Annals of Library and Information StudiesVol. 55, June 2008, pp.11l-122

An analysis of usability features of library web sites

Vasantha Raju Na and N. S. Harinarayanab"Research Student, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Mysore, Mysore,

E-mail: vasanthrz@gmail.combReader, Department of Library and Information Science, University of Mysore, Mysore,

e-mail: ns.harinarayana@gmail.com

Studies thirty library websites of top science universities around the world for their design features with special referenceto usability. The guidelines suggested by National Cancer Institute have been applied to measure the usability features of theselected web sites. The parameters like Optimizing the user experience; link back to home; colour link behaviour; navigability;and multimedia features have been studied for the websites. The results showed that only 53.33% of library web sites provides,

frequently asked questions (FAQs). The time out option has been neglected by all the web sites except one. It is noticed thatonly 39.99% of the web sites have provision for explicit home link as well as through logos. Persistent navigation feature isobserved only on 50% of the web sites. Only 8% of the web sites use the de facto link color coding. Library web sites are yetto exploit the advantages of multimedia (interactivity features). It is found from the survey that only 30% of the web sitescontain video contents and none of the web sites contained exclusive audio files.

Introduction

The growing number of web sites and the quantum ofinformation available through the web have gone beyondone's imagination. But organizing information for easyretrieval purpose has been sidelined. Over the years,information architecture and usability studies havebecome major focus of research. Usability studies helpin determining the quality of the web sites in accomplishingparticular task on the web site. According to theInternational Standard Organization, "Usability refers tothe extent to which a product can be used by specifiedusers to achieve specified goals with effectiveness,efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of user."There are a good number of web usability studyguidelines. Some ofthem have been made available onthe web such as the guidelines by Yale University (http://webstyleguide.com), Research-based web usabilityguidelines (http://www.usability.gov), and IBM webdesign guidelines, etc. An attempt has been made hereto study the usability features of library web sites as perthe "Research-Based Web Usability Guidelines" givenby National Cancer Institute (http://www.usability.gov)l.

Earlier studies: a review

Web content analysis and the usability studies have beenthe focus of the present research review. VandeCreekmade an attempt to identify the strengths and weakness

of the library web sites of Northern Illinois University byusing the trilateral approach2• They are usability test;focus group session and survey research. The study foundthat excessive use oflibrary jargon and absence of searchfeature, site map and help feature in all web pages havehindered the usefulness of Northern Illinois Universitylibrary web sites. The study further revealed that mostof the participants had not been fully utilized the libraryweb sites because of lack of information literacy skills.In a longitudinal study conducted by Harpel-Burkecompared the medium-sized university library web siteswith that of commercial web sites3• The criteria suggestedby Nielson and Tahir were used to compare the usabilityfeatures of the 80 medium-sized university library websites4• The study found that library web sites were lackingbehind in implementing usability features compared tocommercial web sites. In particular, features like searchfeature, link color and in using animation library web siteswere lacking far behind compared to commercial websites. Travis & Norlin have compared the commercialinformation sites and academic library web sites5• Thepurpose of their study was to redesign of University ofArizona library web site. The study noticed that usersfound it difficult to identify appropriate contents becauseof unknown terminology used by these library web sites.George6 also conducted a usability test of CarnegieMellon University library web site. In this study a heuristicapproach to redesign the.library web site was used. The

112 ANN. LIB. INF. STD., JUNE 2008

Fig. 1- Visual image of the web pages

absence of the features have been noted down in a

simpler coding sheet designed for the study. One of the

authors of this article coded all the web sites during thefirst week of the August 2007. The data analysis and itsinterpretation have been given in the succeeding sectionsof the article.

heuristic research includes web based user survey;interview with students and think aloud protocoltechniques. The study helped to redesign some of theusability aspects such as global navigation and labelingfeatures. McGillis & Toms have assessed the usabilityof an academic library web site using empirical researchtechnique"7. The study provided concrete evidence thatcategorization and labeling of the content had a hugeimpact on usage of the web site and suggests that while

designing library web sites web designer must considereduser-centered-approach. Most of the studies that havebeen reviewed here have concentrated on the usabilitytesting of individual institutional library web sites8•9•

Shropshire compiled a few annotated bibliographies onlibrary web usability studies 10. Those sources were highlyuseful for good library web site development and for theredesign of library web sites as well. The present study,however, uses the usability techniques based on theResearch-based Web Design & Guidelines given byNational Cancer Institute (http://www.usability.gov).

