an analysis of the impact of the laptop programme initiative in the secondary section of markham...

7/21/2019 An Analysis of the impact of the Laptop Programme Initiative in the Secondary section of Markham College

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ZNC_JRVCTS @O BITM

Djpirthjnt ò Jdufitc`n

IN INILSVCV @O TMJ CHUIFT @O TMJ LIUT@U

UR@KRIHHJ CNCTCITC_J CN TMJ VJF@NDIRS VJFTC@N

@O HIRGMIH F@LLJKJ

Tmcs dcssjrtitc`n cs subhcttjd cn iff`rdinfj wctm

tmj rjqucrjhjnts o`r tmj djkrjj ò Histjr ò Irts

cn Jdufitc`n by f`hpljtc`n ò scx tiukmt uncts ind

dcssjrtitc`n

HIRCJLI JLLJN FIVTR@ G@MLJR

255=



cc

F@USRCKMT

Ittjntc`n cs driwn t` tmj oift tmit tmj f`pyrckmt ò tmcs dcssjrtitc`n rjsts wctm cts iutm r. Tmcs

f`py ò tmj dcssjrtitc`n mis bjjn supplcjd `n f`ndctc`n tmit iny`nj wm` f`nsults ct cs undjrst``d

t` rjf`kncsj tmit cts f`pyrckmt rjsts wctm cts iutm`r ind tmit n` qu`titc`n or`h tmj dcssjrtitc`n ind

n` cno`rhitc`n djrcvjd or`h ct hiy bj publcsmjd wctmùt tmj prc`r wrcttjn f`nsjnt ò tmj iutm`r.

Vcknjd ………………………………………

DCVFLICHJR

Tmj `pcnc`ns jxprjssjd cn tmcs w`rg irj jntcrjly tm`sj ò tmj iutm`r ind d` n`t rjprjsjnt cn iny

wiy tmj vcjws ò Hirgmih F`lljkj–s prjsjnt idhcncstritc`n.



ccc

IFGN@[LJDKJHJNTV

C wùld lcgj t` tigj tmcs `pp`rtuncty t` ifgn`wljdkj [cllcih A. Bigjr, Jsq., tmj vcsc`niry

Mjidhistjr wctmùt wm`h tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj it Hirgmih F`lljkj wùld n`t mivj bjjn

p`sscblj ind t` wm`h C djdcfitj tmcs dcssjrtitc`n.

Mj wis in cnspcrcnk ljidjr ind hjnt`r or`h wm`h C ljirnt s` hufm ibùt jdufitc`n,

p`lcfy, cnn`vitc`n ind sfm``l hinikjhjnt. Tmcs rjsjirfm wùld n`t mivj bjjn p`sscblj wctmùt

mcs oull supp`rt ind fircnk kucdinfj. C ih ils` vjry kritjoul o`r tmj `pp`rtuncty ind

rjsp`nscbclcty mj kivj hj tmrùkmùt tmjsj yjirs, trustcnk hj t` ljid hy f`lljikujs cn sufm

cnn`vitcvj pr`krihhj wmcfm mid i trjhjndùs cnolujnfj `n hy firjjr is rjoljftjd cn tmcs

d`fuhjnt.

Tmcs dcssjrtitc`n wùld n`t mivj bjjn p`sscblj jctmjr wctmùt tmj supp`rt, f``pjritc`n

ind pitcjnfj ò Hirgmih F`lljkj–s tjifmjrs, pirjnts, ind studjnts. Tmjy wcllcnkly rjsp`ndjd t`

tmj qujstc`nnicrjs tmrùkmùt tmj yjirs ò study, f`ntrcbutjd wctm sukkjstc`ns, pirtcfcpitjd cn

cntjrvcjws ind ill`wjd hj t` bjf`hj i rjkulir vcsct`r cn tmj flissr``h.

Ocnilly, C wint t` djjply tming hy oihcly ind orcjnds o`r tmjcr pitcjnfj, supp`rt ind

pjrs`nil sifrcocfj, jndurcnk hy pr`l`nkjd mùrs it w`rg, cnfludcnk wjjgjnds, tmrùkmùt tmj

chpljhjntitc`n ò tmcs pr`krihhj ind tmj subsjqujnt rjsjirfm study.



cv

IBVTRIFT

Tmj ich ò tmj study cn tmcs dcssjrtitc`n wis t` f`nduft in inilyscs ò tmj ocrst yjir ò

chpljhjntitc`n ò tmj lipt`p cnctcitcvj o`r tmj Zppjr Vfm``l it Hirgmih F`lljkj, cn 2559. Tmcs

pjrc`d wis fm`sjn o`r tmj study is tmj pr`krihhj stirtjd is i pcl`t wctm lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p

krùps ind ct brùkmt ibùt sckncocfint fminkjs cn sjvjril sfm``l ispjfts tmit ioojftjd stioo,

studjnts ind pirjnts. Tmjsj fminkjs mid i f`nscdjriblj chpift `n tmj tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk ò

tmj vircùs ifidjhcf subajfts is wjll is `n tmj Vfm``l–s idhcncstritc`n ind tmj oihcly

`rkincsitc`n7 fminkjs wmcfm irj stcll cn priftcfj it prjsjnt.

O`r tmj purp`sj ò tmcs rjsjirfm, quilctitcvj hjtm`ds mivj bjjn usjd o`r diti f`lljftc`n

ind inilyscs, `n tmj ljvjls ò tjifmjr jntmuscish ind pr`krihhj jxpjftitc`ns, chpift `n tjifmcnk

styljs, usjs ò CT cn tmj flissr``h, studjnt–s ittctudj ind sgclls ind pirjntil pjrfjptc`ns ò tmj

chpift it m`hj. Tmj prchiry sùrfjs ò diti f`lljftc`n wjrj strufturjd qujstc`nnicrjs supp`rtjd

by sjhc-strufturjd, cn-djptm cntjrvcjws ind flissr``h `bsjrvitc`ns. Yuintctitcvj hjtm`ds wjrj

usjd t` hjisurj chpift `n studjnt ifmcjvjhjnt, inilyzcnk jnd ò yjir jxihcnitc`n kridjs

ifr`ss lipt`p sjts uscnk tmj n`n-lipt`p sjts is i f`ntr`l krùp ind ocnil yjir ivjrikjs is

bùndircjs. Tmj inilyscs ò tmj f`lljftjd diti wis bisjd `n tibulir ind kripmcfil inilyscs t`

driw tmj f`nflusc`ns.

Tmj ocndcnks ò tmj study rjvjiljd tmit iltmùkm tmjrj wjrj s`hj pjrfjcvjd driwbifgs, tmj

p`tjntcil ò lipt`ps is in jdufitc`n t``l ind cts bjnjocts ùtwjckmjd tmjh. Tmj ocndcnks ils`

pr`vcdjd tmj krùnds o`r pr`krihhj kjnjrilcsitc`n, rjh`vcnk tmj mivj ind mivj-n`ts sctuitc`n

pr`vcdcnk jquil iffjss ind `pp`rtuncty t` ill studjnts cn tmj pr`krihhj yjirs.



v

IZTM@R DJFLIRITC@N

9 Tmj iutm r mis n`t bjjn rjkcstjrjd o`r iny `tmjr ifidjhcf iwird durcnk tmj pjrc d ò

rjkcstritc`n o`r tmcs study.

2 Tmj hitjrcil cnfludjd cn tmcs dcssjrtitc`n mis n t bjjn subhcttjd wm lly `r cn pirt o`r iny

`tmjr ifidjhcf iwird.

6 Tmj pr`krihhj ò idvinfjd study ò wmcfm tmcs dcssjrtitc`n cs pirt mis cnfludjd

f`hpljtc`n ò tmj o`ll`wcnk uncts1

` Hjtm`ds ò Jdufitc`nil Jnqucry

` Issjsshjnt

` Jviluitc`n

` Cntr`duftc`n t` Jdufitc`nil Hinikjhjnt

` Hinikjhjnt ò Cnn`vitc`n

` Jdufitc`n cn in Cntjrnitc`nil F`ntjxt

4 [mjrj iny hitjrcil mis bjjn prjvcùsly subhcttjd is pirt ò in isscknhjnt wctmcn iny ò

tmjsj uncts, ct cs fljirly cdjntcocjd.

Hircjli Fistr`

Ainuiry 255=



vc

TIBLJ @O F@NTJNTV

F@USRCKMT .................................................................................................................... cc

DCVFLICHJR ................................................................................................................... cc

IFGN@[LJDKJHJNTV ...................................................................................... ccc

IBVTRIFT ........................................................................................................................ cv

IZTM@R DJFLIRITC@N ......................................................................................... vc

LCVT @O IBBRJ_CITC@NV ....................................................................................... vcc

FMIUTJR 9CNTR@DZFTC@N ........................................................................................................9

FMIUTJR 2HIRGMIH–V LIUT@U UR@KRIHHJ CNCTCITC_J ....................................6

FMIUTJR 6LIUT@U CNCTCITC_JV CN @TMJR VFM@@LV ............................................. 956.9 Hjtm`dcsts Lidcjs F`lljkj (HLF)6.2 Trcncty Krihhir

FMIUTJR 4LCTJRITZRJ RJ_CJ[ ......................................................................................... 96

FMIUTJR :HJTM@D@L@KS .................................................................................................... 29:.9 Niturj `o tmj Rjsjirfm:.2 Rjsjirfm qujstc`n ind cssujs:.6 Hjisurcnk chpift ind diti f`lljftc`ns:.4 Yujstc`nnicrj djsckn:.:. Ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns:.? Cntjrvcjws

:.; Kridj inilyscs

FMIUTJR ? INILSVCV @O RJVZLTV ....................................................................................... 45?.9 Tjifmjr–s pjrspjftcvj ?.2 Vtudjnt–s pjrspjftcvj ?.6 Uirjnt–s pjrspjftcvj ?.4. Ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns?.: Cntjrvcjws?.? Kridj inilyscs



vcc

F@NFLZVC@NV ......................................................................................................... 95:

BCBLC@KRIUMS / RJOJRJNFJV ....................................................................... 996

IUUJNDC] 9 ‖ Ljttjr or`h studjnts ....................................................................... 99?

IUUJNDC] 2 ‖ Tricncnk sfmjhj .............................................................................. 99;

IUUJNDC] 6 ‖ Yujstc`nnicrjs, cntjrvcjws ind bsjrvitc`n o`rhs .................. 993

6.9 Vtioo Yujstc`nnicrjs6.2 Vtudjnt Yujstc`nnicrjs6.6 Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrjs6.4 Lipt`p Ljss`n @bsjrvitc`n O`rh6.: Cntjrvcjw Kucdjs

IUUJNDC] 4 ‖ Tibljs `o f`lljftjd diti o`r inilyscs ............................................ 963

4.9 Vtioo Yujstc`nnicrjs Rjsults (Jxfjl Jxtrift)6.2 Vtudjnt Yujstc`nnicrjs Rjsults (Jxfjl Jxtrift)6.6 Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrjs Rjsults (Jxfjl Jxtrift)6.4 Lipt`p Ljss`n @bsjrvitc`n O`rh Rjsults (Jxfjl Jxtrift)6.: Cntjrvcjw Rjf`rdcnks (Vfmjdulj ind Trinsfrcpt)



vccc

LCVT @O IBBRJ_CITC@NV

FCJ Zncvjrscty o Fihbrcdkj Cntjrnitc`nil Jxihcnitc`ns

CB Cntjrnitc`nil Biffiliurjitj

CT Cno`rhitc`n Tjfmn`l`ky

CFT Cno`rhitc`n ind F`hhuncfitc`ns Tjfmn`l`ky

CKFVJ Cntjrnitc`nil Kjnjril Fjrtcocfitj `o Vjf`ndiry Jdufitc`n

HCT Hissifmusjtts Cnstctutj o Tjfmn`l`ky

HLF Hjtm`dcst Lidcjs F`lljkj

NFRJL N`rtm Fjntril Rjkc`nil Jdufitc`nil Lib`rit`ry

@LUF @nj-Lipt`p-Ujr-Fmcld cnctcitcvj

UF Ujrs`nil F`hputjr

VIT Vjnc`r Idhcncstritcvj Tjih

ZG Znctjd Gcnkd`h

[IN [cdj Irji Njtw`rg

[FFJ [`rld F`nojrjnfj `o F`hputjrs cn Jdufitc`n



9

FMIUTJR 9CNTR@DZFTC@N

Hirgmih F`lljkj cs i Ujruvcin prcvitj, f`-jdufitc`nil, bclcnkuil sfm``l wmcfm m`lds in

jxfjlljnt rjputitc`n duj t` cts jxtjrnil jxihcnitc`n rjsults or`h cntjrnitc`nil jxihcncnk bìrds

sufm is tmj CB ind FCJ, ind duj t` tmj cnfrjiscnkly mckm nuhbjr ò studjnts kicncnk uncvjrscty

jntrinfj, jctmjr l`filly `r ibrìd, chhjdcitjly `r sm`rtly iotjr kriduitcnk or`h sfm``l.

It tmj tchj ò tmcs rjsjirfm, Hirgmih F`lljkj mid ippr xchitjly ncnj-mundrjd studjnts ind

sjvjnty tjifmcnk stioo cn tmj Zppjr Vfm``l9. Tmùkm tmcs sjftc`n mid bjjn uscnk ind ipplycnk CFT

o`r tmj pist jljvjn yjirs `r s`, ct mid ilwiys bjjn `n i lib-bisjd sctuitc`n. Cnctcilly, tmj f`hputjr

libs wjrj usjd t` tjifm f`hputjr sgclls ind i spjfcilcst CKFVJ F`hputjr Vtudcjs fùrsj, but

kriduilly tmj sfm``l h`vjd t`wirds tmj dcrjftc`n ò ipplycnk tmj f`hputjr sgclls t` `tmjr subajft

irjis ind hidj tmj usj ò jdufitc`nil sòtwirj wcdjsprjid.

Ct wis ils` tmj tchj, cn wmcfm tmj Vfm``l djvjl`pjd cts cnoristrufturj or`h i lib ò tmcrty stind-

il`nj pjrs`nil f`hputjrs t` tw` njtw`rgjd libs wctm scxty w`rgstitc`ns, pr`vcdcnk studjnts ind

stioo wctm i wjiltm ò smirjd rjsùrfjs ind jnminfjd CT sgclls. Tmcs rjsultjd cn i f`nscdjriblj

cnfrjisj ò f`hputjr lib usj, n`t `nly by tmj CT Djpirthjnt stioo but ils` by `tmjr tjifmcnk stioo

ind studjnts cn kjnjril. Tmcs jxpindcnk usj ind ipplcfitc`n ò tjfmn`l`ky rjsultjd cn tmj

chpljhjntitc`n ò i tmcrd f`hputjr lib. Tmj tmrjj njtw`rg libs wjrj oully b``gjd jvjry diy ò tmj

wjjg by dcoojrjnt djpirthjnts ind tmjy wjrj ils` hidj ivicliblj bjo rj tmj stirt o ljss ns, durcnk

brjig tchjs, iotjr sfm``l ind jvjn `n Viturdiy h`rncnks.

Tmj stindird usj kcvjn t` tmjsj f`hputjr wjrj jctmjr ipplycnk kjnjrcf sòtwirj sufm is w`rd

pr`fjss`rs o`r wrctcnk jssiys `r djvjl`pcnk pràjfts, sprjidsmjjts o`r inilyscnk diti, Cntjrnjt o`r

9 Zppjr Vfm``l 1 tmj Vjf`ndiry sjftc`n o tmj sfm``l, cnv`lvcnk Urchiry ? , Vjf`ndiry 9 t` 4, L`wjr ind Zppjr B



2

cno`rhitc`n sjirfmjs, `r spjfcocf djpirthjnt-bisjd sòtwirj sufm is @hnckripm 2 o`r Hitms,

VchFcty o`r Kj`kripmy, Vfcjnfj schulitc`ns ind Orjnfm, Vpincsm ind Jnklcsm linkuikj sòtwirj.

Iotjr i ojw yjirs ò w`rgcnk cn njtw`rgjd lib jnvcr`nhjnts, tmj Mjidhistjr it tmj tchj,

[cllcih A. Bigjr, tm ukmt ct wis tchj t` h vj imjid `nfj ikicn. Vjvjril qujstc`ns wjrj tmr wn it

tmj Ifidjhcf F`hhcttjj ‖ wmjrj d`js tmj sfm``l k` or`h mjrj0 M`w fin wj oifclctitj stioo ind pupcls jquil

iffjss t` tjfmn`l`ky ind ipply ct t` cts oull p`tjntcil cn bjnjoct ò tmj ljirncnk pr`fjss0 D` wj f`ntcnuj bucldcnk up

ocxjd djsgt`p libs0 D` wj f`nvjrt jifm flissr``h cnt` i lib0 D` wj plifj flustjrs ò djsgt`ps wctm njtw rg iffjss

irùnd tmj sfm``l fihpus0

In cntjrjstcnk cnctcitcvj m`wjvjr wis `n cts wiy cn `tmjr sfm` ls ò fùntrcjs lcgj Iustrilci,

Njw Qjilind, Znctjd Gcnkd`h ind tmj Znctjd Vtitjs, s`hj k`cnk is oir bifg is tjn yjirs wmjn

wj wjrj stcll w`rgcnk n stind il`nj f`hputjrs ‖ tmj usj ò p`rtiblj f`hputjrs cn jdufitc`n.

2 @hnckripm1 i kripm pr`fjss`r tmit pl`ts jquitc`ns, pjro`rh trinso`rhitc`ns n kripms ind tmjr smipjs7 kripm djrcvitcvjs ind

cntjkrils7 sm`w f`hpiss p`cnt s`lutc`ns ò dcoojrjntcil jquitc`ns, ocnd irjis undjr furvjs, `r kridcjnts, `r sm`w tmj s`lutc`n

ò dcoojrjntcil jquitc`ns.



6

FMIUTJR 2

HIRGMIH–V LIUT@U UR@KRIHHJ CNCTCITC_J

Cn 933:, iotjr ittjndcnk tmj [`rld F`nojrjnfj ò F`hputjrs cn Jdufitc`n ([FFJ –3:,

Bcrhcnkmih, ZG), tmj Mjid ò CT6 it tmj tchj, prjsjntjd tmj lipt`p cnctcitcvj cdji t` tmj

Mjidhistjr wm` by tmjn tmùkmt ct wis i rcsgy ind jxpjnscvj `ptc`n ind tmit Hirgmih wisn–t

rjidy o`r sufm in jdufitc`nil rjv`lutc`n. M`wjvjr, mj dcd rjf`knczj p`tjntcil cn tmj oift tmit

studjnts fùld tigj i lipt`p m`hj ind f`ntcnuj w`rgcnk wctmùt bjcnk lchctjd t` i sfm``l

tchjtiblj `r ocxjd sfm``l mùrs. Mj tmùkmt ò tmj cdji ò i flissr``h wctmùt wills, ò i sfm``l

wctm ut i tchjtiblj, ò tjifmjrs bjf`hcnk hjnt rs `r idvcs rs. M`wjvjr njctmjr stioo, studjnts

n`r pirjnts, wjrj rjidy t` oifj sufm krùnd-brjigcnk cnn`vitc`n cn Ujru n`r wjrj tmjrj iny

gn`wn fisjs d`fuhjntjd o`r Litcn Ihjrcfi it tmcs stikj.

Djspctj tmcs, cn 933?, tmj ocrst sfm``l lipt`p wis bùkmt s` tmit tmj Mjid ò CT fùld usj ct ind

inilysj cts p`tjntcil is i t``l o`r tjifmjrs cn tmj flissr``h ind cnvjstckitj wiys cn wmcfm ct fùld bj

ipplcjd t` jnminfj tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk. Is i rjsult ò tmcs “jxpjrchjnt‘, by @ft`bjr ò tmj sihj

yjir, tmj studjnts ò `nj ò tmj tjifmcnk krùps wr`tj i ljttjr t` tmj Mjidhistjr rjqujstcnk t` usj

lipt`ps “cnstjid ò n`tjb``gs… wctm ill subajfts jxfjpt o`r irt, sfcjnfj ind hitms ‘ s` tmit “m`hjw`rg fùld bj

mindjd cn is prcntùts `r cn dcsgjttjs ‘ (sjj Ippjndcx 9 ).

Tmj Mjidhistjr stcll tmùkmt tmj Vfm` l wis n`t rjidy o`r i wm`lj-sfm` l pr`krihhj but

ill`wjd tmj sjnc`r CB studjnts wm` mid lipt`ps it m`hj t` brcnk tmjh t` sfm``l ind mjnfj

pr`vcdj i studjnt pjrspjftcvj t` tmj cnctcil study. Djspctj bjcnk i prcvitj sfm``l ò h`stly wjll-òo

studjnts, `nly tmrjj studjnts ò tmj CB F`hputjr Vfcjnfj fliss mid lipt`ps it m`hj wmcfm tmjy

brùkmt t` sfm``l ind, wctm pjrhcssc`n ò tmjcr tjifmjrs, usjd tmjh t` tigj n`tjs ind t` prjsjnt

6 Tmj Mjid ò CT - Hircjli Fistr`



4

m`hjw`rg is sukkjstjd. [ctm tmj mjlp ò njtw`rg fibljs tmjy fùld ils` kicn lchctjd iffjss t` tmj

Cntjrnjt ind j-hicl wmclj cn tmj f`hputjr libs, but n`t cn `rdcniry flissr``hs.

I ojw tjifmjrs stirtjd t` sjj s`hj p`tjntcil cn tmcs ipprìfm but wjrj unsurj ò m`w ct fùld

ill oct. Iotjr i ojw dcsfussc`ns it tmj Ifidjhcf F`hhcttjj, ct wis ikrjjd t` jnsurj, ocrst ò ill, tmit

ill Hirgmih stioo smùld mivj tmj sihj `r schclir CT sgclls t` mjlp tmjh ipply CT h`rj joojftcvjly

cn tmj flissr``h, rjkirdljss ò tmj typj ò f`hputjr usjd. Ind s`, cn 933;, tmj Hirgmih CT

Dcpl`hi cnctcitcvj wis liunfmjd (sjj Ippjndcx 2.9 ). Jvjn tmùkm s`hj tjifmjrs wjrj ilrjidy uscnk

tmj libs wctm kjnjril-purp`sj sòtwirj sufm is w`rd-pr`fjss`rs ind sprjidsmjjts, ind `tmjrs lcgj

Orjnfm, Hitms, Vfcjnfj ind Kj`kripmy wctm spjfcocf jdufitc`nil sòtwirj, tmjrj wis stcll i l`nk

wiy t` k` bjo rj tmcngcnk ò tigcnk ill tmcs or`h tmj libs cnt tmj flissr``h, or`h i ocxjd djsgt`p

cnoristrufturj t` i p`rtiblj jnvcr`nhjnt.

[ctm tmj Hirgmih CT Dcpl`hi, jvjry nj or`h Jirly Sjirs t` Zppjr Vfm` l, tjifmcnk ind

idhcncstritcvj stioo, mid tmj tricncnk `pp`rtunctcjs t` ifqucrj `r rjorjsm tmjcr CT sgclls cn irjis sufm

is f`hputjr biscfs ind oclj hinikjhjnt, Cntjrnjt ind J-hicl, [`rd-pr`fjsscnk, Vprjidsmjjts,

Ditibisjs ind Urjsjntitc`ns. @n ocnilcscnk jifm h`dulj tmjy mid t` sct priftcfil jxihcnitc`ns o`r

wmcfm tmjy fùld ifmcjvj tmj kridjs oicl, piss, k``d piss ind vjry k``d piss, djpjndcnk `n tmj

ljvjl ò f`hpjtjnfy rjifmjd. Vtioo wm` tmùkmt tmjhsjlvjs f`hpjtjnt cn i spjfcocf h`dulj fùld

sct tmj rjljvint jxihcnitc`n wctmùt ittjndcnk ljss`ns but co tmjy oicljd tmjy mid t` ittjnd tmj

h`dulj ljss`ns ind rj-sct tmj jxih.

Ljss`ns o`r tmj CT Dcpl`hi wjrj tiukmt by tmj CT ifidjhcf stioo durcnk tmj wjjg, cn tmj

iotjrn``n, ind tmj f`ntjnt wis kjirjd t`wirds dcrjft ipplcfitc`n ò CT sgclls t` i vircjty ò

jdufitc`nil pràjfts. Tmj cdji ò brcnkcnk cn tmcrd-pirty tjifmcnk stioo or`h f`hpincjs sufm is

Hcfr`sòt `r f`hputjr-tricncnk cnstctutc`ns wis ibind`njd is tmjcr furrcfuluh wis t`` buscnjss-

`rcjntjd ritmjr tmin jdufitc`nilly-`rcjntjd. Tmj idvintikj ò d`cnk in cn-mùsj fùrsj wis tmit ill

priftcfil jxihpljs ind iftcvctcjs fùld bj driwn dcrjftly or`h flissr``h jxpjrcjnfjs7 jvjn tmj



:

iftcvctcjs wrcttjn o`r tmj idhcncstritc`n stioo wjrj bisjd `n Vfm``l idhcncstritc`n fisjs. Cn tmcs

wiy stioo fùld ocnd dcrjft rjljvinfj ind ipplcfitc`n ò tmj sgclls tiukmt. Tmcs wis sjjn is i gjy

cssuj t` bj trinshcttjd t` tjifmcnk stioo o`r i suffjssoul cntjkritc`n ò CT cn jdufitc`n ‖ t` bucld

pràjfts tmit cnf`rp`ritj CT sgclls wmcfm irj n`t tiukmt cn cs`litc`n but tmit rjlitj ind fin bj

ipplcjd t` `tmjr subajft irjis s` tmit wmit cs ljirnt cs usjoul, hjincnkoul ind njvjr o`rk`ttjn.

By 933= h`st tjifmjrs wjrj milowiy tmrùkm tmjcr dcpl`hi ind i ojw sjnc`r stioo ilrjidy

`bticnjd tmjcrs is tmjy wjrj gjjn usjrs ò f`hputjrs cn tmjcr diy-t`-diy idhcncstritc`n tisgs ind

mid iffuhulitjd sckncocfint jxpjrcjnfj. Tmj cdji wis tmit by tmj jnd ò 9333 ill stioo wùld bj

oully tricnjd cn prjpiritc`n o`r tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj. Tmcs wis ils` tcjd t` tmj ippricsil systjh it

tmj tchj s` tmit wis in iddctc`nil cnfjntcvj o`r ill stioo t` `bticn tmjcr CT quilcocfitc`n.

Bjtwjjn 933; ind 933=, tmj Mjid ò CT n`t `nly firrcjd ùt jxtjnscvj `n-lcnj rjsjirfm ibùt

tjifmcnk wctm lipt`ps but ils` trcjd t` ipply s`hj ò tmcs t` tmj diy-t`-diy tjifmcnk ò tmj Hcddlj

Vfm``l CT, tmj CKFVJ F`hputjr Vtudcjs ind CB F`hputjr Vfcjnfj fùrsjs. Tmj rjsult ò tmcs trcil

pjrc`d pr`vcdjd tmj biscs o`r tmj cntjrnil CFT Djvjl`phjnt Urjlchcniry Histjr Ulin d`fuhjnt

jntctljd “Tmj [iy Imjid cn tmj Njxt Hclljnncuh ‘ (Fistr` H, 933=), prjsjntjd t` tmj Mjidhistjr cn

N`vjhbjr 933=. Cn tmcs d`fuhjnt, tmj kucdjlcnjs o`r cnf`rp`ritcnk lipt`ps is i t``l t` icd cn tmj

joojftcvj cntjkritc`n ò tjfmn`l`ky cn tmj tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk jnvcr`nhjnt wjrj licd ùt ind tmj

cnctcil hcssc`n stitjhjnt ind `bajftcvjs wjrj cdjntcocjd. Ct biscfilly o`ll`wjd tmj Inytchj Inywmjrj

Ljirncnk Chpljhjntitc`n Ulin Tjhplitj (Hcfr`sòt 933=), wctm cdjis jxtriftjd or`h T`smcbi–s

N`tjb` gs o`r Vfm``ls 4 Ur`krih ind or`h fisj studcjs ò pirtcfcpitcnk sfm``ls lcgj tmj Hjtm`dcst

Lidcjs F`lljkj, Hjlbùrnj, Iustrilci.

