserve University, and University of Rochester.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, Helen. Newton's Geriatric Nursing. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Co., 1971.

Barry, Alan, John Steinmetz, Henry Page and K. Roahl (eds.), "The Effects of Physical Conditioning on Older Individuals: Motor Performance and Cognitive Functioning." Journal of Gerontology 21 (1966): 192-199.

Benestad, Arne. "Trainability of Old Men." Acta Medica Scandinavica 178 (1965): 321-327.

Birren, James. Psycholoqy of Aging. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964.

Boas, Franziska. "Origins of Dance." American Dance Therapy Association. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference 1972, pp. 21-27.

Bragger, Lilia. N.Y.C. Coordinator of the Gray Panthers. Personal Communication. June 1974.

Christensen, H. "Mechanisms of Muscle Training in Man: Experimental Demonstration of the Overload Principle." Physical Therapy Review 36 (June 1956): 371-383.

Corbett, Mary. "The Use and Abuse of Massage and Exercise." Practitioner 208 (January 1972): 136-139. Curtis, Joseph E., and Dulcey B. Miller, "Recreation in an Extended Care Facility." Gerontologist 7 (Autumn 1967): 1967):

196-199, 224..


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DeVries, Herbert. "Physiological Effects of an Exercise Training Regimen Upon Men Aged 52 - 88." Journal of Gerontology 25 (1970): 325-336.

DeVries, Herbert and Gene Adams, "Comparison of Exercise Responses in Old and Young Men - The Cardiac Effort/ Relationship." Journal of Gerontoloqy 27 (1972): 344-248.

Dimondstein, Geraldine. Children Dance in the Classroom. New York: Macmillan Co., 1971.

"Fitness in the Later Years." President's Council on Aqing. Washington: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; 1968. Microfilm.

Grollman, Sigmond and Leslie Costelli. "Effect of Age and Exercise on Lipid content of Various Tissues of the Male Albino Rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 32 (July 1972): 334-348.

Howeli, Trevor. A Student's Guide to Geriatrics. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Co., 1970.

Irwin, Karen. "Dance as a Prevention of, Therapy for, and Recreation from the Crisis of Old Age." American Dance Therapy Association Monograph No. 2, 1972, pp. 151-190.

Kellerman, J.; S. Feldman and I Kariv. "Evaluation of Physical Work Capacity in Coronary Patients After Myocardial Infarction Who Returned to Work With and Without a Medically Directed Reconditioning Program." Physical Activity and Aqinq. Baltimore, Maryland: University Park Press, 1970. Brunner, D. and E. Jokl (eds.). ).

Kimsey, Larry, Jean Roberts and Robert Daniel. "Death, Dying, and Denial in the Aged." American Journal of Psychiatry 130 (September 1972): 160-165.

Kronberg, Richard, Richard Ponto and Richard Ebert. "The Effect of Aging on Regional Lung Ventilation and Perfusion." Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 78 (December 1971): 1008-1111.

Laurey, G. V. "Some Reflections on Aging in the U.S." Geriatrics 28 (July 1973): 178-182.

Maddox, George L. (ed.)The Future of Aging and the Aqed. Atlanta, Ga.: Southern Newspaper Publishers Assoc. Founda- tion, 1972.

Meridith-Jones, Betty. Personal Communication. February 1974.

Reichenfeld, Hans, et al. "Evaluating the Effect of Activity Programs on a Geriatric Ward." Gerontologist 13 (Summer 1972): 305-310.

Ricitelli, Mark. "The Therapeutic Value of Exercise in the Aged and Infirm." Journal of American Geriatric Society 10 (1972): 299-307.

Riley, Matilda W., et al. Aging and Society. Vol. 1. An Inventory of Research Findings. N.Y.: Russel Sage, 1972.

Samuels, Arlynne. "Dance Therapy for the Aged." American Dance Therapy Association Proceedinqs of the Third Annual Conference. 1968, pp. 85-87.

"The Gray Panthers." Parade Maqazine: January 28, 1973.