Objectives

r-.. ..r'

•..

...

"

Level-3

Level-l

Level-2

1. To understand the concept of usability withreference to web sites,

2. To identify the usability features for a library websites, and

3. To examine select library web sites for theirusability features

Methodology

From the list of world's top science universities publishedby The Times Higher Education Supplement (http://www.thes.co.uk.seeappendix-I)II.thirty library web siteshave been selected for the study. Web sites which satisfythe following conditions have been considered for thestudy: a) Web sites in English language, b) Web sites withat least three levels. In other words, only the web sites inEnglish, which consist of more than three levels (two clicksthrough from the home page), have been taken intoaccount for the study. Ha & James have stated that websites range from one page to 50000 pages12. Time andeconomic constraints restricted the investigators toconsider only the three levels (2 clicks through from thehome pages of web sites for data collection). Garret'svisual image method is used to depict the three levels ofthe web sites used in the present study13(Fig. 1).

The data for the study is collected from 30 universitylibrary web sites (see appendix-I). The presence and the

Usability features

Optimizing the user experience

To enhance the efficiency of the web sites, users shouldbe informed through appropriate informative tools onweb sites. For the novice users, frequently askedquestions (FAQs) proved vital to know more about theweb sites and learn to navigate the web sites forparticular information. If the web site is designed to timeout automatically, users should be informed of thisfeature. The investigators have examined the presenceand the absence of FAQs and "Time Out" features ofthe library web sites.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

According to the wikipedia.org, FAQs refers to listedquestions and answers, all supposed to be frequentlyasked in some context, and pertaining to a particulartopic. This feature is very useful for the first time vistorto familiarize himself about the navgiability of the websites and the purpose of the web sites. Lynch & Hortonemphasize that well-designed FAQ page can improveusers' Uflderstanding of the information and servicesoffered and reduce demands on support staffl4• Table1depicts the data which reflects the presence of FAQsin library web sites.

I I II

•

RAJU & HARINARAYANA: AN ANALYSIS OF USABILITY FEATURES OF LIBRARY WEB SITES 113

Table 1 - Frequently asked questions

Frequently asked No. of sites% of the sites

questions

n=30

Present

1653.33%

Not present

1446.66%

Total

3099.99%

Table 2 - Time out feature at the web sites

This session has tuned Old.Please select OK to stall a new catalogue session.

OK

Table 3 - Link back to home page

"Time out" feature at the web sites

"Time Out" is another feature which has considered

important in web sites. It is always suggested that if some

Table 1 shows that 16 (53%) library web sites provideFAQs. The number of questions in FAQs varies fromweb sites to web sites ranging from 10 to 15 questionsand answers related library activities. Of the 30 websites visited some of the libraries have given detailedinformation about the library in their FAQs. This FAQsgenerally contain information about renewal of books,opening hours of the library, instruction for accessingonline catalog etc.

"Time out"the web sites

Yes

No

Total

Link back to

home page

Logo linked home and

explicit home link

Explicit home link only

Logo linked home only

Logo and the home icon

Explicit home link and

the icon

Home link through the

banner

Not available

Total

No. of sitesn=30

0129

30

No. of sitesn=30

12

7

4

3

2

30

% of the sites

3.3396.66

99.99

% of the sites

39.99

23.33

13.33

10

3.33

3.33

6.66

99.97

Fig. 2 - University of Toronto library web warnsyou to start new session

Fig. 3 - Logo linked to library and the explicit link to homeat the Princeton University Library web site

of the pages are programmed automatically to time out,user should be informed! warned about time out featureson the web sites.