Ils`, by 933=, tjfmn`l`ky mid jv lvjd ripcdly ind tmjrj wjrj n`w h`rj oivùriblj f`ndctc`ns

wmcfm ljid t` bjlcjvj tmit i lipt`p cnctcitcvj wis h`rj tmin ojiscblj1 lipt`p f`hputjr prcfjs mid

4 T`smcbi N`tjb``gs o`r Vfm``ls1 mttp1//www.fsd.t`smcbi.f`h/jdPk`v/cndjx.mthl

http://www.csd.toshiba.com/ed_gov/index.html






?

dr`ppjd d`wn t` i rjis`niblj ljvjl, tmj hifmcnjs wjrj is p`wjroul is i djsgt`p, tmj bittjrcjs

listjd l`nkjr (2+mrs), wcrjljss f`hhuncfitc`n djvjl`phjnts wjrj `n tmjcr wiy ind stioo wjrj n`t

`nly f`hputjr lctjritj but mid rjljvint jxpjrcjnfj cn ipplycnk tjfmn`l`ky cn tmjcr ljss`ns. O`r tmj

Mjidhistjr, tmcs wis tmj rckmt tchj t` tmcng ò in jdufitc`nil smcot tigcnk idvintikj ò tmj

cno`rhitc`n ind f`hhuncfitc`ns tjfmn`l`ky rjv`lutc`n - tmcs wis tmj tchj t` tmcng ò tmj lipt`p

pr`krihhj o`r Hirgmih.

Cn tmj Urjlchcniry Histjr Ulin (933= p 9), ct wis sukkjstjd tmit “ Hirgmih–s CFT oifclctcjs smùld

jxcst ocrst ind o`rjh`st, o`r tmj purp`sj ò jdufitc`n ‘ wctm cts hicn `bajftcvj t` “jniblj studjnts t` h`vj or`h

bjcnk pisscvj ljirnjrs t` iftcvj ljirnjrs, `wnjrs ò tmjcr `wn ljirncnk pitm, tmrùkm tmj sgcloul usj ò cno`rhitc`n ind

f`hhuncfitc`ns tjfmn`l`ky t``ls ‘.

T` oulocl tmcs hcssc`n, ocvj kjnjril `bajftcvjs ò tjfmn l`ky ind f hputjr usj wjrj cdjntcocjd1

Is i ljirncnk t``l 1 mivcnk tmj f`hputjr ivicliblj cn tmj ljirncnk jnvcr`nhjnt `n wmcfm t`

ljirn sgclls ind ifqucrj gn`wljdkj ind priftcfil jxpjrcjnfj

Is i frjitcvj t``l 1 uscnk tmj f`hputjr t` wrctj isscknhjnts ind f`hbcnj chikjs, kripmcfs,

inchitc`n, sùnds, fmirts ind tjxt cnt` hultchjdci prjsjntitc`ns tmit jnminfj tmj

jxprjssc`n ò cdjis, fr`ss-furrcfulir f`nfjpts ind dcoojrcnk p`cnts ò vcjw

Is in inilytcfil, pr`bljh-s`lvcnk t``l 1 uscnk tmj f`hputjr t` rjf`rd, filfulitj ind inilysj

quintctitcvj cno`rhitc`n t` myp`tmjsjs, t` isg “wmit co‘ qujstc`ns ind undjrstind tmj

rjsults ò sufm inilyscs.

Is i f`hhuncfitc`ns t``l 1 uscnk tmj f`hputjr t` jxfminkj cdjis ih`nkst dcoojrjnt krùps ò

usjrs vci jljftr`ncf hicl, vcdj` f`nojrjnfcnk ind dcsfussc`n krùps `r o`ruhs

Is i rjsjirfm t``l 1 uscnk tmj f`hputjr t` l`fitj cno`rhitc`n or`h b`tm cnscdj ind ùtscdj tmj

sfm``l, ind t` dcsfrchcnitj bjtwjjn cno`rhitc`n tmit cs iffuritj, trutmoul, ind usjoul, ind

cno`rhitc`n tmit cs cniffuritj, oilsj `r cnsuoocfcjntly supp`rtjd by oifts ind f`rr`b`ritc`n.



;

Tmj Mjidhistjr t``g `n bìrd tmcs prjlchcniry histjr plin ind or`h tmjrj licd d`wn tmj

kucdjlcnjs ò in `vjrill tjfmn`l`ky plin cn wmit mj filljd tmj Tmcrd Djvjl`phjnt Ulin 9333-2555 ‖

Tmj [iy Imjid . Mj ojlt tmit tmj F`lljkj mid rjifmjd in ifidjhcf ind tjfmn`l`kcfil plitjiu ind

mjnfj ct wis rjidy o`r i sckncocfint jdufitc`nil rjv`lutc`n.

In CFT F`hhcttjj wis o`rhjd, fmicrjd by tmj Mjidhistjr ind mivcnk, is pjrhinjnt

hjhbjrs, tmj Vfm``l Dcrjft`r, tmj Bursir, tmj Vjnc`r Histjr, tmj Vystjhs Hinikjr, tmj Mjid ò

CT ind tmj L`wjr Vfm``l CT tjifmjr. Tmcs F`hhcttjj wis t` bj rjsp`nscblj o`r tmj p`lcfy

djvjl`phjnt ind djfcsc`n-higcnk ò ill ispjfts rjojrrcnk t` tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj ind tmj

Vfm``l f`hputjr systjhs. Tmj tisgs wjrj krùpjd is1

9. Mirdwirj ind f`hhuncfitc`ns cnoristrufturj t` supp`rt tmj pr`krihhj 1 tmj ocbrj `ptcf bifgb`nj ò

tmj Zppjr Vfm``l fihpus7 wcrjljss iffjss p`cnts cn Zppjr Vfm``l flissr``hs7 tmj ridc`-

lcng f`nnjftc`n bjtwjjn Zppjr Vfm``l ind L`wjr Vfm``l fihpusjs frjitcnk i [cdj Irji

Njtw`rg ([IN) t` smirj cno`rhitc`n ind Cntjrnjt iffjss7 tw` njw libs cn tmj L`wjr

Vfm``l t` jxtjnd CFT usj ind ipplcfitc`n7 tmj upkridj ò tmj f`hputjrs ind tmj

chpljhjntitc`n ò i shill lib cn tmj Jirly Sjirs Vjftc`n7 tmj purfmisj ò lipt`ps o`r

tjifmcnk stioo cn tmj Zppjr Vfm``l ind gjy sjnc`r stioo cn L`wjr Vfm``l ind Jirly Sjirs

sjftc`ns7 lipt`p sjfurcty, cnsurinfj, hicntjninfj ind wirrinty p`lcfcjs.

2. Jdufitc`nil cnoristrufturj 1 tmj djsckn ind djvjl`phjnt ò tmj sfm``l–s Cntrinjt o`r

idhcncstritc`n ind jdufitc`nil purp`sjs7 tmj djsckn ind chpljhjntitc`n ò tmj Ipplcjd

Tjfmn`l`ky subajft rjplifcnk tmj tridctc nil CT subajft cn in joo rt t djh`nstritj m`w t`

tjifm cntjkritcnk CFT joojftcvjly7 stioo ind studjnt tricncnk7 sòtwirj lcfjnscnk ikrjjhjnts.

Cn N`vjhbjr 9333, tmj p`st ò CFT F`-`rdcnit`r wis frjitjd. Tmj pjrs`n ipp`cntjd wùld bj

rjsp`nscblj o`r hinikcnk tmj chpljhjntitc`n ò tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj ind tmj Jdufitc`nil



=

Cntrinjt t` supp`rt ct. Tmj CFT F`-`rdcnit`r–s: ocrst tisg wis t` vcsct lipt`p sfm``ls cn tmj ZG ind

Iustrilci durcnk tmj sfm``l brjig or`h Ainuiry t` Ojbruiry 2555, t` `bsjrvj sufm pr`krihhjs cn

`pjritc`n, ind prjpirj tmj iftc`n plin t` f`ns`lcditj tmj usj ò lipt`ps by stioo or`h Hirfm 2555

`nwirds, wctm i vcjw t` stirt tmj pr`krihhj r`llcnk o`r studjnts cn Hirfm 2559.

Tmrùkmùt tmj yjir 2555, stioo w`rgjd uscnk tmjcr lipt`ps, djsckncnk cnstruftc`nil hitjrcil t`

bj publcsmjd `n tmj Cntrinjt, ind uscnk tmj flissr``h diy-t`-diy idhcncstritc`n h`duljs

djvjl`pjd o`r tmjh. Tmcs mjlpjd tmjh kicn priftcfj ind f`nocdjnfj wctm tmj t``l.

Cn 2559 tmj pr`krihhj wis r`lljd-ùt is i pcl`t o`r studjnts cn Vjf`ndiry yjirs 9, 2 ind 6,

sjttcnk is hicn `bajftcvjs tm`sj pjrfjcvjd is bjcnk cn lcnj wctm 29st Fjntury sgclls. F`nscdjrcnk tmit

cno`rhitc`n ind f`hhuncfitc`ns tjfmn`l`ky trinso`rhjd ùr w`rld cnt` in cno`rhitc`n-bisjd,

kl`bil s`fcjty wmjrj, is ioocrhjd by NFRJL? rjp`rt, “yjstjrdiy–s jdufitc`n cs n`t suoocfcjnt o`r

t`diy–s ljirnjr‘ (2556, p.4), tmj sfm``l bjlcjvjd tmit studjnts mid t` bj prjpirjd tmrùkm tmj

ifqucsctc`n ò sgclls wmcfm wùld ill`w tmjh t` cntjkritj tmjhsjlvjs ind w`rg suffjssoully cn tmj

dckctil s`fcjty tmjy wùld oifj iotjr sfm``l ind bjy`nd. Tmj sfm``l tmjn djocnjd tmj lipt`p

pr`krihhj hicn `bajftcvjs t` djvjl`p studjnts1

h`rj cndjpjndjnt ind rjsp`nscblj

fipiblj ò w`rgcnk cn tjihs

`wnjrs ò tmjcr `wn ljirncnk

fipiblj ò oifcnk dcoojrjnt sctuitc`ns ind ò s`lvcnk pr`bljhs

fipiblj ò lcvcnk ind w`rgcnk cn tmj s`fcjty ò tmj outurj

“Lcoj-l`nk ljirnjrs‘

: CFT F`-`rdcnit`r ‖ Hircjli Fistr`



3

Iotjr tmj Mjidhistjr–s prjsjntitc`n t` pirjnts ind studjnts ò tmjsj yjirs, njirly milo ò tmj

studjnts ò jifm yjir krùp wjrj rjkcstjrjd o`r tmj pr`krihhj by tmjcr pirjnts. Tmcs hjint tmit

tmj sfm``l oifjd tmj sctuitc`n ò mivcnk lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p sjts cn jifm yjir krùp. Tmjrj wis

s`hj pirjntil rjscstinfj duj t` tmj oift tmit tmjy wjrj n`t f`nvcnfjd ò tmj jdufitc`nil bjnjocts,

tmjy dcdn–t wint t` piy in iddctc`nil h`ntmly ojj ò ZV$ :5.55 o`r tmj purfmisj ò tmj lipt`p ind

tmjy wjrj vjry f`nfjrnjd ibùt sjfurcty ind siojty cssujs. Ujru mid k`nj tmrùkm vjry dcoocfult

tchjs duj t` tjrr`rcsh ind s`fcil unrjst, s` tmjrj wis i rckmtoul f`nfjrn ibùt sjfurcty.

Iotjr tmj ocrst yjir ò tmj pr`krihhj, wctm tmj ipp`cnthjnt ò i njw Mjidhistjr, Trjv r V.

HfGcnliy, tmj ”mivjs ‖ mivjs n`t– sctuitc`n wis rjvcjwjd ind mj liunfmjd tmj cdji ò kjnjrilcscnk tmj

pr`krih o`r ill studjnts or`h yjirs V2 t` V4 t` jnsurj jquil iffjss, l`wjrcnk tmj h`ntmly

tjfmn`l`kcfil ojj t` ZV$2:.55.

O`rtunitjly tmj pr`krihhj rjsults cn 2559, is wcll bj sjjn litjr cn tmcs study, mjlpjd kicn tmj

stioo, studjnt ind pirjntil supp`rt o`r tmcs kjnjrilcsitc`n ind tmj f`ntcnuitc`n ò tmj pr`krihhj

up t` prjsjnt ditj.

? NFRJL1 N`rtm Fjntril Rjkc`nil Jdufitc`nil Lib`rit`ry rjp`rt, 29st Fjntury Vgclls o`r 29 st Ljirnjrs1 Lctjrify

cn tmj Dckctil Ikj (2556)



95

FMIUTJR 6

LIUT@U UR@KRIHHJ CNCTCITC_JV CN @TMJR VFM@@LV

V`hj sfm``ls cn Iustrilci ind tmj ZG mid chpljhjntjd suffjssoul lipt`p cnctcitcvjs wctm tmj

supp`rt ò Hcfr`sòt ind cts Inytchj Inywmjrj Ljirncnk pr`krih, ind T`smcbi is i lipt`p supplcjr

pirtnjr. Tmjcr pr`krihhjs pr`h`tjd tmj pmcl`s`pmy ò i lipt`p o`r jvjry studjnt ind iffjss t`

Cntjrnjt rjsùrfjs 24-; , cts hicn `bajftcvj bjcnk t` prjpirj lcoj-l`nk ljirnjrs o`r tmj twjnty-ocrst

fjntury, i vcsc`n smirjd by Hirgmih F`lljkj.

6.9 Hjtm`dcst Lidcjs F`lljkj (HLF), (_cft`rci, Iustrilci)

HLF cs f`nscdjrjd tmj ocrst sfm``l irùnd tmj w`rld, t` suffjssoully chpljhjnt i lipt`p

pr`krihhj. Cn 9335, cts o`rhjr Urcnfcpil, Divcd Lìdjr, njjdjd t` ocnd i wiy t` djil wctm i

pirtcfulir jdufitc`nil pr`bljh ‖ jlchcnitcnk strjihjd flissjs, cntjkritcnk studjnts ò dcoojrjnt

ibclctcjs. Mj tmùkmt ò tw` p`sscblj wiys t` cndcvcduilczj tjifmcnk ind kcvj studjnts h`rj f`ntr`l

`vjr tmjcr ljirncnk1 tjifmjr isscstints `r f`hputjr tjfmn`l`ky.

Mj rin i pcl`t cn jckmt flissjs ò Sjir ;, jifm wctm tmcrty fmcldrjn ind jifm wctm iffjss t` i UF.

Ind tmj studjnts lcgjd ct, tmjy wjrj `n tisg, tmjy wjrj bjcnk rjsp`nscblj. But UFs `ffupcjd t``

hufm spifj ind ct tmcs wùld rjqucrj lirkjr flissr``hs. Ct wis it i f`hputjr sm`w wmjrj mj

stuhbljd up`n lipt`ps ind tmùkmt tmit tmjy wùld s`lvj tmj pr`bljh ò spifj tmit tridctc`nil

djsgt`p f`hputjrs mid. V` mj prjsjntjd tmj cdji t` i krùp ò mind-pcfgjd tjifmjrs ‖ tmjy

rjajftjd ct.

Tmj pr`bljh wis n`t ibùt wmit djvcfj t` usj but ibùt m`w t` iddrjss tmj jdufitc`n

pr`bljh it HLF. Tmj hicn pr`bljh o`r tjifmjrs wis ojir. Ct wis lcgj tjllcnk tmjh " yù irj n`t tmj

`nly rjsùrfj ‘ ind “yù irj tjllcnk tmj studjnt tmit tmjy irj iftuilly quctj p`wjroul ind mivj iffjss t` quctj p`wjroul

cdjis ind cno`rhitc`n, s` tmjy fin tigj s`hj rjsp`nscbclcty ibùt tmjcr ljirncnk… ill`wcnk studjnts t` jxpl`rj, t`

driw f`nflusc`ns, t` djvjl`p cdjis7 jdufitc`n cs n`t ibùt tjifmcnk oifts inyh`rj7 yù irj isgcnk tjifmjrs t` fminkj



99

wmit tmjy irj d`cnk ind m`w tmjy irj d`cnk ct. N` l`nkjr cs tmj ljss`n f`nticnjd cn oùr wills, yù smùld bj iblj t`

iffjss tmj cno`rhitc`n inywmjrj, inytchj ." (Lìdjr, 2552)

In`tmjr cssuj, vjry chp`rtint o`r tjifmjrs, wis tchj ‖ tchj t` djvjl`p njw fùrsjs idiptjd t`

tmj njw tjifmcnk-ljirncnk hjtm`d`l`kcjs ind stritjkcjs ‖ lcgj stirtcnk ill `vjr ikicn, or`h stitcf

ljirncnk jxpjrcjnfjs t` dynihcf `njs. Ind tmcs fùld `nly bj d`nj by chpr`vcnk tjifmjr–s

jxpjrtcsj wctm tjfmn`l`ky. Tjifmjrs mid t` bj wcllcnk t` tigj rcsgs, jvjn co ct hjint ljirncnk or`h

tmj studjnts tmjhsjlvjs.

Tmj suffjss ò tmj pr`krihhj rjscdjd cn w`rgcnk mird wctm stioo or`h tmj stirt, cdjntcoycnk i

krùp ò tjifmjrs wm` wjrj wcllcnk t` vjnturj cn tmcs cnn`vitcvj pr`p`sil, cnv`lvcnk tmjh cn jvjry

stjp ind w`rgcnk ct or`h tmjrj. By stirtcnk cn yjirs ocvj ind sjvjn is pcl`t yjirs, tjifmjrs cn tmjsj

yjirs mid tmj fminfj t` prjpirj ind `bsjrvj tmj suffjssjs ò tjifmjrs wm` wjrj pjro`rhcnk wjll.

Jvjn tmùkm HLF siw sl`w id`ptc`n ò tmj pr`krihhj, tmjy dcdn–t l`sj iny stioo. Tmjy pr`vcdjd

supp`rt o`r tmjh untcl tmjy undjrst``d m`w suffjssoul ct wis, n`t `nly bjfiusj ò tmjcr f`lljikujs–

jxpjrcjnfjs but ils` bjfiusj ò studjnts' rjsp`nsjs. Ct bjfihj i pr`fjss ò trycnk t` ocnd wiys t`

cnf`rp`ritj tjfmn`l`ky cn tmj flissr``h cn hjincnkoul wiys. Ct bjfihj i njw h`djl, `nj wmcfm

wùld fitjr o`r i rinkj o ljirncnk styljs, wùld pr`vcdj i oljxcblj ljirncnk jnvcr`nhjnt ind wùld

f`nnjftcnk tjifmjrs ind ljirnjrs. Lìdjr djocnjd tmj pr`krihhj h`hjntuh is “Uusmcnk, ilwiys

pusmcnk, wctm i kìl cn hcnd t` try t` kjt pj`plj bjmcnd yù. @nfj yù mivj tmit frctcfil hiss

yù'vj irrcvjd `n tmj mcll. Bjo`rj tmit yù wjrj pusmcnk up mcll‘.

6.2 Trcncty Krihhir (Gjw, _cft`rci, Iustrilci)

Ujtjr Friwljy, Mjidhistjr ò Trcncty Krihhir Vfm``l (93=;, p.?), jxplicnjd tmj usj ò lipt`ps

cn i tridctc`nil jdufitc`nil jnvcr`nhjnt is i wiy t` jnminfj substintcilly tmj tridctc`nil quilcty

furrcfuluh, pr`vcdcnk i p`wjroul f`hputcnk t``l t` isscst jvjry tjifmjr ind studjnt. Mcs vcsc`n

cnfludjd tmj usj ò p`wjroul ind oljxcblj buscnjss sòtwirj s` tmit tjifmjrs fùld djvjl`p tmjcr



92

`wn frjitcvj tisgs. “ Is ipplcfitc`n s otwirj bjf`hjs i nituril t` l ò ljirncnk cn tmj jdufitc`nil sjttcnk, wj wcll

cnjvctibly ocnd tmit tisgs wcll bj s`lvjd cn dcoojrjnt wiys. Jvjntuilly dcoojrjnt qujstc`ns wcll jhjrkj bjfiusj njw

pitmwiys ò rjsp`nsj wcll bj p`sscblj ‘, (Friwljy, 93=;).

Trcncty–s pr`krihhj rjf`knczjd tmj dynihcf niturj ò jdufitc`n ind tmj djhinds tmit wùld

bj plifjd `n tmjcr studjnts is tmjy h`vjd cnt` tmj w`rgo`rfj cn tmj 29st fjntury. Tmjy w`rgjd

mird `n jnfùrikcnk tmjcr tjifmcnk stioo pr`vcdcnk tmjh ils` wctm i lipt`p, jhp`wjrcnk tmjh ind

pr`vcdcnk i drcvcnk o`rfj o`r sckncocfint pròjssc`nil djvjl`phjnt. Tmj pr`krihhj jnjrky wis

kjirjd t`wirds tmj stindirds ind ihbctc`ns ò tmj bjst tjifmjrs, mirnjsscnk tmjcr jntmuscish ind

p`sctcvcsh t` mjlp `vjrf`hj ill fmilljnkjs. M`wjvjr, Friwljy ils` rjf`knczjd is i sjrc us

wirncnk, tmit “bid tjifmjrs wcll n`t bj hidj k``d by t mj iddctc`n ò i f`hputjr t` jvjry flissr``h‘ (933=, p ;) ‖

tjfmn`l`ky cs tmj hjdci t` jnminfj k``d priftcfj ind pr`h`tj `pp`rtuncty o`r pròjssc`nil

kr`wtm but wcll n`t pjro`rh hcrifljs.

O`r Hirgmih F`lljkj, tigcnk tmjsj ind `tmjr schclir ocrst-mind jxpjrcjnfjs cnt` iffùnt wis

frufcil t` tmj pr`krihhj suffjss. @nj tmcnk cs t` rjid ibùt lipt`p cnctcitcvjs ind in`tmjr cs t`

jxpjrcjnfj tmjh. [mcfmjvjr tmj fisj, `nj f`ndctc`n ill ò tmjsj sfm``ls hjt wis t` supp`rt tmjcr

pr`krihhjs `n i spjfcocf pjdik`kcfil orihjw`rg.



96

FMIUTJR 4

LCTJRITZRJ RJ_CJ[

Tmj cdji ò uscnk f`hputjr ind cno`rhitc`n tjfmn`l`ky cn jdufitc`n mis cts r``ts cn tmj

f`nstruftcvcst h`djl, cn wmcfm studjnts irj iftcvjly jnkikjd cn gn`wljdkj-bucldcnk iftcvctcjs,

jxpl`rcnk ind dcsf`vjrcnk, cn `tmjr w`rds, tmjy irj joojftcvjly ljirncnk by “d`cnk ind higcnk‘.

Tmcs cs i smcot or`h tridctc`nil ljirncnk jnvcr`nhjnts cn wmcfm studjnts wjrj pisscvj cndcvcduils,

hjrj rjfcpcjnts ò cno`rhitc`n is trinshcttjd by tmj tjifmjr `r `tmjr sùrfjs. Vjyhùr Uipjrt

(9336, p 963) jxplicnjd tmcs dcoojrjnfj stitcnk tmit “tridctc`nil jdufitc`n f`dcocjs wmit ct tmcngs

fctczjns njjd t` gn`w ind sjts ùt t` ojjd fmcldrjn tmcs ”ocsm–. F`nstruftc`ncsh cs buclt `n tmj

issuhptc`n tmit fmcldrjn wcll d` bjst by ocndcnk (”ocsmcnk–) o`r tmjhsjlvjs‘.

Uipjrt–s f`nstruftc`ncsh h`djl cs, is Mcll jt il (2555, p.;) djsfrcbj, “in jspjfcilly p`wjroul

tmj`rjtcfil undjrpcnncnk o`r i sfm``l lipt`p cnctcitcvj cn tmit lipt`p f`hputjrs fin bj vcjwjd is

f`knctcvj t``ls o`r bucldcnk gn`wljdkj rjprjsjntitc`ns‘. By ljirncnk wctm tmj f`hputjr ind

ljirncnk or`h tmj f`hputjr, Uipjrt sukkjsts tmit fmcldrjn wùld bj iblj t` jxpl`rj it tmjcr `wn

pifj1 tmcngcnk, frjitcnk, trycnk, tjstcnk, rjvcjwcnk, rjoljftcnk - o`fuscnk `n tmj djvjl`phjnt ò tmj

cndcvcduil ritmjr tmin `n schplj ifqucsctc`n ò oifts ind sgclls.

M`wjvjr, tmj f`hputjr ind tmj sòtwirj t``ls irj n`t jnùkm7 tmj tjifmjr cs i frufcil jljhjnt

cn tmcs pjdik`kcfil o`rhuli. Tmjcr ibclcty t` brcnk tmcs pliyoulnjss cnt` tmj flissr``h ind plin

iftcvctcjs t` supp`rt dcoojrjnt wiys ò tmcngcnk ind ljirncnk cs tmj tjifmjr–s hicn fmilljnkj cn `rdjr

t` jstiblcsm sckncocfint ljirncnk pr`fjssjs o`r fmcldrjn. Tmj lipt`p f`hputjr tmjn bjf`hjs i vjry

p`wjroul t``l o`r tmj tjifmjr is wjll.

Tmjrjo`rj, cntjkritc`n ò CT sjjgs t` jniblj i h`rj dynihcf, dcoojrjntcitjd tjifmcnk ind

ljirncnk jnvcr`nhjnt is hultchjdci ipplcfitc`ns n`t `nly f`nticn hitjrcil wmcfm irj f`ndufcvj t`



94

tmj vircùs ljirncnk styljs (sm`wcnk tjxt, pcfturjs, sùnds, inchitc`ns, schulitc`ns ind/`r vcdj`s)

but ils` by mivcnk jxjrfcsjs tirkjtjd it tmj vircùs ifidjhcf ljvjls ò studjnts, dcikn`scs ò

prjvcùs gn`wljdkj ind h`nct`rcnk ò pr`krjss t` sjj wmit irjis njjd chpr`vjhjnt. Vtcll,

hultchjdci t``ls irj n`t tmj `nly wiy t` hicnticn fmcldrjn iftcvj ind jnkikjd. @pjn-jndjd

djvjl`phjnt t``ls oifclctitj djsckn, f`nstruftc`n, h`djllcnk, tjstcnk ind rjvcjw ò hitjrcils.

Kjnjrcf-usj ipplcfitc`n sòtwirj chpr`vjs prjsjntitc`n, vcsuilczitc`n ind trinshcssc`n ò

gn`wljdkj. F`hhuncfitc`ns tjfmn`l`kcjs ind tmj Cntjrnjt jniblj iffjss t` dynihcf, vist

ihùnts ò cno`rhitc`n, oifclctitj tjih w`rg, f`llib`ritc`n ind gn`wljdkj smircnk, ind pr`hpt

njw s`fcil sgclls. Ill tmjsj fipibclctcjs irj kr`wcnk rjqucrjhjnts ò tmj cnfrjiscnkly jv`lvcnk

Cno`rhitc`n V`fcjty wj lcvj cn, ind o`r wmcfm studjnts njjd t` bj prjpirjd. Tmcs cs dcsfussjd cn

h`rj djticl cn vircùs studcjs sufm is Mcll jt il (2555) ind NJTV o`r Vtudjnts ;(2555).

Tmj qujstc`n ircscnk mjrj cs, co tmcs fin ill bj ifmcjvjd uscnk tridctc`nil djsgt p f`hputjrs, wmy

cnvjst cn i lipt`p pr`krihhj0 [my pr`vcdj i p`rtiblj f`hputjr t` tjifmjrs ind studjnts0

Tmj f`nfjcvjr ò lipt`ps o`r fmcldrjn–s jdufitc`n wis Ilin Giy, i vcsc`niry f`hputjr sfcjntcst

wm`, cn 93;2, djscknjd tmj cdji ò i b``g-sczjd f`hputjr tmit fùld bj usjd cn plifj ò pipjr.