Volson, Edith. "The Hazards of Immobility." American Journal of Nursinq 67 (April 1967): 779-799.

"Waiting for the End: On Nursing Homes." New York Times: March 31, 1974.

Weg, Ruth. "Aging and the Aged in Comtemporary Society." Journal of Physical Therapy 53 (July 1973): 749-756.

White, Paul D. "Preface," in Physical Activity and Aging. Baltimore: University Park Press (1970): p. viii.

Zohmam, L. R. "Exercise by Prescription." Journal of Physical Education 69 (March 1972): 113-116.


APPENDIX

Table 1

Composite View of Hours Spent Daily On

Various Activities By Older People 65 And Over

Approximate Hours per Day Activity (Excluding Sunday)

Total hours available in a day 24.0

Sleep 9.0

Obligated time 6.7 Meals (preparing, eating, and cleaning up) 3.0 Housekeeping 1.6 Personal care 1.2 Shopping 0.7 Care of others 0.2

High-participation leisure time 6.5

Television; radio 2.8 Visiting 1.6 Napping 1.4 Reading 0.7

Low-participation leisure time 1.9

Gardening 0.5 Handicrafts 0.4 Entertaining 0.3 Club and church activities 0.2 Writing 0.2 Meditation; worship 0.1 Walking, sports 0.1 Rides; outings 0.1

Source: Riley et al., p. 513.

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APPENDIX

Table 2

Development of Gerontoloqy in the United States

Club for Research on Aging 1940

Gerontological Society formed Journal of Gerontoloqy started 1945

Social Science Research Council Report: Research on Social Adjustment in Old Aqe First International Gerontological Congress - - Belgium 1948

Private foundation support of research in Gerontology: Carnegie, Rockefeller 1950

Second International Gerontological Congress-- St. Louis 1951

Beginning of major government support of research in gerontology. NIH: Intramural and Extramural 1955

Gerontoloqist started - - reports on applied social gerontology 1960

Handbooks on research in social gerontology: Birren, Tibbits, Burgess Fifth International Gerontological Congress - - San Francisco First White House Conference on Aging 1961

U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging established Ford Foundation support of research on aging Medicare Older Americans Act of 1965. Established Administration on Aging 1965

NICHD Grants to universities for research and training in area of adult development and aging Russell Sage Report on Aging and Society 1968

AOA grants for research and development in applied gerontology 1968

Eighth International Gerontological Congress - -Washington 1969

President's Task Force on Aging 1970

Second White House Conference on Aging 1971

Ninth International Gerontological Congress -- Kiev 1972


Article Contentsp.1p.2p.3p.4p.5p.6p.7

Issue Table of ContentsDance Research Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Autumn, 1974 - Winter, 1975), pp. 1-52Front MatterAn Essential Resource for the Aging: Dance Therapy [pp.1-7]A Note on Human Action and the Language Machine [pp.8-9]What Makes Art Art? [pp.10-12]Dances of Anhuac-- for God or Man? An Alternative Way of Thinking about Prehistory [pp.13-27]ReviewsTheatreuntitled [p.28]untitled [pp.28-29]

Kinesliologyuntitled [pp.29-30]

Dance Therapyuntitled [p.30]

Social Scienceuntitled [p.30]untitled [pp.31-33]untitled [pp.33-34]untitled [pp.34-35]

Generaluntitled [p.36]

ReportsBonnie Bird, CORD's First Chairman, Honored Gertrude Prokosch Kurath, Featured Speaker at CORD Annual Membership Meeting Ann Arbor, Michigan, Summer 1974 [pp.37-39]Fourth CORD Conference Held with the Society for Ethnomusicology Host Institution: The American Society for Eastern Arts San Francisco, Fall, 1974 [pp.39-43]

Research Resources [pp.43-47]Comments to the Editor [pp.48-50]Errata, Dance Research Journal VII(1), 1974-1975Back Matter [pp.51-52]

an essential resource for the aging dance therapy

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