'Time out' feature help user to complete a task in a giventime. However this feature may sometime hinder theusage of web sites. Hence it is important to have a featurethat indicates time out of a web page. Though it isconsidered as one of the important features by theusability guidelines, only University of Toronto has thisfeature (Table 2, Fig. 2). However, as the study is limitedfor only two clicks through from the home page, onecannot rule out the possibility of the availability of thisfeature in the lower level pages.

The home page

Home page is the main entry point of the web site. Itintroduces us the purpose and the objectives of the website and provides link to the lower-level pages of thesite. It is very much emphasized that the web designershould provide return home link feature from all thesubsequent pages of the web sites.

114 ANN. LIB. INF. STU., JUNE 2008

Explicit home link at the

University of California libraryweb site

Fig. 4 - Explicit home link at the University of California BerkeleyLibrary web site

News & Events

IMlChat Reference

NO\lv ,lJ,vaiiable

Copyrig~ltRenewalDatabase Released

Fig. 5 - News and events feature at Stanford library web site

Link back to home page

Link to home from every page of the web site helps theuser to quickly jump from lower level pages to home fornew tasks or explore further. It has become a de-factostandard that the logo of the organization always giveslink to the home in most of the cases through the lowerlevel pages. The investigators have examined how thesampled library web sites have presented return to thehome feature in their web sites.

As shown in the Table 3, most of the web sites, that is

28 (93.35%) of them have given return home link fromtheir web site either through the logo or an explicit linkon the home page or home link at the bottom of the pagethrough the secondary or lower level pages. Twelve(36.99%) sites have linked to home through the logo withexplicit home feature (Fig. 3). Seven (23.33%) web siteshave given explicit home link feature in their web sites(Fig. 4). Interestingly, one (3.33%) web site has linkedhome from the lower level page through banner. This"going back home" feature clearly enhance snavigability

Table 4 - News and events feature

News/Anno No. of sites% of the sitesuncements

n=30

feature

News

926.66%

Library news

723.33%

News & Events

620%

Latest news

413.33%

What's new at the library

26.66%

Spotlight

13.33%

Library announcements

13.33%

Events and exhibitions

13.33%

Total

3099.97%

feature of the web site and provides greater flexibilityfor the users.

News and eventsfeature

Organizations/institutions should announce changes thatthey make to their web site. The advancement oftechnology has given an ample opportunity to change,modify or add new content to the web site with in aquick succession of time and with very low cost. Usuallyweb designers include or display changes that have beenmade to the web site at the home page under the newslabel of the web site. The' news features available on

the library web site under different labels have beenexamined here.

Table 4 depicts the availability of the news/announcements feature at the library web sites underdifferent labels. Nine (26.66%) sites have this featureunder the label "News". Seven (23.33%) sites have"Library News" feature in their web sites and anychanges made to the web sites have been given underthe library news section. Six (20%) sites have labeled

•.

, II 'I Illf,ll I:i ,Illi'II

RAJU & HARINARAYANA: AN ANALYSIS OF USABILITY FEATURES OF LIBRARY WEB SITES

Fig. 6 - Global navigation bar at the National University of Singapore library web site

Fig. 7 - Global navigation tabs at the university of California Berkeley library web site ..

Table 5 - Global navigation

115

Global

navigationoptions

Top- HorizontalLeft-VerticalTotal

Plain list

2 (13.33%)1(6.66%)3 (19.99%)

Navigationbar

9 (60 %)2 (13.33%)11 (73.33%)

Navigationtabs

1 (6.66%)

1 (6.66%)

Totaln=15

12 (40 %)3 (10 %)15 (99.88%)

Table 6 - Embedded navigation feature

Embedded

navigation

Top-HorizontalLeft- VerticalTotal

Plain list

3 (20%)3 (20%)

Navigation bar

8 (53.33%)2 (13.33%)10(66.66%)