Cnolujnfjd by Uipjrt ind H``rj, Giy djvcsjd i pjrs`nil “p`rtiblj cno`rhitc`n hincpulit`r‘ mj

filljd tmj DyniB``g. Cn mcs irtcflj “ I Ujrs`nil F`hputjr o`r fmcldrjn ò Ill Ikjs ‘ (93;2), Giy inilysjs

tmj njjd o`r i djvcfj wmcfm wùld jniblj fmcldrjn t` bjf`hj tmj iftcvj ljirnjrs f`nstruftc`ncsts

lcgj Ucikjt ind Djwjy pr`h`tjd.

; NJTV1 Nitc`nil Jdufitc`nil Tjfmn`l`ky Vtindirds (NJTV) o`r Vtudjnts (2555) mttp1//fnjts.cstj.`rk/studjnts/sPb``g.mthl

http://cnets.iste.org/students/s_book.html







9:

Ockurj 4. 9 - Ilin Giy–s DyniB``g djsckn (Giy, 93;2)

Mj pcfturjd tmcs djvcfj is i “bjttjr b``g, `nj wmcfm cs iftcvj (lcgj tmj fmcld) ritm jr tmin

pisscvj… wctm tmj ittjntc`n kribbcnk p`wjrs ò T_ but f`ntr`lliblj by tmj fmcld… lcgj i pcin`…

wmcfm fin bj i t``l, i t`y, i hjdcuh ò jxprjssc`n, i sùrfj ò unjndcnk pljisurj ind

djlckmt…ind cn unjnlckmtjnjd minds, i tjrrcblj drudkj!‘ Tmcs djvcfj wùld ill`w fmcldrjn t` pliy,

oifj fmilljnkjs, s`lvj pr`bljhs, w`rg wctm ”wmit-co– sfjnirc`s, djvjl`p cntjlljftuil furc`scty,

f`nstruft sckncocfint gn`wljdkj or`h prjvcùs jxpjrcjnfjs, f`nnjft t` cno`rhitc`n sjrvcfjs sufm

is i lcbriry7 sfin, sjirfm ind d`wnlìd cno`rhitc`n7 higj purfmisjs7 wrctj, jdct, sivj ind rjtrcjvj

wrcttjn w`rg, ind s` hufm h`rj, inytchj, inywmjrj . Tmcs pjrs`nil f`hputjr wùld bj `wnjd by tmj

usjr, ill`wcnk r``h o`r rjoljxcvj f`hhuncfitc`n wctm mchsjlo.

H``rj, cn Giy (93;2, p4), sukkjsts tmit fmcldrjn “mivj dcoocfulty rjhicncnk cn tmj sihj r`lj

wctm rjspjft t` in cdji `r iftcvcty‘ ind s` i pisscvj, lcstjncnk r`lj cn tmj flissr `h ljids t`

dcstriftc`n ind b`rjd`h. Fmcldrjn njjd t` pliy dcoojrjnt r`ljs ill`wcnk o`r dcoojrjnt pjrspjftcvjs

wmclj tifglcnk in iftcvcty. Cn `rdjr o`r ljirncnk t` bj pr`duftcvj H``rj ils` stitjs tmit “tmj tmcnks

tmit irj ljirnjd fin bj usjd is pirt ò (ind o`r ourtmjr ljirncnk ò) njw cdjis‘. Co tmj jnvcr`nhjnt

cs chhjdcitjly rjsp`nscvj t` tmj fmcld–s iftcvctcjs ct wcll ils` ill`w mch t` kicn i h`djl ò mchsjlo. Co



9?

tmj fmcld cs n`t cnv`lvjd, n`t cntjrjstjd `r d`js n`t rjfjcvj p`sctcvj ojjdbifg, rjcno`rfjhjnt, `r

jna`y tmj iftcvcty, sckncocfint ljirncnk cs rjilly n`t tigcnk plifj. Fmcldrjn hust ojjl tmit tmjy mivj

s`hjtmcnk w`rtmwmclj t` d` wctm tmj ifqucrjd gn`wljdkj.

Giy (93;2, p.:) tigjs Ucikjt–s n`tc`ns wmcfm stitjs tmit “gn`wljdkj cs rjticnjd is i sjrcjs ò

`pjritc`nil h`djls… jssjntcilly, ilk`rctmhs ind stritjkcjs‘ ind tmj oift tmit “djvjl`phjnt

pr`fjjds cn i sjqujnfj ò stikjs, jifm `nj bucldcnk `n tmj pist, sm`wcnk dcoojrjnfjs cn ibclcty t`

ipprjmjnd, kjnjrilczj ind prjdcft fisuil rjlitc`ns‘, t` f`nfludj tmit f`hputjrs irj tmj cdjil

hjdcuh t` icd cn tmj o`rhitc`n ò sgclls f`nfjrncnk tmcngcnk, stritjkcjs ind tiftcfs, plinncnk,

`bsjrvitc`n ò fisuil fmicns, djbukkcnk ind rjocnjhjnt. Ind, co i kripmcfil cntjroifj cs pr`vcdjd, ct

bjf`hjs in jvjn bjttjr t``l o`r tmj jxprjssc`n ò fmcldrjn–s jpcstjh`l`ky is Ucikjt ind `tmjrs, cn

Giy (95;2 p.:), mivj pr`vcdjd jvcdjnfj tmit “hufm tmcngcnk cs n`nvjrbil ind cf`ncf‘.

But ct wisn–t untcl 9335, jckmtjjn yjirs litjr, wmjn tmcs cdji wis id`ptjd in chpljhjntjd by tmj

Hjtm`dcsts Lidcjs F`lljkj (HLF), ind by hiny h`rj sfm``ls w`rld-wcdj tmjrjiotjr.

Rjfjnt studcjs ò 9-t`-9 `r ubcquctùs f`hputcnk cnctcitcvjs rjp`rt tmit, cn oift, tmjsj cntjnscvj

f`hputjr jnvcr`nhjnts irj “dcoojrjnt or`h wmit `nj tridctc`nilly ocnds cn h`st sfm``l sjttcnks

bjfiusj tmjy òojr ill studjnts ind tjifmjrs f`ntcnuùs iffjss t` i wcdj rinkj ò sòtwirj,

jljftr`ncf d`fuhjnts, tmj Cntjrnjt, ind `tmjr dckctil rjsùrfjs o`r tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk.‘ (B`ncoiz

ind Qufgjr, p6).

R`fghin jt il (933;, p9=) oùnd tmit “tmj lipt`ps rjprjsjntjd n`t s` hufm i njw f`hputcnk

fipibclcty, but jiscjr iffjss, krjitjr h`bclcty, ind jisj ò trinsctc`n jctmjr bjtwjjn sfm``l ind

m`hj `r sfm``l ind d`rh‘ ind tmit “ih`nk tmj bjnjocts wcdjly pjrfjcvjd irj cnfrjisjd

f`llib`ritc`n, h`vjhjnt t`wirds cndjpjndjnt ljirncnk, krjitjr jntmuscish o`r sfm``lcnk, ind

h`rj jnkikjhjnt cn pr`bljh s`lvcnk‘.



9;

Ur`vcdcnk i lipt`p o`r jvjry studjnt tmjy kicn cndjpjndjnfj cn tmjcr usj, wmjn tmjy njjd t`,

wmjn tmjy wint t` ind it iny plifj `r h`hjnt, jnminfcnk pr`duftcvcty ind joocfcjnfy cn tmjcr

ljirncnk pr`fjss. Vtudjnts wùld n`t l`nkjr mivj t` wict `r m`ld bifg tmjcr furc`scty `r djscrj o`r

gn`wljdkj. Tmj oift tmit ct cs i pjrs`nil djvcfj hjint tmit studjnts fùld djocnj ind cndcvcduilczj

tmjcr ljirncnk pitm, it tmjcr `wn pifj ind prjojrjnfj, jnfùrikcnk tmjh t` iffjpt rjsp`nscbclcty o`r

tmjcr `wn jdufitc`n.

But h`st chp`rtint t` f`nscdjr cs tmj chpift tmj chpljhjntitc`n ò tmjsj pr`krihs `n

tjifmjrs, tjifmcnk stritjkcjs, hjtm`d`l`kcjs ind dcdiftcfs. Co tmjsj cnctcitcvjs idv`fitj iftcvj

ljirncnk, wmjrj fmcldrjn jnkikj iftcvjly cn gn`wljdkj f`nstruftc`n ind fin pursuj tmjcr `wn

ljirncnk pitms, tmjn tridctc`nil, `nj-sczj-octs-ill tjifmcnk ipprìfmjs hust bj ibind`njd.

Iff`rdcnk t` tmj ocndcnks by R`fghin jt il (933;, p 65), “tmj lipt`p pràjft oifclctitjd i fminkj

ò r`ljs o r tjifmjrs ind o`r studjnts. Tjifmjrs wjrj bjf`hcnk ljirnjrs ind oifclctit`rs, ind

studjnts wjrj tigcnk h`rj ò i tjifmcnk r`lj‘. [ctm studjnts tigcnk f`ntr`l `vjr tmjcr ljirncnk

pitm, tjifmjrs irj n` l`nkjr tmj sùrfj ò ill gn`wljdkj ind ocnd tmjcr r`lj fminkj t` tmit ò i

kucdj, i hjdcit`r, i oifclctit`r. Tmcs cs fljirly cllustritjd by i qu`tj cn R`fghin jt il (933;, p. 69)1

“ Cn i tridctc`nil flissr``h, tmj tjifmjr cs tmj gjy t` kjnjril gn`wljdkj7 mj `r smj gn`ws tmj sùrfjs,f`ntr`ls tmj iffjss, f`ntr`ls jvjrytmcnk. ...Tmit fminkjs wctm iffjss t` tjfmn`l`ky, bjfiusj Wtmj studjntXcs n`t rjstrcftjd t` lcbriry b``gs — yù fin mivj iny b``g, iny wrctcnk, iny rjojrjnfj. N`w tjifmjrsnjjd t` stjjr pj`plj tmrùkm, n`t t`wird, cno`rhitc`n. Tmj tjifmjr cs h`rj chp`rtint n`w is i kucdjt` wmit cs w`rtmwmclj .‘

Tjifmjrs mivj ils` ljirnjd t` w`rg t`kjtmjr cn f`llib ritcvj, vcrtuil jnvcr`nhjnts. Tmjrj cs in

urkj t` smirj jxpjrcjnfj, bjst priftcfj ind jxihpljs t` mjlp f`lljikujs h`vj tmrùkm tmcs

pjdik`kcfil rjv`lutc`n ind jisj tmj trinsctc`n or`h tridctc`nil t` h`djrn tjifmcnk. Is i rjsult ò

tmcs, sjvjril jdufit`r p`rtils ind ljirncnk krcds mivj ippjirjd `n tmj [`rld [cdj [jb. V`hj

wjll-gn`wn jxihpljs irj Gitmy Vfmr`fg–s Kucdj o`r Jdufit`rs=, Jdufitc`n [`rld3, [jbYujst95,

= mttp1//sfm``l.dcsf`vjryjdufitc`n.f`h/sfmr`fgkucdj/hitm.mthl

http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schrockguide/math.html






9=

Hcfr`sòt Ljss`n Ulins o`r Vtudjnts ind Jdufit`rs99 ind `tmjrs. Tjifmjrs bjf`hj f`llib`ritcvj

ljirnjrs cn i kl`bil s`fcjty is d` studjnts. Tjifmjrs hust tmjrjo`rj ils` bj cssujd lipt`ps t`

jhp`wjr tmjh ils` wctm inytchj, inywmjrj ljirncnk. I f`ntcnuùs tricncnk sfmjhj t` oifclctitj tmj

trinso`rhitc`n ò ljirncnk or`h tjifmjr-fjntrjd t` studjnt-fjntrjd cs jssjntcil is irj

jnvcr`nhjntil ind fulturil rjidcnjss7 idvinfjd, firjoul plinncnk, ind f`ntcnuùs jviluitc`n t`

jnsurj i suffjssoul lipt`p pr`krihhj.

Hcfr`sòt–s Inytchj, Inywmjrj Ljirncnk pr`krih, sjjgs t` trinso`rh sfm``ls by “rjh`vcnk

b`rdjrs ind birrcjrs, cnspcrj wctm cno`rhitc`n ind trinso`rh joo`rt cnt` ifmcjvjhjnt‘ ( 255;, `n

mttp1//www.hcfr`sòt.f`h/jdufitc`n/iil.hspx ). Tmjy rjf`knczj tmit “iny`nj b`rn wctmcn tmj

list jckmtjjn yjirs, tjfmn`l`kcjs… mivj njvjr gn`wn i w`rld wctmùt tjfmn`l`ky sufm is, vcdj`

kihjs, jhicl, ind cnstint hjssikcnk‘ (255:, p.2). Tmjy ils` rjhcnd us tmit “t`diy–s yùnkstjrs irj

vjry dcoojrjnt or`h tmit ò tmjcr pirjnts ind tjifmjrs. Tmjy–vj bjjn filljd dckctil nitcvjs, wm`

iut`hitcfilly iffjpt njw tjfmn`l`kcjs is tmjcr `wn, wmclj idults irj dckctil chhckrints wm` mivj t`

idipt t` njw t``ls ind njw wiys ò d`cnk tmcnks‘ (255:, p.2).

Tmjsj stitjhjnts irj i gjy t` undjrstindcnk wmy tmj cntjkritc`n ò CFT ind p`rtiblj

f`hputcnk sjjhs i nituril pitm t` o`ll`w jdufitc`n-wcsj.

Tmj h`st rjfjnt lipt p cnctcitcvjs o r jdufitc n wjrj liunfmjd by HCT–s Ncfm`lis Njkr`p`ntj

wctm cts @nj-Lipt`p-Ujr-Fmcld (@LUF) cnctcitcvj, Cntjl wctm cts FlissHitj lipt`p o`r sfm``ls, ind

`tmjrs wcll pr`bibly o`ll`w. Tmjy irj sjjgcnk t` dcstrcbutj lipt`ps hisscvjly t` studjnts cn

djvjl`pcnk fùntrcjs sfm``ls, t` mjlp brcdkj tmcs dckctil dcvcdj tmit jxcsts it prjsjnt.

O`r HCT ind Njkr`p`ntj, “ct's in jdufitc`n pràjft, n`t i lipt`p pràjft.‘ ( cn

mttp1//lipt`p.`rk/vcsc`n/cndjx.smthl ), wctm tmj kìl “t` pr`vcdj fmcldrjn irùnd tmj w`rld wctm

3 mttp1//www.jdufitc`n-w`rld.f`h/iPtjfm/irfmcvjs/furr.smthl

95 mttp1//wjbqujst.`rk/cndjx.pmp

99 mttp1//www.hcfr`sòt.f`h/jdufitc`n/ljss`nplins.hspx

http://www.microsoft.com/education/aal.mspx


http://laptop.org/vision/index.shtml


http://www.education-world.com/a_tech/archives/curr.shtml



http://webquest.org/index.php



http://www.microsoft.com/education/lessonplans.mspx










93

njw `pp`rtunctcjs t` jxpl`rj, jxpjrchjnt ind jxprjss tmjhsjlvjs… i fmcldrjn's hifmcnj djscknjd

o`r ljirncnk ljirncnk .‘, tmus cnf`rp`ritcnk tmj f`nstruftc`ncsh h`djl supp`rtjd by Uipjrt ind Giy.

Njkr`p`ntj (cn mttp1//lipt`p.`rk/jn/vcsc`n/hcssc`n/cndjx.smthl ) f`nscdjrs Uipjrt–s vcjw tmit

f`hputjrs pr`vcdj tmj uncquj `pp`rtuncty t` o`stjr tmcs ljirncnk ljirncnk “by ill`wcnk fmcldrjn t`

tmcng ibùt tmcngcnk , cn wiys tmit irj `tmjrwcsj chp`sscblj… wmjrj fmcldrjn wcll bj `pjnjd t` b`tm

cllchctiblj gn`wljdkj ind t` tmjcr `wn frjitcvj ind pr`bljh-s`lvcnk p`tjntcil‘.

O`r Cntjl, tmjcr pr`krihhj cs usjd t` “jnminfj lcvjs by iffjljritcnk iffjss t` unf`hpr`hcsjd

tjfmn`l`ky o`r jvjry`nj, inywmjrj cn tmj w`rld. O`fusjd `n pj`plj cn tmj w`rld's djvjl`pcnk

f`hhunctcjs … t` idvinfj pr`krjss cn oùr irjis1 iffjsscbclcty, f`nnjftcvcty, jdufitc`n, ind

f`ntjnt‘ (`n mttp1//www.cntjl.f`h/cntjl/w`rldimjid/flisshitjpf/ ). Tmjcr vcsc`n cs n`t s`ljly

bisjd `n jdufitc`nil tmj`rcjs but f`ntjhplitjs i h`rj cntjkril ipprìfm, cn lcnj wctm tmj

Cno`rhitc`n V`fcjty 92 ind tmj njw jf`n`hy wj lcvj cn.

[j ill rjf`kncsj tmit wm`jvjr `wns cno`rhitc`n ind gn`wljdkj mis tmj p`wjr cn tmcs

Cno`rhitc`n Ikj96 wj lcvj cn7 cn tmcs w`rld ò njtw`rgs ind kl`bilczitc`n. O`r Fistjlls,

“cno`rhitc`n cs tmj gjy cnkrjdcjnt ò ùr s`fcil `rkinczitc`n ind tmcs cs wmy ol`ws ò hjssikjs ind

chikjs bjtwjjn njtw`rgs f`nstctutj tmj biscf tmrjid ò ùr s`fcil strufturj‘ ( 2555, p. :5=). Mj

ils` rjojrs t` tmj ibclcty t` sprjid cno`rhitc`n tmrùkm ill p`sscblj hjdci ifr`ss njtw`rgs, rjsultcnk

cn pjrs`nilczjd ljidjrsmcp wmjrj “chikj-higcnk cs p`wjr-higcnk‘ (2555, p. :5;).

@ur studjnts, tmj “dckctil nitcvjs‘, h`vj niturilly tmrùkm tmj njtw`rgs ind mivj id`ptjd tmcs

njw fulturj cn tmj h`st nituril wiy. Tmjy ifqucrj njw r`ljs ind cdjntctcjs ind kicn hufm ò tmjcr

gn`wljdkj tmrùkm tmj njtw`rgs, cn wmit Fistjlls djocnjs is “tmj fulturj ò rjil vcrtuilcty‘ (2555,

p.456).

92 Cno`rhitc`n V`fcjty1 s`fcjty cn wmcfm tmj frjitc`n, dcstrcbutc`n, dcoousc`n, usj ind hincpulitc`n ò cno`rhitc`n cs i sckncocfint

jf`n`hcf, p`lctcfil, ind fulturil iftcvcty ([cgcpjdci, 255;, [cgchjdci Oùnditc`n).

http://laptop.org/en/vision/mission/index.shtml


http://www.intel.com/intel/worldahead/classmatepc/






25

[ctm tmcs tmj`rjtcfil orihjw`rg cn hcnd cs tmit tmj study ò tmj ocrst yjir ò pr`krihhj

chpljhjntitc`n wis firrcjd ùt. Ct wis njfjssiry t` sjj wmjtmjr tmj sfm``l wis iftuilly oifclctitcnk

tmj nituril ljirncnk jnvcr`nhjnt ind ljidjrsmcp `pp`rtunctcjs o`r b`tm, studjnts ind tjifmjrs, ind

wmjtmjr tmj pr krihhj `bajftcvjs wjrj bjcnk hjt suffjssoully.

96 Cno`rhitc`n Ikj1 i pjrc`d fmiriftjrczjd by wcdjsprjid jljftr`ncf iffjss t` cno`rhitc`n tmrùkm tmj usj ò f`hputjr

tjfmn`l`ky (HVN Jnfirti, 255;, Hcfr`sòt )



29

FMIUTJR :

HJTM@D@L@KS

:.9 Niturj ò tmj Rjsjirfm

Mivcnk cntr`dufjd lipt`ps o`r studjnts wctm ilh`st :5% ò pirjntil supp`rt, ct bjfihj

njfjssiry t` jstiblcsm i pcfturj ò m`w tmj hjhbjrs ò tmj Hirgmih f`hhuncty (pirjnts,

studjnts ind tjifmjrs) ojlt ibùt tmj pr`krihhj prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n cn `rdjr t` djtjrhcnj

wmjtmjr tmjcr vcjws ind ljvjl ò supp`rt fminkjd `r n`t by tmj jnd ò tmj ocrst yjir. Ct wis ils`

njfjssiry t` inilysj tmj chpift `n studjnt ifmcjvjhjnt ind cdjntcoy cndcfit`rs ò suffjss wmcfm

wùld ill`w tmj sfm` l t` gn`w co tmj pr`krihhj `bajftcvjs wjrj bjcnk ouloclljd ind co ct wis

w`rtmwmclj o`r ct t` f`ntcnuj cn cts prjsjnt o`rhit `r n`t, ind co idausthjnts wjrj njjdjd.

Tmj jviluitc`n ò tmcs ocrst yjir ò tmj pr`krihhj wis i frufcil jxjrfcsj o`r tmj Vjnc r

Idhcncstritc`n94 tjih ind tmj Bìrd ò K`vjrn`rs is tmjy mid `ptjd o`r i krùnd-brjigcnk

pjdik`kcfil cnn`vitc`n ind cnvjstjd sckncocfint suhs ò h`njy cn jqucphjnt, cnoristrufturj,

tricncnk ind pjrs`nnjl t` supp`rt tmj pr`krihhj, ctjh o`r wmcfm tmjy wjrj fjrticnly iffùntiblj.

:.2 Rjsjirfm Yujstc`n ind Cssujs

Tmcs rjsjirfm study ittjhpts t` inswjr tmj qujstc n wmcfm h`st hjhbjrs ò tmj Hirgmih

f`hhuncty mid cn hcnd1

T` wmit jxtjnt mis tmj chpljhjntitc`n ò tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj mid i sckncocfint p`sctcvj chpift `n tmj tjifmcnk

ind ljirncnk pr`fjssjs cn tmj Zppjr Vfm``l sjftc`n ò Hirgmih F`lljkj, chpr`vcnk ljirncnk, ifmcjvjhjnt ind studjnt

ittctudjs0

94 Vjnc`r Idhcncstritc`n Tjih (VIT)1 f`hp`sjd by tmj Mjidhistjr, Ujruvcin Dcrjft`r, Bursir, Dcrjft`r ò Vtudcjs, Mjid ò

Zppjr Vfm``l, Mjid o L`wjr Vfm``l, Mjid o Jirly Sjirs ind Vjnc`r Histjr



22

T` inswjr tmcs qujstc`n ind pr vcdj i orihjw`rg o r diti f`lljftc`n, tmj o`ll`wcnk cssujs wjrj

cdjntcocjd is gjy jljhjnts o`r cnflusc`n cn tmj hjisurcnk cnstruhjnts1

Chpift `n studjnt h`tcvitc`n ind jntmuscish t` ljirn

Chpift `n tmj quilcty ò studjnts– ljirncnk

Chpift `n tmj tjifmcnk r`lj ind stritjkcjs

Chpift `n ifidjhcf ifmcjvjhjnt

Chpift `n tmj studjnts– CT sgclls

Issjsscnk chpift cnv`lvjs i wiy t` hjisurj tmj dcoojrjnfj bjtwjjn tmj sctuitc`n bjo`rj tmj

pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n ind tmj furrjnt sctuitc`n iotjr. Tmj study rjsults fin ycjld jctmjr

p`sctcvj, njkitcvj `r n` chpift, tmjrjo`rj ct cs vjry chp`rtint t` f`lljft trustw`rtmy ind rjlciblj

jvcdjnfj it jifm stikj ò tmj study t` rjifm vilcd f`nflusc`ns.

O`r jxihplj, J-ljirncnk N`rdcf (255?, p.29) cllustritjs chpift is i rjsult ò in cntjrvjntc`n

pr`fjss `n i tirkjt irji ind p`pulitc`n. O`r tmjh, “tmj usj ò CFT cn sfm``ls fin bj undjrst``d

is i djlcbjritj cntjrvjntc`n, `r cntjndjd fminkj, cn tmj wiy cn wmcfm tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk tigj

plifj‘.

Ockurj :.9 - J-ljirncnk N`rdcf h`djl ò tmj cntjrvjntc`n bjtwjjn tirkjt, cntjrvjntc`n ind chpift



26

Tmj `tmjr chp`rtint dcoojrjnfj tmcs h`djl f`nscdjrs cs tmit bjtwjjn ”ùtput– ind ”chpift–. Cn

tmj hjntc`njd rjp`rt (255?, p.;) “ùtput rjojrs t` tmj dcrjft pr`duft ò tmj iftcvctcjs tmit irj

firrcjd ùt, sufm is nuhbjr ò njw f`hputjrs purfmisjd, nuhbjr ò ljss`ns uscnk CFT, jtf.

Chpift rjojrs t` tmj fminkjs brùkmt ibùt by tmjsj iftcvctcjs, cn tjrhs ò, o`r jxihplj, chpr`vjd

ljirncnk‘.

:.6 Hjisurcnk Chpift ind Diti F`lljftc`n

Cn jdufitc`n ct cs vjry dcoocfult t` cs`litj i scnklj virciblj fiuscnk tmj chpift cn tmj tjifmcnk-

ljirncnk pr`fjss7 ct cs usuilly i f`naunftc`n ò hiny oift`rs, b`tm cntjrnil ind jxtjrnil t` tmj

sfm``l. Tmjrj fin bj hiny un`bsjrvjd ispjfts wmcfm hiy cnolujnfj ittctudjs, ljirncnk ind

ifmcjvjhjnt, s` dcoojrjnt hjtm`ds ind cnstruhjnts njjd t` bj usjd.

Is tmj prjsjnt study cs f`nfjrnjd wctm tmj ljvjl ò chpift, issjsshjnt ò ittctudjs ind tmj

stitus ò tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj pr`krjss, ct wùld oill undjr wmit Kiy (933?) djtjrhcnjs is

djsfrcptcvj rjsjirfm. Djsfrcptcvj diti o r tmcs rjsjirfm wcll bj f`lljftjd tmrùkm qujstc`nnicrjs,

sjhc-strufturjd cntjrvcjws ind ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns is wjll is tmrùkm in inilyscs ò studjnt kridjs

cn jnd ò yjir jxihcnitc`ns bjtwjjn lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p sjts (f`ntr`l krùp).

Vjvjril rjsjirfm cnstruhjnts irj usjd is tmjrj cs ilwiys i dinkjr ò quilctitcvj diti f`lljftjd

bjcnk s`hjm`w cniffuritj `r chprjfcsj. O`r jxihplj, i pirtcfcpint hiy n`t bj tmit f``pjritcvj `r

cntjrjstjd cn tmj cntjrvcjw, `r hiy rjsp`nd untrutmoully7 i qujstc`nnicrj ctjh hiy n`t bj fljir

ljidcnk t` in cniffuritj rjsp`nsj `r in `bsjrvitc`n hiy bj f`nscdjrjd unrjlciblj bjfiusj tmj

`bsjrvjr fùld bj bcisjd.

Tmj usj ò h`rj tmin `nj hjisurcnk cnstruhjnt cs ils` gn`wn is trcinkulitc n, i stritjky

f`hh`nly usjd t` djil wctm tmjsj cnf`nscstjnfcjs cn quilctitcvj studcjs. Kiy (933?, p. 29;) jxplicns

trcinkulitc`n is “tmj usj ò hultcplj hjtm`ds, diti f`lljftc`n stritjkcjs, ind/`r diti sùrfjs… t`

9) kjt i h`rj f`hpljtj pcfturj ò wmit cs bjcnk studcjd, ind 2) mivj i wiy t` fr`ss-fmjfg



24

cno`rhitc`n kitmjrjd bjtwjjn cnstruhjnts‘. Tmcs hjtm`d cs ils` vjry chp`rtint t` jnsurj

f`nfurrjnt vilcdcty, wmjrj “tmj diti kitmjrjd or`h uscnk `nj cnstruhjnt hust f`rrjlitj mckmly wctm

diti kitmjrjd or`h uscnk in`tmjr cnstruhjnt‘ (F`mjn ind Hinc`n, 2555) ind t` brcdkj tmj

n`tc`ns ò rjlcibclcty ind vilcdcty.