Table 7 - Local navigation feature

Navigationtabs

2 (13.33%)

2 (13.33%)

Totaln=15

10 (66.66%)5 (33.33%)15 (100%)

Local navigationoptions

Top-HorizontalLeft- VerticalMain content areaTotal

Plain list

3 (20%)7 (46.66%)10 (66.66%)

Navigation bar

5(33.33%)

5 (33.33%)

Totaln=15

5 (33.33%)3 (20%)7 (46.66%)15 (100%)

news feature as "News & Events" (Fig. 5). Four(13.33%) sites have labeled news feature as "latestnews". "What's New" at the library have been found in2 (6.66%) web sites. Three (3.33%) web sites each

have had the options like "Spot Light", "LibraryAnnouncements" and "Events and Exhibitions". One can

easily find the variations in labeling the news feature onthe library web sites.

116 ANN. LIB. INF. STU., JUNE 2008

Fig. 8 - Embedded navigation bar at the Columbia University Library web site

Fig. 9 - Left-vertical embedded navigation (plain list) at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara

Navigation

According to the usability.gov guidelines, navigationrefers to the method used to find the information within

a web site. It helps users to locate and link to thedestination page. The web sites that we have selectedfor the sample have had one or other kind of navigationalfeatures in their web sites. Navigation is an importantfeature and had a huge impact on the usability of theweb sitesl5. The global or primary navigation, local orsecondary navigation and embedded navigation acrossthe sampled web sites have been examined here.

Global navigation

Global navigation is intended to appear on the every pagethrough out the site. This is also known as a site-widenavigation system. This feature allows user to accesskey areas of the web site from any destination page onthe web siteI6•

Table 5 exhibits the presence of the global navigationfeature on the sampled web sites. Out of 30 web sites,15 (50%) had global navigation feature in their web sites.In most cases global navigation features have beenpresented through navigation bar on top of the page.Figures 7 and 8 show the top level global navigation barsand the navigation tabs. The embedded navigationfeatures have been discussed in Table 6, hence the

percentage of the global navigation feature have beenreduced to 50%.

Embedded navigation

Embedded navigation features are nothing but thecollection ofhyperlinks which supports global, local andcontextual navigation on the web sites. As the numbersof features of web sites increases, this feature has been

gaining importance. This study found that the pop-upmenus have been the major type used in implementingthe embedded navigation features.

As shown in the Table 6, 15 (50%) web sites haveimplemented the embedded navigation feature in theirweb sites. Ten sites (33.33%) have oriented embeddednavigation features at the top of the websites; remaining5 (16.66%) sites have oriented embedded navigation atthe left side of the web sites. Figs. 8, 9 &10 shows the

I I ,Ill:

RAJU & HARINARAYANA: AN ANALYSIS OF USABILITY FEATURES OF LIBRARY WEB SITES

Librarv Services

For facultLl',: staff

Fig. 10 - Embedded navigation tabs at the University of Toronto Library web sites

Fig.11 - Loeal navigation bar at the MIT university library web site

117

embedded navigation features oriented on the sampledlibrary web sites.

Local navigation

Local navigation features are specific to the section ofthe web site; they represent the specific information of

the particular section of the library web site.

Table 7 depicts the presentation of local navigationfeatures in library web sites. Out of 30 library web sites50 % of the library web sites have had local navigationfeatures (Figs. 11 & 12). Majority of the local navigationfeatures are found in the main content area (46.66%).

Breadcrumb navigation

Breadcrumbs are the feature that helps user to be awarewhere or in which part he/she is navigating the web sitesor it shows the hierarchical level of the web sites.

Breadcrumb navigation feature at times provide with alabel known as "You are here" on the web sites.

"readcrumb navigation feature has always orientedhorizontally or in few cases vertically on web sites.Fourteen (46.66%) out of the 30 web sites that weresampled here have given breadcrumb navigation featureon the web sites. Breadcrumb navigation feature havebeen presented by (43.33%) the right arrow mark (» onthe web sites (Fig. 13). Only one web site has presentedbreadcrumb navigation trails by pipe symbol (Fig. 14).