Tmj ipplcfitc`n ò trcinkulitc n wcll rjsult cn tmj f`lljftc`n ò b`tm quilctitcvj ind quintctitcvj

diti. Iff`rdcnk t` Kiy (933;, p.29?) quilctitcvj studcjs irj kjnjrilly n`n-stindirdczjd, nirritcvj

ind o`rhitcvj (`nk`cnk tmrùkm tmj pr`fjss) wmclj quintctitcvj studcjs irj usuilly stindirdczjd,

nuhjrcfil ind suhhitcvj (it tmj jnd ò tmj pr`fjss `r i kcvjn pjrc`d ò tchj). Mjnfj, cntjrvcjws

ind ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns wcll prchircly ycjld quilctitcvj diti wmclj tmj qujstc`nnicrjs ind kridj

inilyscs wcll prchircly ycjld quintctitcvj diti.

Tmj fm`sjn diti-f lljftc n cnstruhjnts wcll bj l` gjd cnt djticl cn tmj o`ll`wcnk sjftc n, cn tmj

sjqujnfj cn wmcfm tmjy wjrj ipplcjd, cn `rdjr t` dcsfuss tmjcr joojftcvjnjss o`r tmcs rjsjirfm.

:.4 Yujstc`nnicrj Djsckn

Yujstc`nnicrjs wjrj fm`sjn is tmj prchiry cnstruhjnt o`r f`lljftcnk quintctitcvj diti scnfj tmjy

ill`w tmj kitmjrcnk ò lirkj sjts ò diti, ind irj oistjr t` dcstrcbutj ind t` inilysj.

Tmj ocrst sjt ò dcikn stcf qujstc`nnicrjs o`r ill wis idhcncstjrjd cn Hirfm, bjo rj lipt`p

cssucnk, cn `rdjr t` `bticn i snipsm`t ò tmj ojjlcnks ind ittctudjs ò tmj Hirgmih f`hhuncty

prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n. Tmj o`ll`wcnk tw` sjts ò suhhitcvj qujstc`nnicrjs wjrj publcsmjd cn

Hiy, iotjr tmj ocrst bchjstjr9:, ind tmj ocnil `nj by tmj jnd ò tmj ifidjhcf yjir cn Djfjhbjr. Tmj

ipplcfibclcty ò tmcs hjtm`d`l`ky cs jnd`rsjd by Mjrhin ind Mjrhin (9334, p.956), wm` stitj tmit

“suhhitcvj jviluitc`ns irj usjd t` djtjrhcnj wmjtmjr tmj cntjrvjntc`n pr`krih mis w`rgjd t` i

9: Bchjstjr 1 nihj kcvjn t` ùr ifidjhcf tjrh. Jifm sfm``l yjir cs dcvcdjd cnt` oùr ifidjhcf bchjstjrs, jifm listcnk ncnj

wjjgs ippr`xchitjly. It tmj jnd ò jvjry bchjstjr tmjrj cs sfm``l brjig. Tmj ocrst bchjstjr jnds cn tmj ocrst wjjg ò Hiy, tmj

sjf`nd cn tmj sjf`nd wjjg ò Auly, tmj tmcrd cn tmj ocrst wjjg ò @ft`bjr ind tmj oùrtm bchjstjr cn tmj sjf`nd wjjg ò

Djfjhbjr.



2:

sitcsoift`ry ljvjl iotjr tmj cntjrvjntc`n mis bjjn f`hpljtjd `r iotjr i prjdjtjrhcnjd tchj pjrc`d

o`r hjisurjhjnt ind jviluitc`n‘. Vihplj qujstc`nnicrjs fin bj oùnd cn Ippjndcx 6.9, 6.2 ind

6.6.

Cn `rdjr t` `vjrf`hj i p`sscblj n`nrjsp`nsj sctuitc`n wmcfm hiy ircsj wmjn idhcncstjrcnk

qujstc`nnicrjs (Kiy, 933?), ct wis djfcdjd t` publcsm tjifmjr ind studjnt qujstc`nnicrjs `n-lcnj,

`n tmj sfm``l–s Cntrinjt p`rtil, s` tmit diti f`lljftc`n ind litjr inilyscs fùld bj d`nj oistjr ind cn

i h`rj iffuritj hinnjr, tmus jnsurcnk s`hj o`rh ò cntjrnil vilcdcty is sukkjstjd by LjF`hptj

ind Urjcsslj cn F`mjn ind Hinc`n (2555).

Vtudjnts inswjrjd tmj qujstc`nnicrjs durcnk tut`r tchj `n tmj ocrst diy ò fliss kuirintjjcnk

955% rjsp`nsj ritj, ind tjifmjrs mid tmj wm`lj wjjg t` rjsp`nd vci tmjcr lipt`ps. Co iny studjnt

wis ibsjnt or`h sfm` l, tmjy wùld ils` mivj tmj wm`lj wjjg t` inswjr ct. Bjfiusj tmj

qujstc`nnicrj rjqucrjd pirtcfcpints t` l`k `n t` tmj Cntrinjt, h`nct`rcnk rjsp`nsjs wis jiscly d`nj

tmrùkm tmj Cntrinjt l`ks s` by tmj jnd ò tmj wjjg wj fùld djtjrhcnj co iny tjifmjr `r studjnt

mid n`t rjplcjd ind rjqujst tmjh t` d` s`.

Uirjnt dcikn`stcf qujstc`nnicrjs wjrj ils` publcsmjd `n-lcnj but durcnk hitrcfulitc`n tchj,

bjo`rj tmj stirt ò tmj sfm``l yjir. Uirjnts ò lipt`p-sjt studjnts wjrj kucdjd t` i r``h wctm

lipt`ps wjrj in isscstint wùld mjlp tmjh l`k `n s` tmit tmjy fùld inswjr tmj qujstc`nnicrj is

pirt ò tmj hitrcfulitc`n pr`fjss. Tmcs mjlpjd jnsurj i vjry mckm rjsp`nsj ritj.

Tmj qujstc`nnicrj ctjhs wjrj driotjd wctm dcrjft rjljvinfj t` tmj cssujs ò chpift iddrjssjd by

tmcs rjsjirfm ind, t` ifmcjvj tmcs, dcoojrjnt tjfmncqujs wjrj usjd.

T` issjss ittctudjs ind ojjlcnks ritcnk sfiljs wjrj usjd. Tmj sfiljs wjrj f nstruftjd uscnk i picr

ò f`ntristcnk idajftcvjs is sfilj lchcts wctm ocvj cntjrvils. Rjsp`ndjrs wùld kcvj i quintctitcvj

ritcnk t` tmj ctjh bjcnk issjssjd by flcfgcnk `n tmj f`rrjsp`ndcnk nuhbjr `n tmj `nlcnj

qujstc`nnicrj. T` inilysj tmcs diti ind cdjntcoy tmj hcdp`cnt ittctudj `r ojjlcnk o`r jifm f`nfjpt,



2?

tmj hjin ind hjdcin vilujs ò ill ritcnks wcll bj filfulitjd. O`r jxihplj, uscnk tmj vilujs or`h

Tiblj :.9 wmcfm ritj tmj ljvjl ò jntmuscish bjo`rj chpljhjntitc n, tmj hjdcin viluj cndcfitjs in

ittctudj o jntmuscish (4)1

Jntmuscishbjo`rj

chpljhjntitc`n

unjntmuscistcf unfjrticn vjry

jntmuscistcf

9 2 6 4 : T`tilRjplcjs

Hjdcin Hjin

Hirfm 6 9 96 9; 29 :: 4 6.3:

Tiblj :.9 - sihplj qujstc`nnicrj ctjhs t` hjisurj ittctudjs uscnk i ritcnk sfilj

Co tmj h`dj wjrj usjd, tmjn tmj rjsult wùld bj : wmcfm cs n`t in iffuritj hjisurjhjnt is

h`rj tmin milo ò tmj tirkjt p`pulitc`n rjplcjd bjl`w tmcs viluj. Iff`rdcnk t` Kiy (933?, p.464),

tmj hjdcin cs in “ippr`prcitj hjisurj ò fjntril tjndjnfy wmjn tmj diti rjprjsjnt in `rdcnil

sfilj‘. Cn tmcs fisj, tmj hjdcin cs in cntjkjr rjprjsjntitc`n ò tmj hjin ind mjnfj mis h`rj viluj

ind hjincnk o`r tmcs study is wj fin rjlitj ct dcrjftly t` `nj ò tmj cntjrvils.

Zscnk i njutril p`cnt `n tmj sfilj wis rcsgy is pirtcfcpints fùld mivj bjjn jiscly cnflcnjd t` sct

`n tmj ”unfjrticn– cntjrvil, jspjfcilly cn tmj ocrst sjt ò qujstc`nnicrjs bjo`rj pr`krihhj

chpljhjntitc`n. M`wjvjr, tmcs wis n`t tmj fisj o`r tmj hia`rcty ò rjsp`nsjs is wcll bj sjjn litjr.

In`tmjr bjnjoct ò uscnk tmj ritcnk sfilj cs tmit ct ill`ws cno`rhitc`n t` bj f`lljftjd or`h i lirkj

nuhbjr ò pirtcfcpints qucfgly ind higjs ct schpljr t` `rkinczj ind inilysj tmj diti o`r litjr

f`nor`ntitc`n wctm `tmjr jvcdjnfj or`h `tmjr sùrfjs.

Tmcs ritcnk sfilj cs vjry schclir t` @sk``d–s sjhintcf dcoojrjntcil sfilj jxfjpt tmit ct d`js mivj i

njutril cntjrvil cndcfitjd ind tmjrj cs `nly `nj f`nfjpt o`r jifm sfilj, mjnfj tmj ctjh sf`rcnk cs n`t

ipplcjd (@sk``d jt il, 93:;). Tmjsj ritcnk sfiljs wjrj ils` usjd ritmjr tmin i Lcgjrt sfilj bjfiusj

h`rj tmin wintcnk t` gn`w wmjtmjr tmj pirtcfcpints ikrjjd `r dcsikrjjd wctm i fjrticn ispjft ò

tmj pr`krihhj7 wj wintjd t` gn`w m`w pirtcfcpints ojlt ibùt ct, wmit wjrj tmjcr ittctudjs, ritcnk



2;

[mit cs tmj h`st viluiblj ispjft o mivcnk yùr wn lipt`p it sfm``l0 Ring tmjhcn `rdjr 9 (h`st viluiblj) t` = (ljss viluiblj).

- Zscnk tmj w`rdpr`fjss`r cnstjid ò wrctcnk

- Cntjrnjt iffjss cn ill flissjs

- Cntrinjt iffjss cn ill flissjs

- Zscnk lipt`ps o`r rjkulir isscknhjnts, n`t aust spjfcil pràjfts

- Jhicl iffjss

- Ljirncnk h`rj CT sgclls

- Ljirncnk t` usj `tmjr sòtwirj

- Mivcnk ill yùr ocljs rjidcly iffjsscblj - @tmjrs ( pljisj spjfcoy )1

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

n`t `nly tmjcr pjrfjptc`ns, bjlcjos `r ojjlcnks but ils` tmjcr ittctudjs t`wirds sjlo.

Is i wiy t` ourtmjr jnsurj vilcdcty ò tmcs rjsjirfm cnstruhjnt, fljir cnstruftc`ns `n tmj purp`sj

ò tmj sfilj irj kcvjn s` tmit tmj rjsp`ndjrs fin ritj tmjcr ojjlcnks cn i rjlciblj ind m`njst wiy.

@tmjr ctjhs t` issjss cssujs cn wmcfm wj irj l``gcnk o`r pirtcfulir inswjrs, orjqujnfcjs ind

ringcnks, i sjrcjs ò strufturjd, hultcplj-fm`cfj qujstc`ns wjrj cnfludjd. Tmj rjsp`nsjs wjrj jctmjr

yjs/n` `r i lcst ò iltjrnitcvj rjsp`nsjs, jifm bjcnk dcstcnftly dcoojrjnt or`h tmj rjst. Tmcs hjtm`d

ils` mjlps rjsp`ndjrs t` inswjr qucfgly ind iffuritjly, ind ils` mjlps rjsjirfmjrs cn tmj inilyscs.

M`wjvjr, tmjrj cs i fminfj tmit rjsp`ndjrs irj kucdjd cn `nj dcrjftc`n djpjndcnk `n iltjrnitcvjs

pr`vcdjd, tmit tmj lcst ctjhs irj n`t vjry fljir `r ungn`wn `r tmit wmit tmj pirtcfcpint f`nscdjrs

tmj truj rjsp`nsj cs n`t ivicliblj cn tmj lcst. T` `vjrf`hj tmcs, (Kiy, 933?) sukkjsts iddcnk in

“`tmjr‘ fitjk`ry o`r tmjsj typjs ò ctjhs wctm spifj o`r i wrcttjn rjsp`nsj. O`r jxihplj, tmcs fin

bj sjjn fljirly cn tmj qujstc`n wmjn isgjd t` ring tmj h`st viluiblj ispjfts ò tmj pr`krih1

Ockurj :.2 - Vihplj strufturjd qujstc`n t` issjss tmj viluj ò in ctjh

@nly i fùplj ò qujstc`ns wjrj unstrufturjd is ct wis ojlt njfjssiry t` kcvj pirtcfcpints tmj

`ptc`n t` rjsp`nd orjjly ind it ljnktm `n ctjhs sufm is tmjcr ojirs, f`nfjrns ind w`rrcjs ibùt tmj

pr`krihhj `r isgcnk tmjh t` higj ourtmjr f`hhjnts `r sukkjstc`ns o`r chpr`vjhjnt. Tmj



2=

rjsp`nsjs wùld ils` bj f`ntristjd wctm tmj rjsp`nsjs or`h tmj strufturjd ctjhs is i wiy t` tjst

o`r rjlcibclcty. Tmjsj typjs ò qujstc`ns wjrj `ptc`nil ind gjpt t` i hcnchuh bjfiusj rjsp`ndjrs

usuilly d`n–t lcgj wrctcnk hufm iltmùkm tmjy ipprjfcitj tmj `pp`rtuncty t` d` s`, ind bjfiusj tmjy

finn`t bj sf`rjd dcrjftly ind inilysjd qucfgly s` ct wùld bj h`rj tchj f`nsuhcnk ind jrr`r-

pr`nj cn tmj cntjrprjtitc`n.

Bjo`rj publcsmcnk tmj qujstc`nnicrjs, tmjsj wjrj subajft t` i prj-tjst, is sukkjstjd by Kiy

(933?), cn tmj o`rh ò i pcl`t study. Cn tmj fisj ò tmj tjifmjr qujstc`nnicrjs, tw` hjhbjrs ò stioo

wjrj sjljftjd t` tjst ct7 `nj Ujruvcin ind in`tmjr `nj o rjckn. Tmcs wis in chp`rtint jxjrfcsj, n`t

`nly t` tjst tmj cndcvcduil ctjhs, but ils` t` sjj co tmj qujstc`ns ind cnstruftc`ns wjrj fljir o`r ill.

Cn tmj fisj ò studjnts `nj studjnt or`h jifm lipt`p yjir wis sjljftjd ind cn tmj fisj ò

pirjnts, tw` tjifmjrs wm` wjrj ils` pirjnts wjrj sjljftjd. Tmj cdji wis t` rjfjcvj is hiny

f`hhjnts ind sukkjstc`ns o`r chpr`vjhjnt is p`sscblj, t` rjocnj tmj cnstruhjnt, ind ils` t` firry

ùt i pcl`t jxjrfcsj `n tibulitcnk ind inilyscnk rjsults t` sjj co tmj diti `bticnjd wis rjljvint ind

usjoul o`r tmj study.

@nfj oully tjstjd ind vilcditjd, tmj qujstc`nnicrjs wjrj publcsmjd `n tmj prj-djtjrhcnjd ditjs.

Uirjnts mid bjjn cno`rhjd cn tmj prj-hitrcfulitc`n ljttjr, tjifmjrs wjrj cno`rhjd durcnk tmj

prjpiritc`n wjjg prc`r t` tmj bjkcnncnk ò tmj sfm``l yjir ind studjnts wjrj cno`rhjd durcnk tmj

lipt`p “b`x-`pjncnk diy‘.

O`ll`wcnk irj spjfcocf djticls ò jifm qujstc`nnicrj idhcncstjrjd1

Tjifmjr Yujstc`nnicrjs1 Tjifmjrs wjrj h`stly isgjd ibùt tmjcr ittctudjs, jxpjftitc`ns ind ojjlcnks

o`r tmj pr`krihhj, tmjcr f`nocdjnfj ind f`hpjtjnfy wctm tmjcr CFT sgclls, tricncnk njjds, tmj

orjqujnfy ind typj ò lipt`p usj cn tmj flissr``h ind o`r m`hjw`rg, tmj pjrfjcvjd bjnjocts

ind driwbifgs ind tmjcr tjifmcnk ipprìfmjs. I t`til ò :: tjifmjrs, rjprjsjntcnk 955% ò

lipt`p tjifmcnk p`pulitc`n, f`hpljtjd tmj `n-lcnj qujstc`nnicrjs cn ill tmrjj qujstc`nnicrj

sjssc`ns.



23

Vtudjnt Yujstc`nnicrjs1 Vtudjnts wjrj isgjd ibùt tmjcr ittctudjs ind ojjlcnks o`r tmj pr`krihhj,

f`hpjtjnfj cn tmjcr CT sgclls, tmjcr p`cnt ò vcjw ibùt tjifmjr–s f`hpjtjnfj cn tmj tjifmcnk

wctm lipt`ps, tmjcr jna`yhjnt cn sfm` lw`rg, m`w hufm tmjy vilujd tmj lipt`p, m`w tmjy siw

tmjhsjlvjs f`hpirjd t` n`n-lipt`p krùps, iny pjrfjcvjd pr`bljhs, ivjrikj dicly tchj ò

lipt`p usj, ivjrikj usj pjr subajft, typj ò w`rg cn wmcfm tmjy irj jnkikjd, ind tmj usj ò

ipplcfitc`ns. I t`til ò 2:2 studjnts or`h Vjf`ndiry 9, 2 ind 6 lipt`p sjts, rjprjsjntcnk 955%

ò tmj lipt`p studjnt p`pulitc`n, f`hpljtjd tmj qujstc`nnicrjs.

N`. Vtudjnts 2559V9 =9V2 39V6 =5

T@TIL 2:2

Tiblj :.2 - Nuhbjr ò Vtudjnt Yujstc`nnicrj Rjsp`nsjs

Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrjs 1 Uirjnts wjrj isgjd ibùt tmjcr bjlcjos, ittctudjs ind ojjlcnks o`r tmj

pr`krihhj, tmjcr hia`r f`nfjrns ind ojirs, tmjcr tmùkmts ibùt tmj tjifmcnk it Vfm``l, tmj

quilcty ò m`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`n, tmj viluj ò tmj pr`krihhj, m`w hufm tmjcr fmcldrjn

jna`y sfm``l, tmj ivjrikj tchj ò f`hputjr usj it m`hj prc`r ind usj kcvjn.

I t`til ò 22? pirjnts rjplcjd t` tmj `n-lcnj qujstc`nnicrjs. V`hj pirjnts dcdn–t rjply bjfiusj

tmjy flichjd tmjy wjrj ill cn oivùr, tmjy trustjd blcndly wmitjvjr tmj sfm``l dcd7 i ojw dcdn–t

mivj iffjss t` i f`hputjr ind tmj Cntrinjt, ind i ojw `tmjrs wjrj pirjnts ò h`rj tmin `nj

fmcld cn tmj sihj yjir.

N`. Uirjnts 2559V9 ;5V2 =5V6 ;?

T@TIL 22?

Tiblj :.6 - Nuhbjr ò Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrj Rjsp`nsjs



65

:.: Ljss`n @bsjrvitc`ns

I strufturjd, o`fusjd lipt`p ljss`n `bsjrvitc`n o`rh wis prjpirjd t` icd cn tmj f`lljftc n ò

lcvj diti t` bj litjr usjd t` f`ntrist tmit f`lljftjd or`h tmj qujstc`nnicrjs ind cntjrvcjws is pirt ò

tmj trcinkulitc`n pr`fjss hjntc`njd jirlcjr. F`mjn ind Hinc`n (2555, p.65:) sukkjst tmit “bjfiusj

`bsjrvjd cnfcdjnts irj ljss prjdcftiblj tmjrj cs i fjrticn orjsmnjss t` tmcs o`rh ò diti f`lljftc`n

tmit cs òtjn djncjd cn `tmjr o`rhs, j.k. i qujstc`nnicrj `r i tjst‘.

M`wjvjr, ct cs ils` truj t` siy tmit `bsjrvitc`ns irj pr`nj t` bcis ind `bsjrvjr cntjrprjtitc`n ò

jvjnts s` cn in ittjhpt t` hcnchczj tmcs joojft ind jstiblcsm f`nscstjnfy ind rjlcibclcty, tmj

`bsjrvitc`n o`rh wis djscknjd wctm fljir `bsjrvitc`n fitjk`rcjs ind fmjfglcsts o`r oist rjf`rdcnk.

Tmcs wùld ils` mjlp inilysj diti oistjr ind oifclctitj tmj f`hpircs`n ò i vircjty ò lipt p ljss`n

sctuitc`ns wctm jifm `tmjr. @pjn-jndjd ctjhs wjrj ils` cnfludjd t` ill`w s`hj oljxcbclcty o`r tmj

`bsjrvjr t` n`tj d`wn iny ispjft wmcfm wis n`t f`nscdjrjd cn tmj o`rh but wmcfm wis oùnd

hjincnkoul.

Tmj o`rh rjqujstjd tmj `bsjrvitc`n ind rjf`rdcnk ò tmj ljss`n strufturj ind typj ò iftcvcty,

tmj tjfmn`l`ky rjsùrfjs usjd ind tmj tchj, tmj sòtwirj t``ls, ljss`n hinikjhjnt stritjkcjs ind

tmj ritcnk ò tmj joojftcvjnjss ò tmj usj ind ipplcfitc`n ò CFT ind lipt`ps cn tmj ljss`n,

o`ll`wcnk i kcvjn sjt ò cndcfit`rs ( sjj Ippjndcx 6.4). Tmj `bsjrvitc`n o`rh ctjhs wjrj ils` driotjd

cn dcrjft rjlitc`n t` qujstc`nnicrj ctjhs s` tmit tmjy fùld litjr bj usjd t` fr`ss-fmjfg tmjh. T`

jnsurj i djkrjj ò vilcdcty ind rjlcibclcty, tmj o`rh wis prj-tjstjd `n in V49? CKFVJ F`hputjr

Vtudcjs fliss ind `n in LB9;

CB F`hputjr Vfcjnfj fliss prc`r t` djpl`yhjnt t` `tmjr ljss`ns, n`t

`nly t` tjst tmit tmj rjqucrjd diti wis suffjssoully f`lljftjd but ils` t` mjlp hj priftcfj cn uscnk ct

cn i rjil-flissr``h sctuitc`n.

Kiy (933?, p.2;6) sukkjsts tmit `nj wiy t` djtjft `bsjrvjr bcis cs by mivcnk h`rj tmin `nj

`bsjrvjr rjf`rdcnk jvjnts cndjpjndjntly but cn tmcs rjsjirfm C bjfihj tmj `nly pjrs`n t` f`nduft

9? V41 Vjf`ndiry 4tm yjir



69

ill ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns o`r tmj rjis`ns tmit, is CT F`-`rdcnit`r, C ih i njutril hjhbjr ò stioo t`

`tmjr ifidjhcf djpirthjnts, C mid tmj gn`wljdkj ind undjrstindcnk t` gn`w wmit t` l``g o`r

ind C mid bjjn isscknjd tmj rjsp`nscbclcty by tmj VIT t` f`nduft tmcs rjsjirfm. V` cn `rdjr t`

hcnchcsj bcis ind hcscntjrprjtitc`ns, C id`ptjd tmj stritjky ò dcsfusscnk tmj ocndcnks wctm tmj

tjifmjr it tmj jnd ò jvjry ljss`n `bsjrvitc`n, wm` o`rtunitjly ilwiys ikrjjd.

Kiy (933?, p.;6) ils` hjntc`ns in “`bsjrvjr joojft‘ rjojrrcnk t` “cnvilcd `bsjrvitc`ns tmit

rjsult or`h tmj oift tmit tm`sj bjcnk `bsjrvjd… bjmivj dcoojrjntly schply bjfiusj tmjy irj bjcnk

`bsjrvjd‘, sctuitc`n ils` djsfrcbjd by F`mjn ind Hinc`n (2555, p.9:?) is tmj Miwtm`rnj joojft.

Tmjy sukkjst `nj wiy t` hcnchczj rjiftcvcty joojfts cs t` stiy “wctm tmj pirtcfcpints o`r i

substintcil pjrc`d ò tchj… rjf`rdcnk wmit cs mippjncnk, wmclst tigcnk i r`lj cn tmit sctuitc`n‘.

Bjircnk tmcs cn hcnd, ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns wjrj djscknjd t` list tmj duritc`n ò `nj wm`lj ljss`n,

ivjrikcnk 45 hcnutjs, or`h stirt t` jnd. Tmj oift tmit is CT F`-`rdcnit`r C mid bjjn w`rgcnk wctm

tmj tjifmjrs o`r i wm`lj yjir prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n ind tmit tmjy wjrj wjll iwirj tmit tmcs study

wis k`cnk t` bj mippjncnk tmr ukmùt tmj ocrst yjir, ils` mjlpjd cn hcnchcscnk tmcs joojft is tmjy

wjrj gjjn t` mivj hj cn fliss t` mjlp tmjh chpr`vj cn iny wiy. Tmj tjifmjrs wjrj ils` jikjr t`

gn`w wmjtmjr tmjy wjrj `n tmj rckmt trifg ind ojlt s`hjm`w rjissurjd ind f`nocdjnt wctm hy

prjsjnfj, jvjn tmùkm hy r`lj wis pisscvj ind n`n-pirtcfcpint, schply wilgcnk irùnd t` `bsjrvj

iftcvcty ind scttcnk it tmj bifg t` tigj n`tjs. Vtudjnts ils` ojlt s`hjm`w f`ho`rtiblj is tmjy ils`

gnjw ibùt tmj study or`h tmj h`hjnt tmjy rjfjcvjd tmjcr cnctcil tricncnk ind tmjy mid sjjn hj

bjo`rj f`hcnk cnt` ljss`ns t` mjlp cn tmj usj ò CFT cn tmj flissr``h prc`r t` tmj lipt`p

pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n. Tmjrj wis n` tmrjit cnv`lvjd, n` njjd t` chprjss iny`nj ind n`

f`nsjqujnfjs, jvjry`nj undjrst``d ct wis pirt ò i pr`fjss njfjssiry o`r chpr`vjhjnt ind outurj

djvjl`phjnt. In`tmjr ispjft wmcfm mjlpjd rjdufj tmj Miwtm`rnj joojft wis tmit tmj Vfm``l mid

9; LB1 L`wjr B `r tmj ocrst yjir ò tmj CB pr`krihhj



62

ilrjidy undjrk`nj tw` rjvcjws9=, ind ct mid cn plifj in cntjrnil ippricsil systjh, s` studjnts ind

stioo wjrj oihclcir wctm mivcnk `bsjrvjrs cn tmj flissr``h it iny tchj.

Ocnilly, tmj `tmjr sctuitc`n wmcfm fùld ljnd ctsjlo t` i fjrticn djkrjj ò unrjlcibclcty cs rjlitjd t`

tmj usj ò ritcnk sfiljs cn tw` ò tmj ctjhs cn tmj `bsjrvitc`n o`rh ‖ tmj `nj wmcfm djsfrcbjs

studjnt ittctudjs ind in`tmjr wmcfm ritjs tmj `vjrill usj ind ipplcfitc`n ò lipt`ps ind CFT cn tmj

ljss`n. F`mjn ind Hinc`n (2555, p.653) cdjntcoy tmrjj p`sscblj bcis `r rjiftcvcty sctuitc`ns1

(i) Tmj mil` joojft 1 wmjrjby cnctcil chprjssc`ns (p`sctcvj `r njkitcvj) ioojft subsjqujnt

`bsjrvitc`ns

(b) Tmj fjntril tjndjnfy 1 wmjrjby `bsjrvjrs wcll iv`cd jxtrjhj fitjk`rcjs7

(f) Rjfjnfy 1 wmjrjby `bsjrvjrs irj cnolujnfjd by h`rj rjfjnt jvjnts tmin ljss rjfjnt jvjnts.

Bjfiusj ljss`ns wjrj `bsjrvjd ifr`ss yjir krùps ind subajfts, tmrùkmùt tmj wm`lj yjir, tmj

mil` joojft ind rjfjnfy sctuitc`ns wjrj hcnchczjd, wmclj it tmj sihj tchj higcnk in joo`rt t`

iv`cd tmj fjntril tjndjnfy, bjcnk is `bajftcvj ind njutril is p`sscblj. F`mjn ind Hinc`n (2555,

p.694) ils` stitj tmit “tmj krjitjr tmj nuhbjr ò `bsjrvitc`ns, tmj krjitjr tmj rjlcibclcty ò tmj diti

hckmt bj, jniblcnk jhjrkjnt fitjk`rcjs t` bj vjrcocjd‘ s` ct wis vjry chp`rtint t` try t` jstiblcsm

is hiny ljss`ns t` bj `bsjrvjd is p`sscblj.

Tmj tirkjt ljss`ns wjrj fm`sjn it rind`h cn `rdjr t` `bticn i rjprjsjntitcvj sihplj o tmj usj

ò lipt`ps by subajfts ind by yjir krùps, biscfilly by studycnk tmj tchjtibljs ind octtcnk tmjh cnt`

hy tchj orihj ind sfmjdulj, sm`wcnk n` prjojrjnfj t`wirds iny krùp.

Tmj nuhbjr ò `bsjrvitc`n pjrc`ds ill`fitjd pjr subajft wis jstiblcsmjd cn dcrjft rjlitc`n t`

tmj nuhbjr ò pjrc`ds ill`fitjd cn tmj sfm``l tchjtiblj, tmjrjo`rj Hitms ljss`ns, wmcfm tigj plifj

jvjry diy, wjrj h`rj orjqujntly `bsjrvjd tmin Rjlckc`n ljss`ns wmcfm `nly tigj plifj `nfj i wjjg.

9= Tmj ocrst rjvcjw `r cnspjftc`n wis f`nduftjd by tmj MHF (Mjidhistjr–s F`nojrjnfj) ind tmj sjf`nd `nj by tmj njwly

o`rhjd LIMF (Litcn Ihjrcfin Mjidhistjr–s F`nojrjnfj)



66

Sjir Jnk Hit Vpi Vfc Kj` Mcs Orj CT Rjl T@TIL2559 V9 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 96V2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 96

V6 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 96? ? ? ? 6 6 6 6 6 63

Tiblj :.4 - Dcstrcbutc`n ò Ljss`n @bsjrvitc`ns o`r Lipt`p ljss`ns

:.? Cntjrvcjws

Cntjrvcjws wjrj djscknjd is tmj fl`scnk jljhjnt ò tmj trcinkulitc`n pr`fjss `n tmj diti

kitmjrjd prjvcùsly or`h qujstc`nnicrjs ind ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns, wctm tmj cdji n`t `nly t`

jnfùrikj tmj jxfminkj ò p`cnts ò vcjw bjtwjjn tmj rjsjirfm f`nduft`r (hysjlo) ind

pirtcfcpints (studjnts, tjifmjrs ind pirjnts) but ils`, is F`mjn ind Hinc`n (2555, p. 2?;) pr`p`sj,

t` kjnjritj tmrùkm tmcs s`fcil cntjriftc`n, ourtmjr cno`rhitc`n n`t p`sscblj vci tmj `tmjr

cnstruhjnts, sufm is ojjlcnks `r cssujs wmcfm hiy mivj bjjn `vjrl``gjd by tmj rjsjirfmjr. Tmcs

fùld ils` rjsult cn jctmjr f`rr`b`ritcnk `r f`ntridcftcnk tmj jvcdjnfj prjvcùsly kitmjrjd wctm tmj

`tmjr cnstruhjnts ind mjnfj cts chp`rtinfj cn tmcs study.

Tmjrj irj ils` jljhjnts ò bcis cn cntjrvcjws is rjp`rtjd by Kiy (933?, p.2?2), usuilly cn tmj

o`rh ò p`sscblj cntjrvcjwjr rjiftc`ns (p`sctcvj `r njkitcvj) wmcfm hiy ljid tmj cntjrvcjwjj, `r tmj

lifg ò f``pjritc`n ò tmj cntjrvcjwjj wmcfm fùld rjsult cn hjincnkljss, usjljss `r cniffuritj

cno`rhitc`n. T` try t` hcnchcsj tmcs joojft C prj-tjstjd tmj cntjrvcjw kucdj ind C trcjd t` sjljft i

sihplj ò cntjrvcjwjjs ò studjnts ind tjifmjrs or`h wm`h C f`nscdjrjd wùld kjt tmjcr oull

f``pjritc`n.

Tmj cntjrvcjw kucdj wis prj-tjstjd wctm i sjt ò studjnts or`h hy CB F`hputjr Vfcjnfj

flissr``h, n`t `nly t` sjj m`w C wùld rjift t` fjrticn rjsp`nsjs but ils` t` rjfjcvj ojjdbifg is t`

tmj wiy C f`nduftjd tmj cntjrvcjw ind tmj niturj ò tmj kucdcnk qujstc`ns usjd. C fm`sj studjnts

or`h tmcs fliss bjfiusj C mid tiukmt tmjh o`r ilh`st ocvj yjirs ind wj smirjd i fl`sj, trustcnk



64

rjlitc`nsmcp ind f`nsjqujntly tmjy wjrj iblj (ind wcllcnk) t` jxprjss tmjhsjlvjs orjjly. Tmcs fliss

wùld tmjn n`t bj f`nscdjrjd is pirt ò tmj ljss`n `bsjrvitc`n sihplj.

[ctm pirjnts C usjd i dcoojrjnt ippr ifm is C dcdn–t mivj rjkulir f`ntift wctm tmjh, s`

cntjrvcjws wjrj h`rj sp`ntinjùs, tmrùkm unstrufturjd f`nvjrsitc`ns jctmjr durcnk pirjnt

jvjncnks, @pjn Diys93, wmjn pirjnts fihj t` f`lljft fmcldrjn, wmjn tmjy mid i spjfcocf f`hplicnt,

wintjd t` gn`w h rj ibùt tmj pr`krihhj r cn iny `tmjr cno rhil fcrfuhstinfj. V`hj ils` sjnt

j-hicls wctm f`hhjnts `r sukkjstc`ns tmrùkmùt tmj yjir. Tmjsj pr`vjd vjry usjoul t` kitmjr

rjljvint ind usjoul cno`rhitc`n cn i vircjty ò f`ntjxts

T` f`nstruft tmj cntjrvcjw kucdjs, i sjhc-strufturjd ipprìfm wis usjd, “cnv`lvcnk tmj isgcnk

ò strufturjd qujstc`ns o`ll`wjd by flircoycnk unstrufturjd `r `pjn-jndjd qujstc`ns‘ (Kiy, 933? ).

Tmj kucdjs ichjd t` f`lljft cno`rhitc`n ibùt ojjlcnks ò tmj lipt`p ind tmj pr`krihhj ctsjlo,

studjnt ljirncnk, ind ifmcjvjhjnt, tjifmcnk wctm lipt`ps, ind kjnjril sukkjstc`ns ( sjj Ippjndcx

6.:). M`wjvjr, durcnk tmj prj-tjst C oùnd tmit s`hj qujstc`ns wjrj s`hjm`w ljidcnk ind `tmjrs

njjdjd ourtmjr flircocfitc`n `r qujstc`ns t` jniblj i h`rj sckncocfint inswjr.

O`r jxihplj cn b`tm cntjrvcjw kucdjs, Yujstc`ns 2 ind : s`hjm`w issuhjd tmit tmj

pirtcfcpints mid ojirs ind pr`bljhs s` ct wis njfjssiry t` flircoy cn s`hj fisjs tmit tmjy fùld

mivj n`nj. Cn Yujstc`ns 6, 4 ind ?, tmj w`rdcnk wis pr`bibly t`` kjnjril ind fùld mivj bjjn

cntjrprjtjd dcoojrjntly by jifm cntjrvcjwjj. O`r cnstinfj ljirncnk h`rj ` bjttjr… wmit dcd tmcs iftuilly

hjin0 Bjttjr `r w`rsj kridjs … wctm rjspjft t`0 Tjifmjrs `r studjnts wjll-prjpirjd … wmit dcd wjll-

prjpirjd jnticl0 Cn `rdjr t` fljir tmjsj ctjhs C mid t` bj vjry firjoul cn trycnk t` flircoy tmj ctjhs

wctm is lcttlj bcis is p`sscblj, iddcnk kjnjril jxihpljs. O`r cnstinfj cn Yujstc n 2 C iddjd “ yù sjjh

t` undj rstind t`pcfs h`rj jiscly‘ `r, “ yù irj cntjrjstjd cn ljirncnk h`rj ib ut i t`pcf‘ . Cn Yujstc`n 4 C mid t`

idd “f`hpircnk tmjh t` list yjir–s `r t` tmj prjvcùs bchjstjr‘ ind cn Yujstc`n ? C iddjd f`hhjnts sufm

93

Jvjnt cn wmcfm tmj sfm``l cs `pjn t` tmj jntcrj Hirgmih f`hhuncty, wmjrj studjnt w`rg cs put `n dcspliy ind/`rdjh`nstritjd by studjnts tmjhsjlvjs.



6:

is “d` tmjy usj tmj lipt`p ind tmj Cntrinjt f`nocdjntly ‘ , “d` tmjy sjt fljir w`rg kucdjlcnjs o`r lipt`p usj‘ `r “d`

tmjy sjt hjincnkoul, cntjrjstcnk ljirncnk iftcvctcjs‘ .

Jvjn tmùkm tmj cntjrvcjw kucdjs mivj bjjn driotjd cn Jnklcsm, tmjy wjrj f`nduftjd cn tmj

cntjrvcjwjjs– nitcvj linkuikj s` tmit tmjy fùld ojjl f`ho`rtiblj cn jxprjsscnk tmjcr cdjis ind

ojjlcnks, wmcfm wis p`sscblj duj t` hy bclcnkuil sgclls.

Rjf`rdcnk ò cntjrvcjw rjsults o`r tjifmjrs ind studjnts wis d`nj hinuilly, n`tcnk rjsp`nsjs is

tmj cntjrvcjw pr`krjssjd `n i n`tjpid. Tmcs wis i prjojrrjd ipprìfm t` rjf`rdcnk is C f`nscdjrjd

ct ljss tmrjitjncnk ind h`rj nituril cn ùr sfm``l f`ntjxt. Ct ils` mjlpjd hj f`nduft tmj cntjrvcjws

inytchj, inywmjrj, kuirintjjcnk i h`rj cno`rhil ind rjlixjd ith`spmjrj, jspjfcilly wctm tjifmjrs,

jvjn tmùkm Kiy (933?, p. 2?6) sukkjsts ct hckmt bj h`rj tchj f`nsuhcnk. Bjfiusj ò tmcs,

cntjrvcjws wjrj ils` firrcjd ùt `n i shilljr sihplj ò pirtcfcpints is djticljd njxt.

Vtudjnt Cntjrvcjws

O`r tmj jviluitc`n pjrc`d cn Hiy, tmcrty studjnts, or`h tmj dcoojrjnt lipt`p flissjs cn dcoojrjnt

yjir krùps wjrj sjljftjd it rind`h, but jnsurcnk jquil sprjid bjtwjjn kcrls ind b`ys. O`r tmj

jviluitc`n pjrc`d cn Djfjhbjr, tmcrty studjnts wjrj fm`sjn rind`hly or`h i rinkj ò p``r, k``d

ind jxfjlljnt ivjrikj kridjs, ikicn jnsurcnk jquil sprjid bjtwjjn kcrls ind b`ys ind iv`cdcnk

rjpjitjd cntjrvcjwjjs.

Tmj cntjrvcjws wjrj cndcvcduilly f`nduftjd, iff rdcnk t` i ocxjd sfmjdulj durcnk brjig tchjs, cn

tmj CFT F`-`rdcnit`r–s òocfj, wmjrj b`tm fùld sct f`ho rtibly cn i rjlixjd jnvcr nhjnt, ljidcnk

t` cno`rhil f`nvjrsitc`n ibùt tmjcr ojjlcnks `n tmj pr`krihhj. Vtudjnts wjrj ils` ill`wjd t` jit

i snifg `r mivj i drcng co tmjy wcsmjd t` wmcfm mjlpjd brjig tmj cfj ind tmj f`hprjmjnscvj cnctcil

njrvùsnjss s`hj mid.



6?

N`. Vtudjnts V9 V2 V6 T@TIL Auly 2559 95 95 95 65Djfjhbjr 2559 95 95 95 65

Tiblj :.: - Dcstrcbutc`n ò Vtudjnt Cntjrvcjws

Tjifmjr Cntjrvcjws

Tmjsj cntjrvcjws mippjnjd cno rhilly, cn tmj stioo r``h `r it iny `tmjr vjnuj, wmjn C oùnd i

f`lljikuj wm` wcsmjd t` smirj mcs vcjws, f`nfjrns, ojirs, sukkjstc`ns `r `tmjr cssujs ibùt tmj

pr`krihhj. Vpjfcil ittjntc`n wis kcvjn t` njw stioo ind ils` t` jnsurcnk tmit b`tm, l`fil ind

o`rjckn stioo wjrj jquilly rjprjsjntjd. V`hj stioo wjrj rjpjitjdly cntjrvcjwjd or`h sjssc`n t`

sjssc`n, bjfiusj tmjy dcd n`t sjjh t`` f`nvcnfjd it tmj stirt ò tmj pr`krih `r bjfiusj tmjy

jxprjssjd sjrcùs f`nfjrns `n tmj qujstc`nnicrjs.

N`. Tjifmjrs O`rjckn L`fil T@TIL2559 ? ? 92

Tiblj :.? - Dcstrcbutc`n ò Tjifmjr Cntjrvcjws

Uirjnt Cntjrvcjws

Bjfiusj tmjsj wjrj cno`rhil ind sp`ntinjùs, wctmùt iny cntjrvcjw kucdj, C mid t` rjly `n

rjf`rdcnk rjsp`nsjs iotjr tmj cntjrvcjw wmcfm hjint, is Kiy (933?, p.2?6) wjll p`cnts, tmit n`t ill

oifts wjrj pr`bibly rjticnjd jxiftly is kcvjn, jspjfcilly co rjsp`nsjs wjrj l`nk `r hiny. M`wjvjr,

tmj jhicl ojjdbifg pr`vjd usjoul ind iffuritj jvcdjnfj ò pirjntil ojjlcnks.



6;

:.; Kridj Inilyscs

Ocnilly, tmj quintctitcvj kridj inilyscs wis firrcjd ùt it tmj jnd ò tmj yjir `n tmj Jnd ò Sjir

jxihcnitc`n rjsults o`r lipt`p sjts ind n`n-lipt`p sjts (f`ntr`l krùp), ind ocnil yjir ivjrikjs pjr

subajft. Uirtcfulir ittjntc`n wis kcvjn t` tmj V625 rjsults is tmjy wjrj tmj ocrst yjir ò tmj CKFVJ

pr`krihhj ind tmjrj wis i fjrticn ojir ò i njkitcvj chpift `n tmjcr ifmcjvjhjnt wmcfm fùld

ioojft tmj sfm``l–s rjsults ind cntjrnitc`nil stindcnk.

Jnd ò Sjir jxihcnitc`ns it Hirgmih F`lljkj irj suhhitcvj stindirdczjd issjsshjnts firrcjd

ùt it tmj jnd ò jifm ifidjhcf yjir ind o`r jvjry subajft, ichjd it djtjrhcncnk tmj ocnil ljvjls ò

ifmcjvjhjnt rjifmjd by studjnts cn jifm yjir krùp. Jifm ifidjhcf djpirthjnt cs rjsp`nscblj o`r

tmj jxihcnitc`n jlib`ritc`n, uscnk tjfmncqujs wmcfm bjst suct tmjcr subajft. O`r jxihplj, Orjnfm

wùld n`rhilly mivj tw` pipjrs1 i pipjr `n lcstjncnk ind rjidcnk f`hprjmjnsc n uscnk hultcplj

fm`cfj ctjhs, ind i pipjr `n krihhir ind wrctcnk sgclls wctm `pjn-jndjd ctjhs (wrctcnk i ljttjr,

wrctcnk i sm`rt st`ry `r jssiy, sm`rt-inswjr ctjhs). Hitms wùld mivj tw` pipjrs rjqucrcnk

pr`bljh-s`lvcnk it dcoojrjnt ljvjls1 `nj pipjr wctm hjfmincfil, strickmt o`rwird jxjrfcsjs ind

in`tmjr `nj wctm mckm-`rdjr tmcngcnk pr`bljh-s`lvcnk qujstc`ns.

Hirgcnk ò jxih pipjrs cs ils` tmj rjsp`nscbclcty ò jifm ifidjhcf djpirthjnt undjr tmj Mjid

ò Djpirthjnt–s supjrvcsc`n, t` jnsurj tmj quilcty ò tmj hirgcnk s` tmit tmj kridjs `bticnjd irj cn

oift i rjil rjprjsjntitc`n ò tmj ljvjls ifmcjvjd.

Iff`rdcnk t` F`mjn ind Hinc`n (2555, p.69=), jnd ò yjir jxihcnitc`ns oill undjr wmit irj

gn`w is n`n-pirihjtrcf tjsts is tmjy irj djscknjd o`r i kcvjn spjfcocf p`pulitc`n, cn tmcs fisj, jifm

tjst o`r jifm subajft cs ticl`r-hidj o`r i pirtcfulir sjf`ndiry yjir krùp. Tmj inilyscs ò tmj rjsults

cs ils` strickmt-o`rwird, uscnk n`n-pirihjtrcf stitcstcfs `n tmjsj rjlitcvjly shill sihpljs.

25 V61 Vjf`ndiry 6rd yjir



6=

Jnd ò yjir jxih rjsults irj in chp`rtint cndcfit`r but finn`t bj f`nscdjrjd tmj `nly `nj o`r

tmcs study is tmjrj fin bj hiny oift`rs ioojftcnk studjnt pjro`rhinfj cn i scnklj jxih sjssc`n.

Tmjrjo`rj tmj innuil vjrill pjro rhinfj cs ils` tigjn cnt` iffùnt.

Is hjntc njd jirlcjr, n`n-lipt`p sjts wcll bj usjd is i f`ntr`l krùp t` inilysj tmj kridjs ind

f`hpirj ljvjls ò ifmcjvjhjnt. O`r b`tm, lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p studjnts cn V9 ind V229, sjts

rjprjsjntjd studjnt ibclcty. Cn V2 h`rj studjnts a`cnjd tmj pr`krihhj s` tmjrj wis i l`w ibclcty,

lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p sjt wmclj cn V9 tmjrj n` l`w-ibclcty sjts, but tw` hcxjd ibclcty sjt o`r b`tm.

Tmj o ll`wcnk tiblj cllustritjs tmcs dcstrcbutc`n1

Sjir Krùp T`p Ibclcty Vjts

Hcddlj IbclctyVjts

L`w Ibclcty Vjts

N`n-Lipt`p

Lipt`pN`n-

Lipt`pLipt`p

N`n-Lipt`p

Lipt`p

Vjf`ndiry 9 V9I V9L9V9B9V9B2

V9L2V9L6

--- ---

Vjf`ndiry 2 V2I V2L9 ---V2L2V2L6

V2B V2L4

Tiblj :.; - Dcstrcbutc`n ò Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts

Cn V6 tmj pcfturj wis f`hpljtjly dcoojrjnt is, duj t` tmj niturj ò tmj CKFVJ furrcfuluh, tut`r

krùps fùld n`t bj irrinkjd by ibclcty rinkjs but by `ptc`n bl`fgs, s` tmjsj sjts wjrj ill hcxjd-

ibclcty krùps. Tmjrjo`rj, tmj inilyscs ò kridjs o`r V9 ind V2 wcll bj bisjd `n i f`hpircs`n by

ibclcty sjts but o`r V6 by `ptc`n bl`fgs `nly.

Tmj Ujruvcin jdufitc`nil systjh usjs i kridj sfilj ò 5 t` 25, wctm 99 bjcnk tmj òocfcil piss

hirg. Tmj Vfm``l usjs tmcs systjh t` filfulitj ind iwird kridjs s` tmj inilyscs wcll bj bisjd `n

tmjsj ockurjs. O`r bjttjr undjrstindcnk ind t` mjlp sjt tmjsj cn in cntjrnitc`nil f`ntjxt, tmj

29 V9 ind V2 rjprjsjnt Vjf`ndiry 9st ind Vjf`ndiry 2nd yjirs rjspjftcvjly



63

o`ll`wcnk tiblj cllustritjs tmj jqucviljnfj sfiljs, is ipplcjd by Hirgmih F`lljkj, o`r tmj CKFVJ

ind CB systjhs1

@oocfcil UjruvcinKridj

CKFVJ Kridj CB Kridj@oocfcil Ujruvcin

KridjCKFVJ Kridj

CBKridj

25 I* ; 95 D

93 B`rdjrlcnj I/I* 3

9= I ? = J 2

9; [jig I ;

9? Vtr`nk B : ? O

9: B : 9

94 [jig B 4 K

96Vtr`nk F it

Jxtjndjd ljvjl

4 6

92 F 2 Z

99 [jig F 6 9

Tiblj :.= ‖ Hirgmih F`lljkj–s Kridj Jqucviljnfjs. Kridjs cn ctilcfs rjprjsjnt oiclcnk kridjs.

Tmj kridj inilyscs wcll ils` pr`vcdj tmj nuhbjr ò studjnts it rcsg, wctm tmrjj `r h`rj subajft

oicls. Iff`rdcnk t` Ujruvcin liw, i studjnt wctm up t` tmrjj subajft oicls it tmj jnd ò tmj yjir fin

sct i ”Rjfupjrifc`n –22

jxih cn Ojbruiry ò tmj o`ll`wcnk yjir. Co tmj studjnt oicls tmj tmrjj subajft

jxihs ikicn tmjn mj/smj oicls tmj yjir. Co tmj studjnt oicls oùr `r h`rj subajfts it tmj jnd ò tmj

yjir, tmjn tmj studjnt iut`hitcfilly oicls tmj yjir. Tmcs hiy rjsult cn tmj studjnt rjpjitcnk tmj yjir

`r wctmdriwcnk or`h sfm``l duj t` p``r ifidjhcf rjsults. Mjnfj, in inilyscs ò yjir oicls wcll ils`

bj f`nscdjrjd is in chp`rtint cndcfit`r cn tmcs study.

22 ” Rjfupjrifc`n– jxihs irj in`tmjr vjrsc`n o tmj jnd o yjir jxihs sit it tmj jnd o tmj prjvcùs yjir.



45

FMIUTJR ?

INILSVCV @O RJVZLTV

Cn tmcs fmiptjr, tmj diti kitmjrjd tmrùkm tmj cnstruhjnts djsfrcbjd ib`vj, cs prjsjntjd ind

inilysjd cn `rdjr t` ocnd tmj jxtjnt t` wmcfm tmj `bajftcvjs ò tmcs rjsjirfm mivj bjjn hjt.

Tmjsj wjrj djocnjd jirlcjr is1

Jstiblcsmcnk i snipsm`t ò tmj ojjlcnks ind ljvjl ò supp`rt t` tmj pr`krihhj or`h

tjifmjrs, studjnts ind pirjnts t` djfcdj `n pr`krihhj f`ntcnuitc`n.

Inilyscnk tmj chpift `n studjnt ljirncnk, ifmcjvjhjnt ind ittctudjs.

Cdjntcoycnk cndcfit`rs ò suffjss wmcfm wùld ill`w tmj sfm``l t` gn`w co tmj

pr`krihhj `bajftcvjs wjrj bjcnk ouloclljd

Cn `rdjr t` ifmcjvj tmcs, tmj njfjssiry cnstruhjnts wjrj djscknjd t` hjisurj chpift `n vircùs

ljvjls1 studjnt h`tcvitc`n ind jntmuscish t` ljirn, quilcty ò studjnts– ljirncnk , tjifmcnk r`lj ind

stritjkcjs, ifidjhcf ifmcjvjhjnt ind ocnilly, studjnts– CT sgclls.

Rjsults irj prjsjntjd cn ocvj strinds1 tmj tjifmjr, studjnt ind pirjnt pjrspjftcvjs (wmcfm

cnfludj qujstc`nnicrj ind cntjrvcjw rjsults), ljss`n `bsjrvitc`n rjsults ind tmj kridj inilyscs. Ill

tmjsj irj tmjn fr`ss-rjojrjnfjd o`r i h`rj f`hpljtj ind sckncocfint inilyscs, ljidcnk t` hjincnkoul

f`nflusc`ns ind rjf`hhjnditc`ns o`r subsjqujnt lcnjs ò iftc`n.

?.9 Tjifmjrs– Ujrspjftcvj

Tmj rjsults ò tjifmjr inswjrs t` tmj qujstc`nnicrjs irj krùpjd cnt` tmj o`ll`wcnk fitjk`rcjs1

ittctudjs, hia`r ojirs ind f`nfjrns, tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`ky, tmj CT f`hp`njnt, tmj supp`rt

sjrvcfjs, tmj pr`krihhj ind ourtmjr sukkjstc`ns `r f`hhjnts.



49

Ittctudjs

Tjifmjrs wjrj qujstc njd ibùt tmjcr ittctudjs prc`r t` tmj pr`krihhj ind iotjr

chpljhjntitc`n. Tmj o`ll`wcnk tiblj cllustritjs tmjsj rjsults is pjrfjntikjs1

9 2 6 4 :

Sùr jntmuscish o`r tmj pr`krihhj

un-jntmuscistcf unfjrticn

vjryjntmuscistcf

T`til%

Hirfm :% 2% 24% 69% 6=% 955%

Hiy 5% 4% 99% 43% 6?% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5% 2% ;% :9% 45% 955%

Sùr f`hhcthjnt t`tmj pr`krihhj

n`tf`hhcttjd unfjrticn

mckmlyf`hhcttjd

Hirfm 4% 2% 24% 2:% 4:% 955%

Hiy 5% 4% 9?% 4:% 6:% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5% 2% 99% 43% 6=% 955% Sùr f`nocdjnfj cn tmjchpift ò tmj

pr`krihhjn`t

f`nocdjnt unfjrticnmckmly

f`nocdjnt

Hirfm 5% 5% 23% 45% 69% 955%

Hiy 5% 4% 45% 6=% 9=% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5% 4% 69% 44% 22% 955%

Sùr bjlcjo cn tmj vilujò tmj pr`krihhj n` viluj unfjrticn mckm viluj

Hirfm 4% 2% 9:% 2;% :6% 955%

Hiy 5% 4% 99% 44% 42% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5% 2% ;% :9% 45% 955%

Tiblj ?.9.9 - Tjifmjr Ittctudj Rjsults

Or`h tmjsj rjsults `nj fin cnojr tmit tjifmjr ittctudjs wjrj prjd`hcnintly p`sctcvj, cnfrjiscnk

cn jifm sjssc`n, h`vcnk iwiy or`h tmj njkitcvj ojjlcnks o`r tmj pr`krihhj. O`r cnstinfj,

rjkirdcnk tmj ljvjls ò jntmuscish, tmj p`sctcvj ittctudjs cnfrjisjd or`h ?3% t` 39%. Cn tmj fisj

ò f`hhcthjnt ct cnfrjisjd or`h ;5% t` =;% ind tmj ljvjls ò bjlcjo cn tmj viluj ò tmj

pr`krihhj r`sj or`h =5% t` 39%. M`wjvjr, tmj ljvjl ò f`nocdjnfj dchcncsmjd or`h ;9% t`

:?% rcscnk ikicn t` ??%.