Fig. 12 - Local navigation bar at the Oxford University Libraryservices web site (OULS) (Left side -vertical of the home page)

Table 8 - Color of visited/unvisited links

Color Combination No. of sites% of the sitesn=30

Blue-Purple combinations

310%Different color used to visited and unvisited link

516.65%

No changes in visited and unvisited link color2273.33%

Total30100%

118 ANN. LIB. INF. STU .. JUNE 2008

Oiyttal Library News

> IT Facil~ies:' Laptops

Fig. 13 - Right arrow (» breadcrumb navigation at the Cambridge university library

The University of Chicago

LIBRARY

Search the v for

v

111

Links

Catalogs . Database Finder' Hours . 1\11'1 Accounts . Libraries . Help

How 00 IFi//d ... ? I Articles

Fig. 14 - Pipe ( I ) breadcrumb navigation at University of Chicago Library web site

Table 9 - Availability of multimedia features

Web usability expert Jacob Neilson says that "web links,help users in knowing which pages they've already visited,by avoiding unintentionally revisiting the same pages overand over again." Further his study revealed that 74 %of the web site use different colors for visited andunvisited links.

Presence of the video

items

Yes

NoTotal

No. of sites

n=30

032730

% of the sites

10%

90%100%

As shown in Table 8, that only 8 (27%) library web siteshave used some colors to differentiate between visited

and unvisited links. Three sites (10%) have used thedefault HTML color i.e., blue for unvisited and purplefor visited link color (Fig. 15). Remaining 5 (17%) siteshave used some type color for visited and unvisited link(Fig. 16). Different link color violates usability standardsby not following the default htmllink color and createsdoubt in user that which that user visited previously.

Table 10- Logo of the library web sites

Logo of the library on the No. of% of

web site

sitesthen=30

sites

Top-left corner of the site

1963.33%

Top-right corner of the site

013.33%

Left- bottom of the site

013.33%

No library logo on the web site

930%

Total

3099.99%

Table II - Global search feature

Graphics, images and multimedia

Graphics, images and multimedia can enhance tITeusageof the web site and facilitate learning(www.usability.gov). Library web sites have beenproviding some of the content through video/ audioformat. Since no library web site was found using audiocontents, analyzing audio feature has been left out fromthe study.

, "

Search feature

Search linkSearch box with button

Integrated search featureNo search featureTotal

I I I· I ·f ~ li I ,;i I ij

No. of sitesn=30

1310

06

0130

% of the sites

43.33%33.33%20%3.33%99.99%

<ljl,

II

RAJU & HARINARAYANA: AN ANALYSIS OF USABILITY FEATURES OF LIBRARY WEB SITES 119

One of Stanford's strengths IS our strong dedication to hi

serVices.

Fig. 15 - Default unvisited and visited link (blue-purple link

color) at the university of Sydney library web sites

Windows Media high (44.7MB! new window)

QuickTime Movie (Streaming, new window)

Windows Media med (31.4 MB, new window)

Production: Ueli Thalmann, Lu&erne

Production date: August 2005

Length: 9.5 min.

The film was developed within the context of t

celebrate the lSD-year anniversary of the ETH­

around the holdings, information sources and selwhich are presented by an actor in the form of .

Cinematic insight into the ETH-Bibliothek

Unvisited link

in red Color

V isited link in

brown color

Unvisited link in

blue color

Visited link in

purple color

Users of the library

Data and Software

Ask P. Libr arian

Classes

Online tlltorials

F.:lculty Liaison Librarians

Quick Reference

Search Library web site

Searching the Internet

Information Literacy

Fig. 16 - Visited and unvisited link at the Stanford universitylibrary web site

Fig. 17 - Vi:leo content at the SWISS Federal Institute ofTechnology

Search Library Pages

Fig. 18 - Cornell university library logo placed on the top left side of the web site

Fig. 19 - Explicit search feature at the Columbia University library web sites

Availability of multimedia features

Table 9 shows the availability of video contents on thelibrary web sites. Only three web sites (10%) have beenproviding video contents in their web sites. Interestinglythe Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, hasdeveloped a film about the library and its services

Fig. 20 - "Search" label placed inside of the text box with "Go"button

120

rsearChlANN. LIB. INF. STU., JUNE 2008

\Norld V-/ide V'/eb

Fig. 21 - Integrated search feature at Australian National University library web

(Fig. 17). The availability of multimedia features aodsvalue to the web sites. The advancement in web

technology has given ample opportunity to the webdesigner to produce or create content in different format

to enhance the usability of the web sites.

Logo of the library web sites

Logo helps user to identify the credibility of the web

sites. This feature helps users that they are on a particular

\veb site. Most of the web sites place their logo at the

top left corner of the web sites (as shown in the

Fig. 18)17,18. The result of the study also confirms the

most of the web sites (63.33%) have placed their logoon the top-left corner of the web site. It appears that ithas become a defacto standard. Table 10 summarizes

how the library logo has been placed on these libraryweb sites. Nine (30%) library web sites have not insertedthe logo of their library, but they have the logo of therespecti ve universities.Search

Search feature helps user to find information easily byentering the keywords or exploring further with advancedsearch feature. Home pages of the library web sites havebeen analyzed for the identification of the type of thesearch feature available on the web sites.

Table 11 shows the availability of the search features onthe library web sites. Almost all web sites have had onetype of global search features. Thirteen (43.33%) out of30 web sites have given explicit search link feature (Fig.19), 10 (34.48%) have provided search box with sometype of button to enter text or keyword (Fig. 20). As oneof the important functions of library is retrievinginformation, integrated features (Fig. 21) have been usedin 6 (20%) of the library web sites.

Conclusion

An attempt has been made in this study to analyze theusability features of 30 world's top science universities

library web sites. The study found that the web sitesare now emphasizing much on including embeddednavigation to save the screen real estate (50 % of the

web sites have included this feature). A previous studyon web usability done by Adkisson argues that embeddednavigation some time less obvious to the usersl9. Sixtythree percent of the web sites have placed their logo at

the top-left corner of the sites and this also in line with

the individual studies done by Bernard20 and Adkisson21•

Only 8 (27%) of the library web sites have made an

attempt to distinguish between vlsited and unvisited link

color, however the investigators have not made any

attempt to study the mouse roll-over behavior of the web

sites. Out of 8 library web sites only 3 (10%) of themhave used the default html color link (blue- purple), andothers have used different color link to represent thevisited and unvisited link color and there by violates theusability guidelines22• This also is not in line withNielsen's study on changing color of visited link23. Almostall library web sites have consisted one or the other typeof global search features on their web sites.

References

1. National Cancer Institute. Research-based web usability

guidelines, http://www.usability.org, Accessed on 25 June 2007

2. VandeCreek L M, Usability analysis of Northern Universitylibraries web sites: A case study, DCLC Systems and Services,

21(3) (2005) 181-192.

3. Harpel-Burke P, Library homepage design at medium sizeduniversities: A comparison to commercial homepages viaNielson and Tahir, DCLe Systems and Services, 21 (3)(2005) 193-208.

4. Nielson J, Change the color of visited link, Accessed in July 23,2007, from http://www.useiLcom/alertbox/20040503.html

5. Travis T N and Norlin E, Testing the competition: Usability ofcommercial information sites compared with academic libraryweb sites, College & Research Libraries, 63 (5) (2002) 433­48.

6. George C A, Usability testing and design of a library web site:An iterative approach, DCLC Systems and Services, 21 (3)(2005) 167-180.

, 'I I I ill Iii

RAJU & HARINARAYANA: AN ANALYSIS OF USABILITY FEATURES OF LIBRARY WEB SITES 121

7. McGillis L and Toms E G, Usability of the academic library

web site: Implications for design, College & Research Libraries,

62 (4) (2001) 355-67.