Tmj o`ll wcnk fmirts cn Ockurj ?.9.9 cllustritj tmjsj rjsults by sm`wcnk tmj djvjl`phjnt ò

tjifmjr ittctudjs ind tmj p`pulitc`n dcstrcbutc`n or`h sjssc`n t` sjssc`n1



42

Tjifmjr ittctudjs - Jntmuscish

5

95

25

65

45

:5

?5

;5

9 2 6 4 :

Ljvjls ò Jntmuscish

N`.Tjifmjrs

Djfjhbjr

H iy

Hirfm

Tjifmjr ittctudjs - F`hhcthjnt

5

95

25

65

45

:5

?5

;5

9 2 6 4 :

Ljvjls ò F`hh cthjnt

N`.Tjifmjr

s

Djfjhbjr

H iy

H irfm

Tjifmjr ittctudjs - F`nocdjnfj

5

95

25

65

45

:5

?5

;5

=5

9 2 6 4 :

Ljvjls ò F`nocdjnfj

N`.Tjifmjrs

Djfjhbjr

H iy

Hirfm

Tjifmjr ittctudjs - Bjlcjo cn tmj vilujò tmj Ur`krihh j

5

95

25

65

45

:5

?5

;5

=5

9 2 6 4 :

Ljvjls ò Bjlcjo

N`.Tjifmjrs

Djfjhbjr

H iy

Hirfm

Ockurj ?.9.9 - Tjifmjr Ittctudj F`hpiritcvj Fmirts

[j fin tmjrjo`rj siy tmit, cn kjnjril, tjifmjrs mid tmj rckmt, p`sctcvj ittctudj t` sjj tmj

pr`krihhj tmrùkm. Iotjr iftuilly tjifmcnk wctm lipt`ps, tmjcr bjlcjo cn tmj pr`krihhj wis

rjcno`rfjd jvjn tmùkm tmjy wjrj stcll n`t quctj f`nocdjnt ò m`w ct wùld w`rg.

Hia`r ojirs

Ct wis chp`rtint t` ocnd ùt co tjifmjrs mid iny ojirs `r f`nfjrns rjkirdcnk tmj chpljhjntitc`n

ò tmj lipt`p pr krihhj ind wmjtmjr tmjsj pjrscstjd tmrùkmùt tmj yjir. Tmcs ctjh wis trjitjd

is in `ptc`n lcst wctm tmj p`sscbclcty ò iddcnk iny `tmjr f`nfjpt n`t cnfludjd cn tmj lcst ò

iltjrnitcvjs.



46

Tmj rjsults cn Tiblj ?.9.2 djh`nstritjd tmit wmclj s`hj pjrfjcvjd ojirs dcsippjirjd, `tmjrs

ippjirjd `r r`sj.

[mit irj yùr hia`r ojirs / w`rrcjs/f`nfjrns rjkirdcnk tmcs pr`krihhj0

Hirfm Hiy Djfjhbjr

Tjfmncfil cssujs 6; 2: 65

Tchj t` prjpirj hitjrcils / ljss`ns 6; 6? 45

Bittjry lcoj 2: 95 92

Vtioo tricncnk 24 22 25

L`ss ò tridctc`nil jdufitc`nil sgclls (rjidcnk, wrctcnk, jtf.) 22 9? 92

Dcvcscvj cnolujnfj1 lipt`p sjts vs. n`n-lipt`psjts

29 96 95

Hirgcnk / issjsshjnt hjtm`ds 9= 29 9?Mjiltm cssujs 3 ? ?

@tmjrs1

Uupcls `ffupcjd cn fliss wctm `tmjr iftcvctcjs 2 2 ?

Firj ind hicntjninfj ò lipt`ps 2 5 5

Dcoojrjnt ipprìfmjs by stioo 9 9 4Ulikcircsh 9 9 6Vjfurcty 9 5 5

Lifg ò ippr`prcitj rjsùrfjs 9 5 5

Uupcl rkinczitc`n 9 5 5

Vpjjd ò cno`rhitc`n djlcvjry 9 5 5F`nvjncjnfj ò usj ò lipt`ps cn b`tt`h sjts 5 6 :Kjttcnk w`rg d`nj t` tmj usuil iffjptiblj ljvjl 5 9 9Cnibclcty `r rjluftinfj t` pr`fjss cno`rhitc`n 5 9 9Hirgs t`` l`w o`r b`tt`h sjts 5 9 9U``r/cnf`rrjft p`sctc`ns ind un-idaustibljtibljs/fmicrs

5 9 9

Vmircnk m`hjw`rg 5 9 6N`nj 5 2 4

Tiblj ?.9.2 - Tjifmjr pjrfjcvjd ojirs ind f`nfjrns

Tjfmncfil cssujs f`nfjrns dr`ppjd by Hiy, pr`bibly duj t` tmj oift tmit tmj lipt`ps wjrj njw

ind mid ojwjr pr`bljhs tmin jxpjftjd, but tmjn tmj ockurj r`sj ikicn t`wirds Djfjhbjr wmjn

lipt`ps f`hpljtjd tmj ocrst yjir is tjifmjrs wjrj h`rj iwirj ò tmj rjil tjfmncfil pr`bljhs. Tmj

sihj pittjrn wis `bsjrvjd wctm tmj bittjry lcoj scnfj s`hj studjnts dcd mivj pr`bljhs by tmj jnd

ò tmj yjir is tmjcr bittjrcjs listjd ljss tmin jxpjftjd.



44

Rjkirdcnk tmj pjdik`kcfil ispjfts, tmj f`nfjrn rjkirdcnk tchj t` prjpirj hitjrcils ind lipt`p

ljss`ns r`sj t`wirds tmj jnd ò yjir is, `n ocndcnk ùt tmj rjil p`tjntcil ò uscnk tmj Cntrinjt o`r

tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk, ct hidj tjifmjrs h`rj iwirj ò tmj s`rt ò rjsùrfjs tmjy wùld lcgj t` mivj

ind m`w hufm tchj tmjy njjdjd t` prjpirj tmjh. @tmjr cssujs wmcfm cnfrjisjd cn orjqujnfy wjrj

tmj f`nfjrn ibùt studjnt–s dcstriftc`n, tjifmjrs uscnk dcoojrjnt ipprìfmjs wmcfm fùld ljid t`

h`rj/ljss suffjssoul jxpjrcjnfjs, plikcircsh ind tmj f`nvjncjnfj ò usj ò lipt`ps cn b`tt`h sjts,

ill tmjsj is i rjsult ò mivcnk w`rgjd wctm lipt`ps o`r tmj wm`lj yjir.

@n tmj `tmjr mind, s`hj cssujs djfrjisjd ind jvjn dcsippjirjd or`h tmj lcst ò hia`r ojirs `r

f`nfjrns. Tmjsj wjrj1 stioo tricncnk, l`ss ò tridctc`nil jdufitc`nil sgclls, dcvcscvj cnolujnfj bjtwjjn

lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p sjts, hirgcnk/issjsshjnt hjtm`ds, sjfurcty, lifg ò ippr`prcitj rjsùrfjs,

pupcl `rkinczitc`n ind spjjd ò cno`rhitc`n djlcvjry. H`stly, tmcs fminkj t`wirds i h`rj p`sctcvj

ittctudj wis duj t` tmj iddctc`nil tricncnk ind supp`rt pr`vcdjd cn fliss ind tmj f`ntcnuùs usj ò

tmj lipt`ps wmcfm mjlpjd tjifmjrs kicn h`rj ind bjttjr jxpjrcjnfj.

Durcnk Hiy ind Djfjhbjr, i ojw iddctc`nil cssujs wjrj hjntc`njd but by `nly `nj hjhbjr

ò stioo wm` wis pr`bibly stcll i bct sfjptcfil. M`wjvjr `nj ò tm`sj cssujs cs w`rtm hjntc`ncnk is

ct cs tcjd wctm tmj plikcircsh cssuj1 smircnk m`hjw`rg. Tmcs ctjh cnfrjisjd t`wirds tmj jnd ò tmj

yjir is dcd tmj plikcircsh cssuj, wmcfm pr`bibly hjint o`r s`hj tjifmjrs i schclir f`nfjrn -

studjnts prjsjntcnk w`rg wmcfm cs n`t tmjcrs.

Tjifmcnk Hjtm`d`l`ky

T` inilysj tmj chpift `n tjifmjr hjtm`d`l`ky is pjrfjcvjd by tmj tjifmjrs tmjhsjlvjs, tmj

Hirfm qujstc`nnicrj cnfludjd tw` ctjhs t` mjlp djsfrcbj tmjcr tjifmcnk styljs ind hjtm`ds prc`r t`

pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n. @nj ò tmj pr bljhs dcsf`vjrjd `n inilyzcnk tmjsj ctjhs cs tmit

jvjn tmùkm stioo wjrj isgjd t` sjljft tmj `ptc`n wmcfm bjst djsfrcbjd, s`hj sjljftjd h`rj tmin

`nj `ptc`n ind mjnfj tmj t`til ò rjsp`nsjs dcoojrjd or`h tmj t`til nuhbjr ò rjsp`ndjrs.



4:

Tmj rjsults `n tmj fmirts `n Ockurj ?.9.2 m`wjvjr sm`w in cntjrjstcnk tjndjnfy, prc`r t`

pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n, ò studjnt-fjntrjd tjifmcnk ind krùp w`rg, wmjtmjr cn shill `r lirkj

krùps. C iftuilly jxpjftjd tmcs t` sm`w h`rj tjifmjr-fjntrjd, ljfturcnk styljs but tmj inswjrs

sm`wjd tmj `pp`sctj.

Hirfm - Tjifmcnk styljs

Vtudjnt-

fjntjrjd

42%

Cntjrdcsfcplcniry

25%

Tjifmjr-

fjntjrjd

9=%

Uràjft-

bisjd

25%

Hirfm - Tjifmcnk hjtm`ds

Vhill

krùps

45%

Lirkj

krùps2;%

Ljfturjs

94%

Cndcvcduil

ljirncnk

93%

Ockurj ?.9.2 ‖ Tjifmcnk styljs ind hjtm`ds prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n

Cn Hiy ind Djfjhbjr tmj qujstc`n o`fusjd `n co tmj tjifmjrs ojlt prjpirjd t` tjifm wctm

lipt`ps ind co tmjrj wjrj iny fminkjs cn tjifmcnk styljs ind hjtm`ds. Tiblj ?.9.6 sm`w m`w

tjifmjrs ojlt ibùt tmjsj tw` cssujs1

Mivj yù ojlt prjpirjd t` tjifm lipt`ps0 Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

Sjs 22 45% 65 ::%N` = 9:% 4 ;%H`rj `r ljss 2: 4:% 29 6=%

T`til :: 955% :: 955%

Mivj yù ojlt yùr tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`kyfminkj0 Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

Sjs 2; 43% 63 ;9%N` 9; 69% 94 2:%N` rjsp`nsj 99 25% 2 4% T`til :: 955% :: 955%

Tiblj ?.9.6 ‖ Tjifmcnk fminkjs iotjr chpljhjntitc`n

Ct cs chp`rtint t` n`tj tmit by tmj jnd ò tmj yjir, h`rj tmin milo ò tmj tjifmjrs ojlt prjpirjd



4?

t` tjifm wctm lipt`ps ind jvjn h`rj ojlt tmjcr tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`kcjs fminkj. Cntjrjstcnk jnùkm

tmjrj wjrj tjifmjrs wm` fm`sj tmj n` rjsp`nsj `ptc`n t` tmcs qujstc`n cn tmj tmrjj sjssc`ns, in

cssuj wmcfm njjds t` bj fr`ss-jxihcnjd wctm tmj cntjrvcjws. Tmj n` fminkjs rjsp`nsjs fùld

rjprjsjnt tjifmjrs wm` irj ilrjidy ipplycnk studjnt-fjntrjd `r pràjft-bisjd iftcvctcjs rjkirdljss ò

tmj usj ò tmj lipt`p sufm is CT ind Vfcjnfj, but ikicn, tmcs cssuj wcll bj ourtmjr flircocjd it

cntjrvcjw tchj.

Ih`nk tmj fminkjs hjntc`njd, s`hj cntjrjstcnk f`nfjpts wjrj hjntc`njd ind irj prjsjntjd cn

Tiblj ?.9.4, krùpjd iff rdcnk t` schclircty1

Fminkjs cn Hjtm`d`l`kyOcndcnk tmj bilinfj bjtwjjn lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p iftcvctcjs

Vpjnd h`rj tchj cn jxplinitc`ns

Ljss tchj cn jxplinitc`ns

Vpjnd tchj djilcnk wctm tjfmncfil jxfusjs

H`rj tchj o`r jxpjrchjnts ind cn-djptm jxplinitc`ns

Dcoojrjnt fliss dynihcfsMindlcnk i fliss, ct cs h`rj cntjriftcvj

Mivj t` bj h`rj oljxcblj

B`tt`h sjts njjd h`rj f`ntr`l, tchj o`r `rkincsitc`n ind lipt`p kucdinfj

Djvjl`p stritjkcjs o`r fipturcnk pupcl's ittjntc`nVmcot or`h tjifmjr fjntrjd t` studjnt fjntrjd Is i oifclctit`r ò rjsùrfjs Tjifmcnk or`h tmj bifg ò tmj flissH`rj pjrs`nilcsjd tjifmcnkH`rj cndcvcduil w`rg o`rh pupclsNjw rmytmh ò w`rg

Oùnd iffjss t` dcoojrjnt typjs ò rjsùrfjs stchulitcnkZscnk spjfcilcsjd sòtwirj

Zsj o cntjriftcvj iftcvctcjs H`rj plinncnk ind idiptcnk iffjss t` hitjrcil

Jisj prjssurj ò dcstrcbutcnk ind pr`dufcnk hitjrcilLjss usj ò wmctjbìrd

Tiblj ?.9.4 ‖ Tjifmcnk fminkjs iotjr chpljhjntitc`n

Ct fin fljirly bj sjjn m`w dcoojrjnt tjifmjrs mivj virycnk pjrspjftcvjs `n tmj wiy tmjcr tjifmcnk

hjtm`d`l`ky mis fminkjd. Tmjrj irj tw` ippirjntly f`ntridcft`ry stitjhjnts wmcfm njjd t` bj

fr`ss-fmjfgjd it cntjrvcjw tchj1 tmj spjndcnk ò h`rj `r ljss tchj cn jxplinitc`ns ind tmj tchj



4;

spjnt cn plinncnk `r pr`dufcnk hitjrcil. Bjfiusj dcoojrjnt subajfts w`rg dcoojrjntly, tmjsj

stitjhjnts, tmùkm usjoul cndcfit`rs ò wmit tjifmjrs pjrfjcvj mippjncnk cn tmjcr flissr``hs,

finn`t bj kjnjrilcsjd.

In`tmjr chp`rtint ispjft t` f`nscdjr it tmcs stikj cs tmj tchj ill`fitc`n o`r tmj usj ò

f`hputjrs bjo`rj ind iotjr pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n. Bjo`rj chpljhjntitc`n f`nscdjrs tmj usj

ò libs ind pjrs`nil f`hputjrs cn tmj flissr``h wmclj iotjr chpljhjntitc`n f`nscdjrs tmj usj ò

lipt`ps. Tjifmjrs wjrj ils` isgjd ibùt tmjcr plinnjd tchj ill`fitc`n prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n t`

sjj co tmcs `bajftcvj cs hjt `r n`t.

Or`h tmj rjsults cn Tiblj ?.9.:, wj fin n`tcfj i sckncocfint cnfrjisj ò tmj tchj ill`fitc`n iotjr

pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n, wmcfm cs vjry fl`sj, cn s`hj fisjs, t` wmit wis plinnjd. H`st ò tmj

tchj ill`fitc`ns lcj cn tmj rinkj ò 2?-:5% ò f`hputjr usj cn tmj flissr``h wmcfm cs h`rj `r ljss

wmit wis jxpjftjd r plinnjd.

[mit pjrfjntikj ò flissr `h tchj

dcd yù ill`fitj t` f`hputjrs

9 -

2:%

2? -

:5%

:9 -

;:%

;? -

955% T`tilBjo`rj chpljhjntitc`n (usj ò libs,f`hputjrs cn flissr``hs)

39% 4% 2% 4% 955%

Ulinnjd ill`fitc`n 69% :9% 96% :% 955%

iotjr chpljhjntitc`n - Hiy 66% 43% 9:% 4% 955%

iotjr chpljhjntitc`n - Djfjhbjr 2;% :6% 9:% :% 955%

Tiblj ?.9.: ‖ Flissr``h Tchj ill`fitjd t` f`hputjr usj

Tmj `tmjr cssuj f`nscdjrjd cn tmcs sjftc`n ò tmj rjsjirfm cs tmj usj ò f`hputjrs o`r

m`hjw`rg, pràjfts ind prjsjntitc`n ò w`rg. Tmcs cndcfitjs tjifmjr jxpjftitc`ns ò studjnts

bjcnk iblj t` f`ntcnuj w`rg it m`hj bjfiusj ò tmj iviclibclcty ò tmj t``l inytchj, inywmjrj . [mit

fin bj fljirly sjjn or`h tmj fmirt cn Ockurj ?.9.6 cs i sckncocfint smcot or`h n`t djhindcnk

f`hputjr usj it m`hj t` i h`djritj t` mckm djhind ò usj, ind tmcs cs in chp`rtint cndcfit`r ò

tjifmjr jxpjftitc`ns.



4=

Zsj ò f`hputjrs o`r m`hjw`rg, pràjfts ind

prjsjntitc`n ò w`rg

5

:

95

9:

25

2:

65

njvjr ilw iys

9 2 6 4 :

Orjqujnfy o usj

Tjifmjrs

Hirfm

Hiy

Djfjhbjr

Ockurj ?.9.6 ‖ Tjifmjr–s djhinds o usj ò f`hputjrs

Tmj CT F`hp`njnt

@nj ò tmj frufcil ispjfts ò tmj cntr`duftc`n ò lipt`ps cs tmj chpift `n tmj usjr–s CT sgclls,

tmj usj ò CT ipplcfitc`ns `r sòtwirj ind cts jdufitc`nil ipplcfitc`n.

O`r tjifmjrs, wm` mid undjrk`nj i oull yjir ò tricncnk cn CT, isgcnk ibùt m`w f`nocdjnt tmjy

ojlt ibùt tmjcr sgclls wis i vjry chp`rtint cssuj t` issjss. N`t surprcscnkly, h`st ojlt f`nocdjnt `r

mckmly f`nocdjnt but cn Hirfm, tmjrj wjrj stcll i ojw it tmj l`wjr jnd ò tmj sfilj wm` njjdjd h`rj

tricncnk `r supp`rt. Ockurj ?.9.4 sm`ws m`w tmcs pittjrn kriduilly dcsippjirjd t` kcvj wiy t` h`rj

f`nocdjnt stioo.

Tjifmjr f`nocdjnfj cn tmjcr CT sgclls

5

:

95

9:

25

2:

656:

9 2 6 4 :

Ljvjls ò f`nocdjnfj

Orjqujnfy

Hirfm

Hiy

Djfjhbjr

Ockurj ?.9.4 ‖ Tjifmjr ljvjl ò f`nocdjnfj cn CT sgclls



43

[ctm rjkirds t` tmj ljvjls ò f`hpjtjnfy, i schclir pittjrn wis `bsjrvjd. By Hirfm, :9% ò

tmj tjifmjrs ojlt f`hpjtjnt `r mckmly f`hpjtjnt wmcfm wis n`t i vjry p`sctcvj cndcfit`r is tmj wiy

tjifmjrs ojlt. Irùnd 6:% ojlt h`rj `r ljss f`hpjtjnt wmcfm cndcfitjd ils` i ljvjl ò unfjrticnty

ind lifg ò f`nocdjnfj. M`wjvjr, h`rj chp`rtint o`r ill wis tmj 94% wm` bjlcjvjd tmjy wjrj n`t

f`hpjtjnt `r f`hpjtjnt jnùkm. Tmcs sprjid cs sm`wn cn Ockurj ?.9.:.

Ljvjls ò f`hptjnfy

9

;% 2

;%

6

6:%

4

6:%

:

9?%

Ockurj ?.9.: ‖ Tjifmjr ljvjl ò CT f`hpjtjnfy

@n inilyscnk tmj Hiy ind Djfjhbjr rjsults m`wjvjr, tmjrj wis i fljir cndcfitc`n ò pr`krjss

cn tmcs irji tmùkm tmjrj wis stcll i ojw wm` ojlt tmit tmjcr CT sgclls wjrj n`t jnminfjd `r n`t

sckncocfintly. Tmcs cs sm`wn `n Tiblj ?.9.?.

Mivj yùr CT sgclls bjjn chpr`vjd`r jnminfjd0 Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

Sjs 63 ;9% 42 ;?%N` 4 ;% 2 4%H`rj `r ljss 92 22% 99 25% T`til :: 955% :: 955%

Tiblj ?.9.? ‖ Tjifmcnk chpr`vjhjnt ò CT sgclls



:5

[mjn qujstc njd ibùt tmj h st f`hh`n CT ipplcfitc`ns usjd cn tmj flissr `h, sjvjril tmjr

ctjhs wjrj iddjd t` tmj lcst pr`vcdjd undjr tmj `ptc`n ”@tmjrs–. Tmcs wis cntjrjstcnk t` n`tj is

tjifmjrs wjrj bjkcnncnk t` usj lipt`ps cn wiys wmcfm wjrj n`t f`nscdjrjd cnctcilly cn tmcs study.

Tmj diti cn Tiblj ?.9.; sm`ws m`w, tmj usj ò fjrticn ipplcfitc`ns, ippjirjd iotjr tmj lipt`ps

wjrj cntr`dufjd wmclj `tmjrs wjrj usjd prc r t` tmj pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n ind f`ntcnujd t`

bj usjd7 s`hj, ljss orjqujntly. Tmj jxplinitc`n is t` wmy typcfil ipplcfitc`ns sufm is

[`rdpr`fjsscnk ind Cntjrnjt rjsjirfm djflcnjd irj fr ss-jxihcnjd cn tmj cntjrvcjws.

Ipplcfitc`ns Hirfm Hiy Djfjhbjr

[`rd pr`fjsscnk 46 63 6=

Cntjrnjt (rjsjirfm) 46 6= 6:

Cntjrnjt (j-hicl) 23 92 95

Vprjidsmjjts 93 96 95

Urjsjntitc`ns (UUT) 93 96 9:

Ditibisjs 96 6 5

Tut`rcils 95 = =

Drcll & priftcfj ? ? ?

H`djlcnk ? 4 4

Kihjs 4 2 5

Cntjrnjt (fmit) 6 5 5

@tmjrs

Huscf 9 9 2Ur`bjs 9 9 2Vfinncnk 9 5 9

Cntrinjt (Ljirncnk Krcd) 5 6: ::

Cntrinjt (Hirgcnk Bcn) 5 3 9:DTU 5 9 4 [jb pikj djsckn 5 9 2

Ur`krihhcnk 5 9 2Chikcnk 5 9 4Vubajft-spjfcocf sòtwirj 5 2 6Vmirjd ocljs/publcf iffjss 5 9 :

Tiblj ?.9.; ‖ H`st f`hh`nly usjd CT ipplcfitc`ns



:9

Vupp`rt sjrvcfjs

Tmj supp rt sjrvcfjs o`r tmj Ur`krihhj irj òojrjd by tmj Fjntril Vjrvcfj Oifclcty (FVO).

Jvjn tmùkm tmcs ctjh hiy l``g ùt ò f`ntjxt o`r tmcs rjsjirfm, ct mis cts chp`rtinfj is ct kcvjs in

cdji ò tmj ljvjl ò sitcsoiftc`n rjkirdcnk tmj supp`rt tjifmjrs rjfjcvj, t` bj iblj t` usj tjfmn`l`ky

siojly ind f`nocdjntly cn tmjcr flissr``hs.

Or`h tmj Hiy ind Djfjhbjr qujstc`nnicrjs, ind is Ockurj ?.9.? sm`w, tjifmjrs sjjh t` bj

pljisjd wctm tmj sjrvcfjs òojrjd by tmj FVO tmùkm tmjrj irj s`hj sukkjstc`ns t` tigj cnt`

f`nscdjritc`n, jspjfcilly wmjn ct f`hjs t` publcsmcnk hitjrcil `n tmj Cntrinjt ind tmj mindlcnk ò

fjntrilcsjd sjrvcfjs sufm is prcntcnk ind pràjft`rs.

Yuilcty ò Vupp`rt Vjrvcfj

K`` d, 66%

Znsitcsoift`ry

, 5%

Vitcsoift`ry,

65%_jry K`` d,

6;%

Ockurj ?.9.? ‖ Yuilcty ò sjrvcfj òojrjd by tmj FVO

O`ll`wcnk cs tmj lcst ò sukkjstc`ns o`r tmj FVO1

Jxtjnd mùrs ò sjrvcfj

FVO stioo t` hjjt hitjrcil publcsmcnk djidlcnjs

Vjt i o`rh ò quilcty f`ntr`l o`r publcsmjd hitjrcil

Mivj h`rj hultchjdci pràjft`rs o`r b``gcnk by tjifmjrs

Mivj i lcst `r kucdjlcnjs ò hitjrcils wmcfm fin bj `r finn`t bj plifjd `n tmj Cntrinjt

(f`pyrckmt cssujs, jtf)

Ocnd i wiy t` f`ntr`l tmj wistj ò pipjr duj t` tmj prcntcnk binnjr



:2

Tmj Ur`krihhj

Cn b`tm Hiy ind Djfjhbjr sjssc`ns, tjifmjrs wjrj isgjd ibùt tmj pjrfjcvjd pr`bljhs oifjd

s` oir cn tmj pr`krihhj, tmj jdufitc`nil bjnjocts ind driwbifgs ind wmjtmjr tmjy tmcng ct smùld

bj jxtjndjd, ritcnk tmj pr`krihhj cn i sfilj or`h 9 (w`rst)-95 (bjst).

Tmj pr`bljhs irj sm`wn cn Tiblj ?.9.=, fitjk rcsjd by irji (tjfmncfil, pjdik kcfil, sjrvcfj).

H`st ò tmj pr`bljhs jxpjrcjnfjd i djflcnj but `tmjrs cnfrjisjd is tmj pr`krihhj idvinfjd. O`r

jxihplj, f`nnjftcvcty cssujs wmcfm ippjirjd it tmj bjkcnncnk ò tmj pr`krihhj wjrj kriduilly

rjs`lvjd by tmj tjfmncfil djpirthjnt, but tmj bittjry pr`bljhs cnfrjisjd duj t` tmj rjdufjd lcoj

spin iotjr tmj ocrst yjir ò cntjnscvj usj. Flissr``h hinikjhjnt pr`bljhs ils` cnfrjisjd wctm tmj

cnfrjisjd usj ò tmj lipt`ps cn tmj flissr``h, is wjll is tmj pr`bljhs wctm hitjrcil prjpiritc`n `r

publcfitc`n duj t` tmj cnfrjisjd djhinds `n tmj FVO t` mivj h`rj jdufitc`nil rjsùrfjs cn tmj

Cntrinjt. Tmcs sihj pittjrn wis `bsjrvjd wctm tmj prcntcnk pr`bljhs ind tmj lifg ò pràjft`rs.

[mit irj tmj pr`bljhs yù mivj oifjd s` oir cn

tmcs pr`krihhj0 Hiy Djfjhbjr

Vl`w f`hhuncfitc`ns/iffjss t` cno`rhitc`n ::% 9=%

Tjfmncfil brjigd`wns 44% 6?%

Cnsuoocfcjnt tjfmncfil supp`rt 99% 99%

Bittjry pr`bljhs 99% 9=%

Flissr``h hinikjhjnt 9=% 22%

Uupcl dcs`rkincsitc`n 42% 6?%

Issjsshjnt cssujs 6=% 66%

Tjifmcnk stritjkcjs 23% 23%

Lifg ò pupcl gjybìrdcnk sgclls 2% 2%Lifg ò CT sgclls 2% 2%

Hitjrcil prjpiritc`n 4:% :9%

Hitjrcil publcfitc`n 9:% 9=%

Urcnt ùt f`lljftc`n 2:% 66%

Uipjr wistcnk 4% 24%

Lifg ò hultchjdci pràjft`rs 2% 3%

Tiblj ?.9.= ‖ Ur`bljhs oifjd by tjifmjrs tmrùkmùt tmj ocrst yjir ò tmj Ur`krihhj



:6

[ctm rjkirds t` tmj pjrfjcvjd bjnjocts ind driwbifgs, ct wis vjry cntjrjstcnk t` n`tcfj tmit, o r

tjifmjrs, tmjrj wjrj f`hpiritcvjly h`rj bjnjocts tmin driwbifgs. Tibljs ?.9.3 ind ?.9.95 cllustritj

tmcs1

[mit irj tmj jdufitc`nil bjnjocts yù mivj sjjns` oir tmrùkmùt tmj pr`krihhj0

Hiy-Djf

Chpr`vjd CT sgclls ::%

H`rj jntmuscish t` ljirn 4:%

Uupcls irj jxtjndcnk tmjcr gn`wljdkj bjy`nd wmit cskcvjn t` tmjh cn fliss

6=%

Chpr`vjd prjsjntitc`n sgclls 6?%

Uupcls irj w`rgcnk oistjr 96%

Chpr`vjd pr`bljh-s`lvcnk sgclls 3%

[`rg it tmjcr wn pifj 2%

Chpr`vjd prcdj cn w`rg prjsjntitc`n 2%

[`rg schultinj usly wctm dcoojrjnt ipplcfitc`ns o`rsihj t`pcf

2%

Kicn iddctc`nil rjsp`nscbclcty 2%

Tiblj ?.9.3 ‖ Ujrfjcvjd Jdufitc`nil Bjnjocts

[mit irj tmj jdufitc`nil driwbifgs yù mivjsjjn s` oir tmrùkmùt tmj pr`krihhj0

Hiy-Djf

Lipt`ps ljidcnk t` dcstriftc`n ind lcttlj w`rg fin bjf`vjrjd

45%

Lipt`p krùps irj n`t higcnk tmj sihj pr`krjsstmrùkm tmj syllibus is n`n-lipt`p krùps

9:%

Lipt`ps ljidcnk t` pupcls l`scnk ifqucrjd sgclls(rjidcnk, wrctcnk)

9:%

Kridjs or`h lipt`p sjts irj l`wjr tmin n`n-lipt`psjts

:%

L`ss ò tchj cn `rkincsitc`n 4%

F`pycnk w`rg or`h `tmjrs 4%

T`p sjts higj bjttjr usj tmin b`tt`h sjts 4%

Uunftuilcty cn mindcnk cn w`rg 2%

Uupcls tmcng tmit prjsjntitc`n higjs up o`r f`ntjnt 2%

Tiblj ?.9.95 ‖ Ujrfjcvjd Jdufitc`nil Driwbifgs



:4

Djspctj fjrticn ojjlcnks ò unfjrticnty, tmj lcst ò bjnjocts cs jnfùrikcnk. T`ppcnk tmcs lcst irj,

undjrstindibly, tmj chpr`vjd CT sgclls o`ll`wjd by studjnts sm`wcnk h`rj jntmuscish t` ljirn,

jxtjndcnk tmjcr gn`wljdkj bjy`nd wmit cs kcvjn t` tmjh cn fliss ind chpr`vjd prjsjntitc`n sgclls.

Tmj jxtjnsc`n o gn`wljdkj cs pr`bibly `nj ò tmj h`st chp`rtint bjnjocts smirjd by tmj tjifmjrs

is ct chplcjs tmit studjnts irj jnkikjd cn ourtmjr rjsjirfm ind ljirncnk iftcvctcjs bjfiusj ò tmj s`-

filljd 24-; iffjss.

Tmj h`st sckncocfint driwbifg cdjntcocjd wis tmj cssuj ò dcstriftc`n ind pr`bibly duj t` tmcs

oift`r cs tmit tjifmjrs pjrfjcvjd tmit lipt`p studjnts dcd n`t higj tmj sihj pr`krjss is n`n-lipt`p

studjnts. Tmcs cs in cssuj wmcfm cs litjr fr`ss-fmjfgjd wctm tmj kridjs jvcdjnfj.

Ocnilly, tjifmjrs wjrj isgjd t` ritj tmj pr`krihhj wctm i vcsc`n t` jxtjnd tmj sf`pj ò tmj

pcl`t t` tmj rjst ò tmj sfm``l. Vurprcscnkly, `nly 43% ò tmj tjifmjrs wùld lcgj t` sjj tmj

Ur`krihhj jxtjndjd wmclj 69% d`n–t gn`w ind 25% d`n–t wint ct jxtjndjd. Tmcs f`ntrists wctm

tmj prjvcùs ocndcnks cn wmcfm tjifmjrs sjjhjd h`rj p`sctcvj t`wirds tmj pr`krihhj ùtf`hjs

but ippirjntly tmjy irj bjcnk h`rj fiutcùs rjkirdcnk kjnjrilcsitc`n. Tmj sf`rj `bticnjd cs ils`

p`sctcvj. @n ivjrikj, tmj Ur`krihhj wis ritjd ?.?; ùt ò 95, (hjdcin ;) is Tiblj ?.9.99

cllustritjs, wmjrj =;% ò tmj stioo iftuilly ritjd tmj Ur krihhj ?+.

Vf`rj Orjqujnfy T`til9 5 52 5 56 5 54 6 92

: ? 65? 9; 952; 94 3== 99 ==3 6 2;95 9 95

T`til :: 6?; Ivjrikj ?.?;H`dj (t`` l`w) ?Hjdcin ;

Tiblj ?.9.99 ‖ Ur`krihhj `vjrill sf`rj



::

Ourtmjr sukkjstc`ns `r f`hhjnts

Tmj ctjhs lcstjd bjl`w irj i f`lljftc`n ò ill tmj sukkjstc`ns hidj by tjifmjrs cn tmj `pjn-

jndjd ctjh it tmj jnd ò jvjry qujstc`nnicrj fitjk`rcsjd by irji1

Uupcl Tricncnk

Tjifm gjybìrdcnk sgclls t` pupcls

H`rj cntjnscvj cn-djptm tricncnk o`r studjnts kjttcnk lipt`ps

Vtioo Tricncnk

Jhpmiscs cn CNVJT `n tjifmcnk stritjkcjs

Brcnk cn i pjrs`n wm` tjifmjs `r mis tiukmt wctm lipt`ps

Cntjr-djpirthjntil hjjtcnks t` jxfminkj cdjs `n tmj wiy t` pr`dufj rjsùrfjs o`r tmjCntrinjt

Vystjhs /FVO

Kjt tmj j-hicl w`rgcnk oistjr Vl`wnjss it wmcfm pupcls kicn iffjss t` tmj systjh cs w`rrycnk

Mivj studjnt's CD `n jvjry prcntjd pikj is i mjidjr, n`t tmj prjsjnt f`vjr smjjt

Ur`vcdj iffjss t` tmj Cntrinjt or`h m`hj t` ILL fmcldrjn ind pirjnts

Hirgmih bjf`hcnk in CVU

Bjjo up Cntjrnjt spjjd

Jhp`wjr tjifmjrs t` upditj tmjcr `wn hitjrcil `n tmj Cntrinjt

Jxtjnd FVO sjrvcfj mùrs

[`rg n m`w t` kjt bifg prcntùts or h gcds cn i bjttjr wiy

Ocnd i hjfmincsh t` gn`w wmjn i fmcld mis sjnt i pcjfj ò w`rg t` bj prcntjd t` iv`cd

jxfusjs sufm is "tmj FVO mis ct" `r "ct misn't prcntjd ùt" H`rj hultchjdci pràjft`rs o`r tmj flissr``h

Jlchcnitj m`ld ups wctm kjttcnk hitjrcil idjquitjly `n tmj krcd

Ur`krihhj Vpjfcocfs

L`wjr sjts smùldn't bj cn tmj pr`krihhj

Lipt`p pr`krihhj o`r V4, L? ind CB

Njxt yjir wùld bj t`` s``n t` mivj h`rj lipt`ps sjts `r jxtjndjd lipt`p pr`krihhj t``nly `nj h`rj yjir krùp njxt yjir

Mivj i sjt ò lipt`ps t` b`rr`w o`r n`n-lipt`p flissjs

U? smùld bj gjpt ùt ò tmj pr`krihhj is tmjy irj n`t hiturj jnùkm

@rkincsitc`n / Hinikjhjnt Cssujs

Tjifmjrs stcll njjd t` kcvj tmjcr bjst sm`t yjt.

Djpirthjntil mjids mivj n`t bjjn suoocfcjntly djhindcnk yjt

Tjifmjrs njjd h rj tchj t` f`ns lcditj ind chpr`vj tjifmcnk ind hitjrcils

Tjifmjrs njjd h rj tchj ind sgclls t` prjpirj cntjriftcvj hitjrcils wctm inchitc`ns jtf

Vtudjnts mivj pr`bljhs `rkincscnk tmjhsjlvjs (pirt ò tmj prcntùt f`lljftc`n pr`bljh)

Uupcls hust irrcvj t` flissjs wctm lipt`ps oully fmirkjd

@tmjrs

Uut ocxjd p`wjr ùtljts cn flissr``hs ritmjr tmin jxtjnsc`n f`rds

[ict pitcjntly, ct cs i hittjr ò tchj ind ljirncnk t` idipt.



:?

?.2 Vtudjnts– Ujrspjftcvj

Tmj rjsults ò studjnt inswjrs t` tmj qujstc`nnicrjs irj krùpjd cnt` tmj o`ll`wcnk fitjk`rcjs1

ittctudjs, hia`r ojirs ind f`nfjrns, flissr``h cssujs, tmj CT f`hp`njnt, tmj supp`rt sjrvcfjs, tmj

pr`krihhj ind ourtmjr sukkjstc`ns `r f`hhjnts.

Ittctudjs

Vtudjnts wjrj qujstc`njd ibùt tmjcr ittctudjs prc`r t` tmj pr`krihhj ind iotjr

chpljhjntitc`n. Tiblj ?.2.9 cllustritjs tmjsj rjsults is pjrfjntikjs1

9 2 6 4 : Sùr jntmuscish o`rtmj pr`krihhj


vjryjntmuscistcf

T`til%

Hirfm 6.;% ;.;% 23.6% 65.3% 2=.:% 955%

Hiy 9.?% 9.?% 9:.4% 49.:% 63.=% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.=% 9.2% :.6% 4;.?% 4:.9% 955% Sùr f`hhcthjnt t`tmj pr`krihhj


mckmlyf`hhcttjd

Hirfm :.6% ?.3% 26.2% 6;.5% 2;.?% 955%

Hiy 2.5% 2.4% 9;.:% 44.;% 66.6% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.4% 5.=% =.3% 4=.5% 49.3% 955%

Sùr f`nocdjnfj cntmj chpift ò tmj pr`krihhj

n`tf`nocdjnt unfjrticn

mckmlyf`nocdjnt

Hirfm 6.6% 95.?% 2?.4% 6?.?% 26.2% 955%

Hiy 2.5% 6.6% 26.?% 46.9% 2=.5% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.4% 4.3% 3.6% 4:.3% 63.4% 955% Sùr bjlcjo cn tmj viluj ò tmj pr`krihhj n` viluj unfjrticn mckm viluj

Hirfm 4.:% 95.?% 9?.;% 6:.4% 62.3% 955%

Hiy 6.6% 4.9% 9;.3% 45.2% 64.?% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.=% 9.2% 9?.6% 44.6% 6;.4% 955%

Tiblj ?.2.9 ‖ Vtudjnt Ittctudj Rjsults

Or`h tmjsj rjsults `nj fin cnojr tmit studjnt ittctudjs wjrj prjd`hcnintly p`sctcvj, cnfrjiscnk

cn jifm sjssc`n, h`vcnk iwiy or`h tmj njkitcvj ojjlcnks o`r tmj pr`krihhj. Tmj vist hia`rcty ò

studjnts f`ntcnujd t` lcj cn tmj t`p (:) ind hcd-t`p rinkj (4)1 32.;% ojjl jntmuscistcf, =3.3% ojjl



:;

f`hhcttjd, =:.6% ojjl f`nocdjnt ind =9.;% bjlcjvj cn tmj viluj ò tmj pr`krihhj7 but tmjrj cs stcll

i sckncocfint ihùnt ò unfjrticnty ind i ojw studjnts wm` d`n–t sjjh mippy it ill wctm tmj

pr`krihhj.

Hia`r ojirs

Tmj lcst o hia r ojirs r f`nfjrns or h tmj studjnts cs quctj l`nk, n`t `nly cn Hirfm but jvjn

h`rj cn Hiy ind Djfjhbjr. Tmcs fùld bj pirtly tmj jxplinitc`n o`r tmj ljvjls ò unfjrticnty

jxprjssjd ib`vj.

Tiblj ?.2.2 sm`ws tmj ojirs prc`r t` chpljhjntitc n ind iotjr chpljhjntitc`n, fitjk`rcsjd ind

cndcfitcnk tmj orjqujnfy o`r jifm. [mclj s`hj cnctcil ojirs mivj dcsippjirjd `r rjdufjd sckncocfintly

`tmjr mivj cnfrjisjd ind njw `njs mivj ippjirjd.

Urc`r t` Chpljhjntitc`n Iotjr Chpljhjntitc`n

Uupcl `rkincsitc`n cssujs Uupcl `rkincsitc`n cssujs

O`rkjt lipt`p (9) 5.4% O`rkjt lipt`p (2) 5.=%

O`rkjt t` bifgup (9) 5.4% Mukj rjsp`nscbclcty (=) 6.6%

Mukj rjsp`nscbclcty (9) 5.4% L`scnk cno`rhitc`n / w`rg (95) 4.9%

L`scnk cno`rhitc`n / w`rg (96) :.6% Mivj t` prcnt t` study (4) 9.?%

Tjifmjrs d`n–t iffjpt tjfmn`l`kcfiljxfusjs (?)

2.4%

F`lljft prcntùts iny tchj, bjtwjjnflissjs (:)

2.5%

Lifg ò `rkincsitc`n (4) 9.?%

?.:% 94.2%

Or`h tmj flissr``h Or`h tmj flissr``h

Bjcnk it i dcsidvintikj (9) 5.4% Vjndcnk w`rg t` tjifmjrs ind n`t

irrcvcnk (4)

9.?%

Cntrinjt sl`wcnk d`wn tmj fliss (9) 5.4% Dcoocfult t` study or`h tmj lipt`p (92) 4.3%

[`rgcnk sl`wjr ind oillcnk bjmcnd (6) 9.2% N`t bjcnk iblj t` jntjr cnt` pr`krihs(4)

9.?%

Vjndcnk w`rg t` tjifmjrs ind n`tirrcvcnk (4)

9.?% Vl`w iffjss t` pr`krihs/cno`rhitc`n(?)

2.4%

Kjttcnk l`wjr hirgs (65) 92.2%

Tjifmjrs mivcnk dcoojrjnt stindirds (=) 6.6%

Oillcnk bjmcnd duj t` tjfmncfilpr`bljhs (4)

9.?%

Tjifmjrs n`t rjspjftcnk tmj M[tchjtiblj (2)

5.=%

6.;% 2=.:%



:=

Ittctudjs, Bjmivcùr & Dcsfcplcnj cssujs Ittctudjs, Bjmivcùr & Dcsfcplcnj cssujs

Ioojftcnk `tmjrs vjr tmj njtw`rg (9) 5.4% Vinftc`ns1 suspjnsc`ns, djtjntc`ns,chp`sctc`ns (9?)

?.:%

Vinftc`ns1 suspjnsc`ns, djtjntc`ns,chp`sctc`ns (9)

5.4% Chpr`pjr usj (4) 9.?%

Dcvcscvj pr`bljhs (2) 5.=% Trjifmjrùs dihikj (2) 5.=%

Chpr`pjr usj (6) 9.2% Lipt`ps irj vjry dcstriftcvj (6=) 9:.4%

Trjifmjrùs dihikj (?) 2.4% Bjf`hcnk djpjndint `n f`hputjrs (4) 9.?%

N`t prjpirjd o`r tmj fminkj (2) 5.=%

:.6% 2?.=%

Vystjhs / FVO Vystjhs / FVO

Lipt`ps bjf`hcnk bs`ljtj (9) 5.4% Bittjry pr`bljhs (2) 5.=%

Bittjry pr`bljhs (6) 9.2% Lipt`p brjigcnk d`wn (=) 6.6%

Lipt`p brjigcnk d`wn (?) 2.4% _crusjs (=) 6.6%

_crusjs (99) 4.:% Tjfmncfil pr`bljhs (=) 6.6% Tjfmncfil pr`bljhs (96) :.6% Ujrhcssc`n t` d`wnlìd/cnstillpr`krihs (2)

5.=%

Lcttlj gn`wljdkj o f`hputjr sjttcnks (:) 2.5% Finn`t jntjr Cntrinjt or`h m`hj (95) 4.9%

Finn`t iffjss Uublcf `n Fmcfihi or`hm`hj (2)

5.=%

Lipt`ps irj t`` orikclj (?) 2.4%

Urcntcnk pr`bljhs (2) 5.=%

Lipt`p t`` mjivy, ioojfts bifg (4) 9.?%

N`t jvjry`nj mis Cntjrnjt it m`hj (2) 5.=%

Mivcnk in`tmjr hia`r tjfmncfil pr`bljh

ind n`t mivcnk jnùkm spirjs (2)

5.=%

Lipt`p t`` jxpjnscvj co s`hjtmcnkmippjns (22)

=.3%

FVO t`` shill (2) 5.=%

[crjljss firds jisy t` l`sj (2) 5.=%

Mivj i siojr bik (2) 5.=%

9:.3% 64.9%

Vjfurcty Vjfurcty

Bjcnk gcdnippjd (2) 5.=% R`bbjry ùtscdj sfm``l (4) 9.?%

R`bbjry ùtscdj sfm``l (;) 2.=% Iffcdjntil dr`p (22) =.3%

Iffcdjntil dr`p (=) 6.6% L`scnk tmj lipt`p (92) 4.3%

L`scnk tmj lipt`p (=) 6.6% Dihikj (22) =.3%

Dihikj (3) 6.;% Vjfurcty (?) 2.4%

Vjfurcty (95) 4.9% Vtjilcnk (25) =.9%

Vtjilcnk (9;) ?.3% Ojir ò inytmcnk mippjncnk t` tmj lipt`p(?)

2.4%

Uupcls rusmcnk or`h fliss t` fliss fin mctlipt`ps ind fiusj dihikj (2)

5.=%

Ojir ò tigcnk tmj wr`nk lipt`p byhcstigj (2)

5.=%

24.=% 63.5%



:3

Ur`krih spjfcocfs Ur`krih spjfcocfs

Tmj njw [irdjn st`ppcnk tmjpr`krihhj (9)

5.4% Tmj njw [irdjn st`ppcnk tmjpr`krihhj (2)

5.=%

Ucl`t pr`krihhj n`t w`rgcnk isjxpjftjd (?)

2.4% Finfjllcnk tmj pr`krihhj bjfiusj s`hjpupcls n`t higcnk k``d usj ò ct (2)

5.=%

Cnsurinfj d`jsn–t f`vjr inytmcnk ‖ wmyd` wj mivj t` piy0 (2) 5.=%

Ur`krihhj f`ntcnucty (2) 5.=%

2.=% 6.6%

Tiblj ?.2.2 ‖ Vtudjnt–s pjrfjcvjd ojirs ind f`nfjrns

T`wirds tmj jnd ò tmj yjir, ind cn ring `rdjr, studjnt–s krjitjst f`nfjrns wjrj ibùt sjfurcty

(63%), tjfmncfil ind supp`rt sjrvcfjs (64.9%), flissr``h cssujs (2=.:%), ittctudj ind dcsfcplcnj

(6?.=%), `rkincsitc`n (94.2%) ind pr`krih spjfcocfs (6.6%).

Hiny ò tmjsj cssujs fin bj iddrjssjd wctm ourtmjr tjifmjr ind studjnt tricncnk, jstiblcsmcnk

h`rj f`hprjmjnscvj p`lcfcjs ind chpr`vcnk tmj tjfmncfil supp`rt ind sjrvcfj, mjnfj tmj

f`ntcnujd supp`rt t` tmj pr`krihhj.

Or`h tmj Flissr``h

Vjvjril ctjhs `n tmj iftuil tjifmcnk wctm lipt`ps ind tmj usj ò tmjh cn tmj flissr``h wjrj

ils` jviluitjd cn tmcs study. Cnctcilly, studjnts wjrj isgjd t` djsfrcbj tmj tjifmcnk it Hirgmih prc`r

t` chpljhjntitc`n. Ockurj ?.2.9 cllustritj tmit h`rj tmin =5% f`nscdjrjd ct h`djrn `r quctj

h`djrn, wctmùt tmj njw tjfmn`l`kcfil cnn`vitc`n, wmclj vjry ojw f`nscdjrjd ct tridctc`nil.

M`wjvjr, ct wis njfjssiry t` jxplicn tmj hjincnk ò h`djrn vs. tridctc`nil s` tmit tmj inswjrs

bjfihj rjlciblj. O`ll`wcnk H`riljs– ( 255:, p.44-4:) djocnctc`ns ò Vgcnnjr–s f`nduftcst ind Ucikjt–s

f`nstruftcvcst piridckhs, tridctc`nil tjifmcnk wis djocnjd is tjifmjr-fjntrjd, f`ntjnt-bisjd ind

supp`rtjd by suhhitcvj issjsshjnts t` f`nocrh ljirncnk, wmclj h`djrn tjifmcnk wis djocnjd is

studjnt-fjntrjd, pràjft-bisjd, ipplycnk f`llib`ritcvj ljirncnk ind gn`wljdkj-f`nstruftc`n

ipprìfmjs.



?5

Tmj rjsults sm`w tmit tmcs vcjw cs f`nscstjnt wctm tmj tjifmjr–s pjrfjptc`n ò tmjcr tjifmcnk

styljs ind hjtm`d`l`kcjs.

Vtudjnt's vcjw ò tjifmcnk stylj

4

24%

h`djrn

:

:=%

6

99%

tridctc`nil

9

:%

2

2%

Ockurj ?.2.9 ‖ Vtudjnt–s vcjws ò tmj sfm``l–s tjifmcnk stylj prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n

T` f`hpljhjnt tmj pcfturj ò studjnt ojjlcnks ind ittctudjs, studjnts wjrj isgjd m`w hufm

tmjy jna`yjd sfm``lw`rg, prc`r t` ind iotjr chpljhjntitc`n. Tmj ocndcnks irj vjry jnfùrikcnk is i

sckncocfint hia`rcty sjjh t` bj jna`ycnk sfm``lw`rg i l`t h`rj iotjr tmj pr`krihhj

chpljhjntitc`n, h`vcnk or`h 6;.4% t` ;2.;% (sjj Tiblj ?.2.6).

M`w hufm d` yùjna`y sfm``lw`rg it prjsjnt0

n`t il`t9

2 6 4i krjit

djil:

Hirfm 96.5% 92.2% 6;.4% 2;.?% 3.=% 955%

Hiy ;.6% ?.3% 23.;% 63.=% 9?.6% 955%Djfjhbjr 2.=% 6.;% 25.;% :9.?% 29.9% 955%

Tiblj ?.2.6 ‖ M`w hufm studjnts jna`y sfm``lw`rg

In`tmjr gjy qujstc`n ibùt studjnt ojjlcnks t wirds tmj tjifmjrs ind tmjcr tjifmcnk wctmcn tmj

lipt`p pr`krihhj sm`wjd tmj njjd t` pr`vcdj ourtmjr tricncnk `r supp`rt t` tmj stioo. Tmcs cs

s`hjm`w f`nscstjnt wctm tmj tjifmjr–s pjrspjftcvj `n tmj sihj cssuj is cllustritjd cn tiblj ?.2.4.



?2

Durcnk i typcfil diy cn sfm``l yùirj rjqucrjd t` usj tmj lipt`p1 Hiy % Djfjhbjr % n` flissjs 5 5.5% 5 5.5%

`nj fliss 6 9.2% 2 5.=%

tw` flissjs 94 :.;% 99 4.:%

tmrjj flissjs ;5 2=.:% ;9 2=.3%oùr flissjs 955 45.;% 956 49.3%ocvj flissjs 6= 9:.4% 6= 9:.4%ocvj `r h`rj 29 =.:% 29 =.:%

24? 955% 24? 955%

Tiblj ?.2.: ‖ Zsj ò lipt`p cn i typcfil sfm``l diy

T` f`ntrist tmcs cno`rhitc`n, studjnts wjrj ils` isgjd t` issjss tmj usj ò lipt`ps cn jifm

cndcvcduil djpirthjnt. M`wjvjr, studjnt nuhbjrs fminkj cn dcoojrjnt subajfts is cn V6, studjnts

o`ll`w CKFVJ `ptc`ns. Tmj `nly f`hpuls`ry subajfts irj Jnklcsm, Hitms ind Vpincsm. Intmjr

ispjft t` f`nscdjr cs tmit V`fcil Vtudcjs cs i hultc-dcsfcplcniry djpirthjnt wmcfm cnfludjs tmj

subajfts ò Mcst`rci Djl Ujru, Rjlckc`n, Umcl`s`pmy ind Jf`n`hcfs, tmj list tw` wmcfm irj ils`

`ptc`nil. Tiblj ?.2.? sm`ws m`w jvjry djpirthjnt hidj in joo`rt t` h`vj or`h ljss usj t` h`rj

usj, jvjn co by `nly in iddctc`nil pjrc`d i wjjg.

Zsj ò lipt`p cn Jnklcsm Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg 95 4.9% : 2.5%

`nfj i wjjg 62 96.5% 6? 94.?%twcfj i wjjg 32 6;.4% 36 6;.=%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg ;2 23.6% ;2 23.6%oùr tchjs i wjjg 62 96.5% 62 96.5%ocvj tchjs i wjjg = 6.6% = 6.6%

24? 955.5% 24? 955.5%Zsj ò lipt`p cn Vpincsm Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg 2= 99.4% 9; ?.3%`nfj i wjjg 69 92.?% 69 92.?%

twcfj i wjjg 63 9:.3% 4; 93.9%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg 49 9?.;% 44 9;.3%oùr tchjs i wjjg ?9 24.=% ?9 24.=%ocvj tchjs i wjjg 4? 9=.;% 4? 9=.;%

24? 955.5% 24? 955.5%Zsj ò lipt`p cn Hitms Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg 999 4:.9% 95= 46.3%`nfj i wjjg 952 49.:% 955 45.;%twcfj i wjjg 2; 99.5% 65 92.2%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg ? 2.4% = 6.6%oùr tchjs i wjjg 5 5.5% 5 5.5%ocvj tchjs i wjjg 5 5.5% 5 5.5%

24? 955.5% 24? 955.5%



?6

Zsj ò lipt`p cn Vfcjnfj Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg 2? 95.?% 25 =.9%`nfj i wjjg 9= ;.6% 29 =.:%twcfj i wjjg :2 29.9% :: 22.4%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg ;2 23.6% ;2 23.6%oùr tchjs i wjjg :? 22.=% :? 22.=%ocvj tchjs i wjjg 22 =.3% 22 =.3%

24? 955.5% 24? 955.5%Zsj ò lipt`p cn Kj`kripmy Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg 99 :.6% ? 2.3%`nfj i wjjg :4 2?.2% :? 2;.2%twcfj i wjjg =6 45.6% =? 49.;%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg 65 94.?% 65 94.?%oùr tchjs i wjjg 22 95.;% 22 95.;%ocvj tchjs i wjjg ? 2.3% ? 2.3%

25? 955.5% 25? 955.5%Zsj ò lipt`p cn Mcst`ry Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

< `nfj i wjjg 9 5.4% 5 5.5%`nfj i wjjg 23 92.2% 65 92.?%twcfj i wjjg 3? 45.6% 3? 45.6%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg 4= 25.2% 4= 25.2%oùr tchjs i wjjg 29 =.=% 29 =.=%ocvj tchjs i wjjg 46 9=.9% 46 9=.9%

26= 955.5% 26= 955.5%Zsj ò lipt`p cn Orjnfm Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg :4 24.:% 6? 9?.4%`nfj i wjjg 44 25.5% ?2 2=.2%twcfj i wjjg ?2 2=.2% ?2 2=.2%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg 63 9;.;% 63 9;.;%

oùr tchjs i wjjg 9: ?.=% 9: ?.=%ocvj tchjs i wjjg ? 2.;% ? 2.;%

225 955.5% 225 955.5%Zsj ò lipt`p cn Huscf Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg 62 9=.:% 9? 3.2%`nfj i wjjg 95; ?9.=% 35 :2.5%twcfj i wjjg 9? 3.2% 64 93.;%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg ? 6.:% 9; 3.=%oùr tchjs i wjjg ? 6.:% = 4.?%ocvj tchjs i wjjg ? 6.:% = 4.?%

9;6 955.5% 9;6 955.5%

Zsj ò lipt`p cn V`fcil Vtudcjs Hiy % Djfjhbjr %< `nfj i wjjg 25 =.6% 9= ;.:%`nfj i wjjg 925 :5.5% 99; 4=.=%twcfj i wjjg :4 22.:% :; 26.=%tmrjj tchjs i wjjg 9; ;.9% 93 ;.3%oùr tchjs i wjjg 95 4.2% 95 4.2%ocvj tchjs i wjjg 93 ;.3% 93 ;.3%

245 955.5% 245 955.5%

Tiblj ?.2.? ‖ Zsj ò by Ifidjhcf Djpirthjnts



?4

Or`h tmcs inilyscs wj fin ils` kitmjr tmit tmj djpirthjnt tmit ljist usjs tmj lipt`ps cs Hitms,

wmcfm cs in cssuj l``gjd it litjr cn tmj cntjrvcjws. H`st ò tmj djpirthjnts irj uscnk tmj lipt`ps

bjtwjjn 2 t` 6 pjrc`ds i wjjg `n ivjrikj tmùkm tmjrj irj cndcfitc`ns ò s`hj uscnk tmjh h`rj

orjqujntly tmin `tmjrs, cssuj wmcfm hiy bj rjlitjd t` tmj tjifmjr–s ljvjls ò f`hpjtjnfj,

f`nocdjnfj ind jntmuscish o`r tmj pr`krihhj. Tmjsj rjsults irj ils` f`nscstjnt wctm tmj tjifmjrs–

pjrspjftcvj is t` tmj tchj ill`fitjd o`r f`hputjr usj cn tmj flissr``h, tmus jnsurcnk tmjcr vilcdcty.