8. Nitecki D A and Hernon P, Measuring service quality at Yale

university libraries, Journal of Academic Librarianship, 26 (4)

(2000) 259-273.

9. Ward J L, Web site redesign: The university of Washington

libraries experience, OCLe System and Services, 22(3) (2005)207-216.

10. Shropshire S, Beyond the design and evaluation of library web

sites: An analysis and four case studies, Journal of Academic

Librarianship, 29(2) (2003) 95-101.

II. The Times Higher Education Supplement. Accessed in July 5,2007, from http://www.thes.co.uk/

12. Ha L and James E L, lnteractivity reexamined: A baseline

analysis of early business web sites, Journal of Broadcasting& Electronic Media, 42(4) (1998) 457-474.

13. Garret J A, Visual language for describing information

architecture and interaction design, http://www.jjg.net/ia/

visvocab/, Accessed on 3 July 2007

]4. Lynch P and Horton S, Web style guides, http://

webstyleguide.com, Accessed on 3 July 2007

15. Rosenfeld Land Morville P, Information architecture for the

lVorld wide web, 2nd edn, (0' Reilly; Cambridge), 2002, p.l­24.

16. Ibid. p.I-24

17. Adkisson H, Identifying de-facto standards for e-commerce

web sites, http://www.hpadkisson.com/papers/

hpa_thesis_finaI2.pdf, Accessed on 15 August 2007

18. Op cit 119. Opcit 1720. Ibid.

21. Op cit 1722. Op cit I23. Op cit 4

122ANN. LIB. INF. STD., JUNE 2008

Appendix-l

List of'Library Web Sites

SI. No.

3

4

5

6

9

10

11

12

13

15

16

17

ItS

19

20

2\

22

23

24

25

26

27

29

University

Cambridge University

Oxford University

University of California, Berkeley

Harvard Uni versity

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Princeton University

, Stanford University

California Institute ofTechnology

Imperial College London

Tokyo University

Swiss Federal Institute ofTechnology

(ETH Zurich)

Yale University

Cornell University

Australian National Universily

University of Chicago

University of Toronto

University of California. Los Angeles

National University of Singapore

University of Columbia

University of Texas at Austin

Melbourne University

University of lllinois

University of California, Santa Barban

Indian Institutes of Technology

University of Michigan

Sydney University

University of California, San Diego

Gottingen University

Seoul National University

Library web site

http://www.lib.cam.ac. uk/

http://www.ouls.ox.ac .uk/

http://www .1ib.berkeley.ed u/

http://li b.harvard.edu/

http://li braries .mi t.edu/

http://library. princeton.edul

http://www-sul.stanford.edu/

http://library.caltech.edu/

http://www3.imperial.ac .uk/Ii brary

http://www.lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index-e.html

http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/index_e.htm!

http://www.li brary. yale.edu/

http://www.comell.edu/li braries/

http://anulib.anu.edu.au/Ii b_home. html

http://wwwl.lib.uchicago.edu/elindex.php3

http://main.library.u toron to.ca/

http://www2 .1ibrary. uc Ia.ed u/

http://libpweb l.nus.edu.sg

http://www.co Iumbia.edu/cu/lwe b/

http://www.lib. utexas.edu/

http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/

http://www .Iibrary. uiuc .ed u

http://www.1i brary.ucsb.edul

http://www.iitd.ernet.in/l ibrary /index. html

http://www.lib.umich.edu/

http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/

http://libraries.ucsd.edu/

http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index-e.htm !

http://www. useoul.edu/

Country

UK

UK

us

us

US

US

us

US

us

Japan

Switzerland

US

US

Australia

US

Canada

US

Singapore

US

US

Australia

US

US

India

US

Australia

US

Germany

South Korea

30 New South Wales University http://info.library.unsw.edu.au/Welcome.html

Source.' The Tillles Higher Education Supplement hllp.'//www.thes.co.uk

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Australia