In`tmjr cssuj inilysjd cn tmcs rjsjirfm cs tmj studjnt–s w`rgcnk hjtm`d`l`ky prc`r t` ind

iotjr chpljhjntitc`n. Or`h tmj diti f`lljftjd, wj fin sjj in cnfrjisj cn f`llib`ritcvj w`rg but

ils` i h`rj sckncocfint cnfrjisj cn cndcvcduil w`rg, tmj niturj ò wmcfm cs dcsfussjd cn tmj

cntjrvcjws. Tibljs ?.2.; ind ?.2.= cllustritj tmjsj ispjfts1

M`w hufm w`rg d` yù d`f`llib`ritcvjly wctm tmjr

pupcls0

n`t i l`t9

2 6 4i krjit

djil:

Hirfm 9:.4% 9?.6% :2.5% 96.4% 2.=% 955%Hiy 3.=% 9?.6% 64.?% 62.9% ;.6% 955%

Djfjhbjr =.3% 94.?% 66.6% 6:.5% =.9% 955%

Tiblj ?.2.; ‖ Vtudjnts jnkikjd cn f`llib`ritcvj w`rg

M`w hufm w`rg d` yùd` `n yùr `wn0

n`t i l`t9

2 6 4i krjit

djil:

Hirfm 6.6% 4.3% 9;.:% 6:.=% 6=.?% 955%Hiy 2.5% 9.2% ?.3% 46.:% 4?.6% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.5% 9.2% ?.9% 44.;% 4=.5% 955%

Tiblj ?.2.= ‖ Vtudjnts jnkikjd cn cndcvcduil w`rg

Ocnilly, but n`t ljist chp`rtint, studjnts wjrj qujstc`njd `n tmjcr ojjlcnks t`wirds bjcnk it i

dcsidvintikj wctm rjkirds n` tmj n`n-lipt`p krùps, i f`nfjrn smirjd by tmj tjifmjrs. Tmj rjsults

sm`w tmit o`r tmj hia`rcty ò studjnts, ?5% by Djfjhbjr, tmcs cs n`t in cssuj but o`r tm`sj wm`

d` ojjl dcsidvintikjd, tmjy smirjd viluiblj rjis`ns tmit jxplicn tmcs.



?:

Tmj lcst `n Tiblj ?.2.3 cs s`rtjd by orjqujnfy ind sm`w s`hj cssujs wmcfm wjrj ilrjidy

hjntc`njd is pirt ò tmjcr ojirs `r f`nfjrns ind `tmjrs h`rj rjlitjd t` tmjcr iftuil diy-t`-diy

iftcvctcjs.

Rjis`ns N`.Lipt`ps dcstrift 25N`n-lipt`p krùps idvinfj oistjr (is sicd by tmj tjifmjrs tmjhsjlvjs) 95Vtudy / w`rg it i sl`wjr pifj 3 Tjfmncfil pr`bljhs ioojft us =Lipt`p kridjs irj l`wjr ;Ct cs jiscjr t` study or`h b``gs ?Urcntcnk ùt w`rg / prcntcnk pr`bljhs : Tmjy mivj ljss sinftc`ns j.k. o`r ljivcnk biks unsupjrvcsjd :Ct cs oistjr t` mindwrctj tmin t` typj :V`hjtchjs wj njjd t` wrctj t` ljirn tmcnks 4M`hjw`rg d`jsn't k` f`rrjftly tmrùkm tmj hirgcnk bcn / d`jsn–t irrcvj 4 _jry mjivy t` firry lipt`ps plus b``gs ind wj d`n't usj lipt`ps hufm 4H`rj m`hjw`rg o`r lipt`p krùps 6Ct cs mirdjr t` study or`h lipt`ps 6L`sj tchj turncnk hifmcnjs `n 6 Iddctc`nil rjsp`nscbclcty l``gcnk iotjr lipt`p 6N`t ill cno`rhitc`n cs `n tmj Cntrinjt ind wj d`n't mivj b``gs wmjrj t` study or`h j.k. Orjnfm 2 [j fin l`sj cno rhitc n j.k. durcnk tjfmncfil rjpicrs 2Uj`plj wctm n` Cntjrnjt iffjss it m`hj fin't study 9N`n-lipt`p krùps ljirn h`rj 9N` f`pyb``gs t` study or`h 9

Tjifmjrs irj h`rj strcft ind cnoljxcblj wctm us 9 Tjifmjrs d`n–t gn`w m`w t` tjifm wctm lipt`ps 9 [j mivj t ` hufm prjssurj or`h tjifmjrs, tmjy wint us t` bj pjrojft 9V`hj tjifmjrs sjj lipt`ps is i pr`bljh 9 Trinsctc`n or`h V2 t` V6 mis bjjn hidj h rj dcoocfult wctm lipt`ps 9V`hj pupcls f`py w`rg or`h jifm `tmjr, tmjy piss dcsgjttjs `r vci jhicl 9

Tiblj ?.2.3 ‖ Rjis`ns o`r lipt`p studjnts ojjlcnk dcsidvintikjd

Tmj CT F`hp`njnt

Vtudjnts o`rh Hirgmih F`lljkj ilrjidy p`ssjssjd i ljvjl ò CT sgclls wmcfm wis sjjn is

prcvcljkjd, f`hpirjd t` tmj ivjrikj Ujruvcin ifidjhcf p`pulitc`n. Tmjcr rjsp`nsjs cndcfitjd tmit

h`rj tmin milo ojlt f`nocdjnt (??.;%) ind f`hpjtjnt (:?.9%) ibùt tmjcr sgclls prc`r t`

chpljhjntitc`n, but i sckncocfint nuhbjr wis ils` quctj unsurj. Ockurjs ?.2.6 ind ?.2.4 cllustritj

tmcs dcstrcbutc`n1



??

F`nocdjnfj cn CT Vgclls

n`t

f`nocdjnt

9

?%

2

2%

6

2:%

4

63%

mckmly

f`nocdjnt

:

2=%

Ockurj ?.2.6 ‖ Ljvjls ò CT f`nocdjnfj prc`r t` pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n

F`hpjtjnfy cn CT Vgclls

66%

4

6:%

mckmly

f`nocdjnt

:

22%

n`t

f`nocdjnt

9

=%2

2%

Ockurj ?.2.4 ‖ Ljvjls ò CT f`hpjtjnfy prc`r t` pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n

[mjn isgjd ibùt tmjcr ljvjls ò f`hpjtjnfj cn Hiy ind Djfjhbjr, tmj ockurjs `n Tiblj

?.2.95 cndcfitjd tmit tmj pr`krihhj mid i sckncocfint chpift `n tmjh, wctm >3=% ò studjnts

cnfrjiscnk tmjcr CT f`hpjtjnfy. Tmcs wis in jxpjftjd rjsult bjcnk tmit studjnts mid iffjss t` tmcs

tjfmn`l`ky inytchj, inywmjrj .



?;

D` yù ojjl h`rj f`hpjtjnt wctm yùr CT Vgclls0 Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

Sjs 224 39.=5 242 3=.6;N` 25 =.25 4 9.?6

T`til 244 955 24? 955

Tiblj ?.2.95 ‖ Ljvjls ò CT f`hpjtjnfy iotjr pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n

T` kjt i h`rj f`hprjmjnscvj snipsm`t ò studjnt pjrfjptc`ns, tmjy wjrj isgjd t` ring tmj

ispjfts wmcfm tmjy f`nscdjrjd h`rj viluiblj ibùt mivcnk tmjcr lipt`ps, or`h 9 (h`st viluiblj) t`

= (ljist viluiblj). Tiblj ?.2.99 sm`ws tmj ocnil prjojrjnfjs by Djfjhbjr wmjrj tmj h`st viluiblj

ispjft cs t` mivj iffjss t` tmj Cntjrnjt, o`ll`wjd by uscnk ct o`r rjkulir isscknhjnts. Vurprcscnkly,

tmj ljist viluiblj ispjft o`r tmj hia`rcty wis tmj iffjss t` j-hicl, pr`bibly bjfiusj ct cs f`nscdjrjd

i sùrfj ò dcstriftc`n ind sjld`h usjd cn rjkulir sfm``l tchj. @nj studjnt iddjd tw` ispjfts

undjr tmj ”@tmjrs– fitjk`ry wmcfm wjrj n`t f`nscdjrjd `n tmj `rckcnil lcst kihjs ind d`wnlìds.

Jvjn tmùkm tmjsj irj n`t sckncocfint it tmcs p`cnt, ct hckmt cndcfitj i outurj trjnd ò lipt`p

iftcvcty.

Ring `rdjr ò viluiblj ispjfts òmivcnk tmjcr `wn lipt`p Orjqujnfy %9. Cntjrnjt iffjss 96? ::.6%2. Zscnk ct o`r rjkulir isscknhjnts 994 4?.6%6. Zscnk w`rdpr`fjss`r 3? 63.5%4. Cntrinjt iffjss ;= 69.;%:. Mivcnk ill ocljs rjidcly iffjsscblj ;2 23.6%?. Ljirncnk h`rj CT sgclls ?4 2?.5%;. Ljirncnk t` usj `tmjr sòtwirj 44 9;.3%=. Jhicl iffjss 2= 99.4%

Tiblj ?.2.99 ‖ Ringcnk ò viluiblj lipt`p ispjfts

Tmj usj ò f`hputjrs it m`hj wis ils` inilysjd t` djtjft fminkjs cn pupcl–s iftcvctcjs. Tmcs

d`js n`t hjin tmit tmj tchj cnvjstjd cs jxfluscvjly `n ifidjhcf hittjrs, but ct sm`ws iny p`tjntcil

dcsruptc`n ò oihcly lcoj wmcfm fùld bj i njkitcvj cndcfit`r cn tmj l`nk run.



?=

[j fin sjj `n Tiblj ?.2.92 tmit or`h Hirfm t` Hiy/Djfjhbjr tmjrj mis bjjn i sckncocfint

cnfrjisj ò tmj nuhbjr ò mùrs studjnts spjnt cn or`nt ò tmjcr f`hputjr, jspjfcilly tm`sj cn tmj

fitjk`ry ò 2+ mùrs pjr diy, ind h`stly cn tmj iotjrn``ns. M`wjvjr, t`wirds Djfjhbjr (sjj

Tiblj ?.2.96), tmj nckmt ind wjjgjnd usj cnfrjisjd.

M`w hufm tchj pjr diy `nivjrikj d` yù usj yùrlipt`p it m`hj0 Hirfm % Hiy % Djfjhbjr %Ljss tmin 9 mùr 6? 23.:9 : 2.56 6 9.229 mùr ;4 ?5.?? 6? 94.?6 63 9:.=:9 - 2 mùrs 32 ;:.49 =? 64.3? =9 62.36> 2 mùrs 44 6?.5; 993 4=.6; 926 :5.55

24? 259.?636 24? 955 24? 955

Tiblj ?.2.92 ‖ Ivjrikj tchj ò f`hputjr usj it m`hj

[mjn d` yù usj tmjf`hputjrs h`st Hirfm % Hiy % Djfjhbjr % Iotjrn``ns 92? :9.2% 994 4?.6% 95? 46.9%Nckmts ;4 65.9% 36 6;.=% 952 49.:% [jjgjnds 69 92.?% 64 96.=% 6? 94.?%M`lcdiys 9: ?.9% : 2.5% 2 5.=%

24? 955.5% 24? 955.5% 24? 955.5%

Tiblj ?.2.96 ‖ Urjojrrjd tchj ò diy o`r f`hputjr usj it m`hj

I p`sscblj jxplinitc`n o`r tmj tchj spjnt ind tmj prjojrrjd tchj ò diy o`r f`hputjr usj it

m`hj, lcjs cn tmj typj ò ipplcfitc`n usjd. Tiblj ?.2.94 fljirly cllustritjs tmit wmclj tmj bulg ò

studjnt iftcvcty it m`hj cs o`r m`hjw`rg, tmjrj irj `tmjr n`n-ifidjhcf iftcvctcjs wmcfm ljnd

tmjhsjlvjs t` nckmtly/wjjgjnd iftcvcty wmjn tmjrj cs ljss pirjntil supjrvcsc`n.

[mit irj tmj hicn usjs yù kcvjt` tmj f`hputjr it m`hj0 Hirfm % Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

M`hjw`rg =; ;9.69 246 3=.;= 24? 955.55Cntjrnjt ([[[) =4 ?=.=: 925 4=.;= 252 =2.99Cntrinjt 5 5.55 99: 4?.;: 9=4 ;4.=5Kihjs ;6 :3.=4 959 49.5? 9:? ?6.49Cntjrnjt (Jhicl) ;9 :=.25 3= 63.=4 925 4=.;=Cntjrnjt (Fmit) 29 9;.29 65 92.25 :? 22.;?Drcll ind Uriftcfj ? 4.32 2? 95.:; 96 :.2=

Tut`rcils 6 2.4? 95 4.5; = 6.2:@tmjrs1 huscf ? 4.32 95 4.5; ?: 2?.42d`wnlìds 2 9.?4 5 5.55 65 92.256D kripmcf djsckn 9 5.=2 5 5.55 : 2.56

Tiblj ?.2.94 ‖ Hicn usjs kcvjn t` f`hputjrs it m`hj



?3

Vupp`rt sjrvcfjs

Vtudjnts ils` f`hhjntjd `n tmj Fjntril Vjrvcfj Oifclcty, cn kjnjril oivùribly, but tmjrj irj

s`hj vjry chp`rtint sukkjstc`ns t` f`nscdjr, jspjfcilly l``gcnk cnt` tmj outurj ò tmj pr`krihhj.

Or`h tmj smcot cn vilujs bjtwjjn Hiy ind Djfjhbjr, is s`wn cn Tiblj ?.2.9:, ct fin bj sicd tmit

s`hj chpr`vjhjnt mis bjjn hidj cn fjrticn irjis but tmjrj irj stcll cssujs t` f`nscdjr.

M`w wùld yù ritj tmjsjrvcfj it tmj FVO0 Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

_jry K``d ?6 2:.?% =5 62.:%K``d 99: 4?.;% 959 49.9%

Vitcsoift`ry :? 22.=% :: 22.4%Znsitcsoift`ry 92 4.3% 95 4.9%24? 955.5% 24? 955.5%

Tiblj ?.2.9: ‖ Yuilcty ò sjrvcfj òojrjd by tmj FVO

O`ll`wcnk cs tmj lcst ò sukkjstc`ns o`r tmj FVO1

FVO t`` shill, t`` fr`wdjd

FVO t` bj `pjn it ill tchjs

H`rj FVO isscstints / tjfmncfcins

H`rj `rkinczitc`n cn prcntùt f`lljftc`n /t`` sl`w

Ill`w prcnt ut f lljftc n cn bjtwjjn ljss ns

Ill`w prcnt ut f lljftc n durcnk fliss tchj wctm tjifmjr's pjrhcssc`n

Buy f`lùr prcntjrs / f`lùr prcntcnk sjrvcfj

H`rj prcntjrs o`r oistjr sjrvcfj

Dcstrcbutjd prcntcnk sjrvcfjs cn `tmjr fihpus irjis

Cnfrjisj prcntùt qu`ti

H`rj sfinnjrs

Binnjr pikj cs i wistj ò pipjr

H`rj spirj lipt`ps

Idvcfj ibùt mirdwirj ivicliblj t` studjnts

Rjpicr lipt`ps oistjr

Bjttjr tjfmncfil sjrvcfj



;5

Tmj Ur`krihhj

Cn b`tm Hiy ind Djfjhbjr sjssc`ns, studjnts wjrj isgjd ibùt tmj pjrfjcvjd pr`bljhs oifjd

s` oir cn tmj pr`krihhj. Tmj pr`bljhs sm`wn cn Tiblj ?.2.9? irj h`stly tjfmncfil tmùkm i ojw

hjntc`n ifidjhcf `r sjrvcfj cssujs. Ct fin bj fljirly sjjn tmit prcntcnk cssujs irj i sjrcùs f`nfjrn

is wjll is s`hj dcsfcplcnj ind lipt`p firj cssujs. V`hj pr`bljhs ils` dcsippjirjd t`wirds tmj jnd

ò yjir wmcfm cs i k``d sckn ò pr`krjss.

Hiy DjfjhbjrM`hj-sfm``l f`nnjftc`n (Cntjrnjt/Cntrinjtiffjss) 46.:% 6?.2%Urcntùt f`lljftc`n it tmj FVO 6;.=% 49.:%

Mcbjrnitc`n pr`bljhs 22.5% 92.2%Ujrs`nil / w`rg `rkincsitc`n 29.9% 95.2%Lipt`p orjjzjs 29.9% 96.5% [crjljss pr`bljhs (n` f`nnjftcvcty) 93.:% 4.9%Lipt`p f`nocsfitc`n 94.2% 22.=%Vòtwirj pr`bljhs 99.=% ;.6%Mird dcsg pr`bljhs (djojftcvj) =.3% 2.5%Lipt`p brjigikj1 wcrjljss fird =.9% ?.9%L`scnk f`hp`njnts (idiptjrs, firds, jtf) ?.:% 95.2%Lipt`p brjigikj1 hicnbìrd :.6% 2.5%Lipt`p brjigikj1 sfrjjn 2.4% 9.?%@tmjrs1

F`hputjr cs t`` sl`w 9.?% 5.4%Hirgcnk Bcn n`t w`rgcnk pr`pjrly 5.=% 5.5%Dcoocfulty trivjlcnk or`h m`hj t` sfm``l ind vcfj vjrsi 5.=% 5.5%Ur`bljhs wctm j-hicl 5.=% 5.5% _crus tmrùkm j-hicl 5.4% 5.5%Cntrinjt siycnk `nj tmcnk ind tjifmjrs siycnkin`tmjr 5.4% 5.5%L`scnk w`rg 5.4% 5.=%Vl`w iffjss t` cno` cn fliss 5.4% 5.5%

Tiblj ?.2.9? ‖ Ur`bljhs oifjd by studjnts tmrùkmùt tmj ocrst yjir ò tmj Ur`krihhj

Ocnilly, studjnts wjrj isgjd t` viluj mivcnk tmj lipt`ps ind t` ritj tmj pr`krihhj wctm i

vcsc`n t` jxtjnd tmj sf`pj ò tmj pcl`t t` tmj rjst ò tmj sfm``l. Cn tmj Hirfm sjssc`n tmjy wjrj

isgjd m`w hufm tmjy vilujd rjfjcvcnk i lipt`p ind tmjn cn Hiy ind Djfjhbjr tmjy wjrj isgjd

ikicn m`w tmjy ojlt ibùt mivcnk mid lipt`ps tmrùkmùt tmj yjir.



;9

F`hpirjd t` Hirfm (Ockurj ?.2.:), cn wmcfm tmj ockurjs sm`wjd prchircly i p`sctcvj ittctudj

t`wirds rjfjcvcnk i lipt`p, cn Hiy ind Djfjhbjr tmj ockurjs sm`w i f`hpiritcvj cnfrjisj ò

studjnts wm` irj n`t mippy wctm tmj lipt`ps, ind i rjlitcvj djfrjisj ò tm`sj wm` irj mippy kcvcnk

wiy t` unfjrticnty. Tmcs cssuj cs l``gjd it ourtmjr cn tmj studjnt cntjrvcjws.

_iluj ò Kjttcnk tmj Lipt`p

2

2%

n`t i l`t

9

?% 6

;%

4

9?%i krjit

djil

:

?3%

Ockurj ?.2.: ‖ _iluj kcvjn t` tmj lipt`p by studjnts prc`r t` pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n

Irj yù klid yù mivj lipt`ps tmcs yjir0 Hiy % Djfjhbjr % Sjs 9;3 ;2.=% 9=: ;:.2%N` 9= ;.6% 9? ?.:%

D`n't gn`w 43 93.3% 4: 9=.6%24? 955% 24? 955%

Tiblj ?.2.9; ‖ _iluj kcvjn t` tmj lipt`p by studjnts iotjr t` pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n

Tmj pr`krihhj ritcnk wis mckmjr tmin tmj tjifmjrs, djspctj ill tmj f`nstruftcvj frctcfcshs,

f`nfjrns `r ojirs, is Tiblj ?.2.9= cllustritjs.

Vf`rj Orjqujnfy T`til9 2 22 2 46 ; 294 92 4=: 9= 35? 2: 9:5; :; 633= ?; :6?3 42 6;=

95 94 945

T`til 24? 9;?=

Ivjrikj ;.93H`dj (t`` mckm) =Hjdcin ;.:

Tiblj ?.2.9= ‖ Ur`krihhj `vjrill sf`rj



;2

Ocnilly, pupcls sukkjstjd sjvjril tmcnks wmcfm fùld ljid t` chpr`vjhjnt ò tmj Ur`krihhj

o`r njxt yjir1

Uupcl `rkincsitc`n cssujs

M`hjw`rg n`t kjttcnk t` tjifmjrs `n tchj

Ill`w t` ljivj lipt`ps cn flissr``hs wmjn tmjrj cs i brjig cn bjtwjjn

L`ss ò cno`rhitc`n

Or`h tmj flissr``h

Mivcnk h`rj krùp pràjfts

Zsj lipt`ps h`rj/ usj ò lipt`ps cn ill flissjs

T`` hufm m`hjw`rg, tjifmjrs d` n`t rjspjft M[ tchjtiblj Lipt`p kridjs irj l`wjr

Tjifmjrs irj n`t orcjndly `r mjlpoul wmjn stufg wctm tjfmncfil pr`bljhs

M`w t` study o`r ocnil jxihs

Mivj jxihs `n lipt`ps

Dcoocfult t` study or`h tmj lipt`p, njjd t` prcnt

Tjifmjrs t` rjturn w rg tmr ukm tmj Hirgcnk Bcn t``

Ill m`hjw rg smùld bj `n tmj Cntrinjt

M[ ditjs `n tmj Cntrinjt dcoojrjnt t` wmit cs sicd cn fliss

Tjxtb``gs smùld bj `n tmj Cntrinjt

Tmjrj smùld bj h`rj cntjriftcvj ipplcfitc`ns

F`hpljtj t`pcf rjvcsc`ns `n tmj Cntrinjt

Tjifmjrs smùld bj h rj prjpirjd

Fminkj tmj tjifmcnk hjtm`d o`r tmj pr`krih t` w`rg

Tjifmjrs f`ntridcft jifm `tmjr

Tjifmjrs t` iffjpt lipt`ps ind usj tmjh n t aust nfj i wjjg r ljss

Ittctudjs, Bjmivcùr & Dcsfcplcnj cssujs

Kihjs ind fmit smùld bj ill`wjd

Fin–t f`nfjntritj, lipt`ps ljid t` dcstriftc`n N` sinftc`ns `n pjrs`nil ocljs

V`hj pupcls irj crrjsp`nscblj wctm tmj lipt`ps, tmjy trjit tmjh lcgj t`ys

Kjt ruljs ind puncsmhjnts fljir

Ill`w t` wctmdriw or`h tmj pr`krihhj

Vystjhs / FVO

Lipt`ps wcll bjf`hj `bs`ljtj

Vfm``l t` pr`vcdj in`tmjr bittjry

Orjjd`h t` cnstill pr`krihs



;6

F`lùr prcntcnk

Lipt`ps irj t`` mjivy

Urcnt ùt f`lljftc`n it iny tchj

Zsj mjidjrs/o``tjrs cnstjid ò binnjr pikj

Bjttjr biks o`r tmj lipt`ps

Dcsf`nnjft Cntjrnjt durcnk fliss tchj, ill`w `nly tmj Cntrinjt

Vfm``l t` pr`vcdj Cntjrnjt iffjss

Chpr`vj tmj m`hj-sfm``l f`nnjftc`n

Bj h`rj firjoul wmjn rjpicrcnk t` iv`cd l`ss cno`rhitc`n or`h mird dcsg

Oistjr FVO sjrvcfj, h`rj `rkinczitc`n

Kcvj iffjss t` Uublcf `n Fmcfihi or`h m`hj

Hifmcnj cs t`` sl`w wctm [cn 2555, njjds 92=RIH, intcvcrus sl`ws ct d`wn t``

F`lljft lipt`ps o`r hicntjninfj ind fljincnk

H`rj prcntjrs

FVO `pjn ill diy H`rj prcntcnk z`njs, in`tmjr FVO

Lirkjr FVO, t`` shill ind fr`wdjd

Chpr`vj wcrjljss scknil

Ocncsm tmj Cntrinjt

Vl`w iffjss t` tmj Cntjrnjt

H`rj pj`plj it tmj FVO

Vjfurcty

Chpr`vj sjfurcty cn ind ùt ò sfm``l ‖ strinkj pj`plj irj `bsjrvcnk ùtscdj tmj kitjs

@pjn b`tm fikjs t` ljivj lipt`ps durcnk iftcvctcjs

Ur`krih spjfcocfs

Lipt`ps `nly o`r rjsp`nscblj pupcls, V6 upwirds

Jvjry`nj smùld bj cn tmj pr`krihhj

T`` hufm wjckmt cn bifgpifg, t`` hiny b``gs

Finfjl tmj pr`krih co ct f`ntcnujs lcgj it prjsjnt

Cnsurinfj d`jsn–t f`vjr inytmcnk

?.6 Uirjnts– Ujrspjftcvj

Tmj rjsults ò pirjnt inswjrs t` tmj qujstc`nnicrjs irj krùpjd cnt` tmj o`ll`wcnk fitjk`rcjs1

rjis`ns o`r `ptcnk t` jntjr tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj, ittctudjs, tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`ky, m`hj-sfm``l

f`hhuncfitc`ns tmj supp`rt sjrvcfjs, tmj pr`krihhj ind ourtmjr sukkjstc`ns `r f`hhjnts



;4

Rjis`ns o`r `ptcnk t` jntjr tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj

Cn Hirfm 2559 pirjnts wjrj isgjd o`r tmj rjis`ns wmy tmjy mid tmjcr fmcldrjn a`cncnk tmj lipt`p

pr`krihhj. Jvjn tmùkm tmj hia`rcty dcd n`t bjlcjvj ct ocninfcilly i k``d djil, tmjy dcd sjj tmj

jdufitc`nil bjnjocts ind tmj chplcfitc`ns o`r tmj outurj is tmj hia`r rjis`ns o`r a`cncnk. Tmjrj wis

ils` in jljhjnt ò “pjjr‘ prjssurj cn tmj oift tmit hiny pirjnts dcd n`t wint tmjcr fmcldrjn t` bj it

dcsidvintikj t` `tmjr studjnts rjfjcvcnk lipt`ps.

Rjis`ns o`r `ptcnk t` jntjr lipt`p pr`krihhj

n`t it ill9 2

unfjrticn6 4

djocnctjly: T`til

Dcd n`t wint t` bj it i dcsidvintikj t` `tmjrstudjnts :; 23 26 62 =: 22?

F`nscdjrjd ct ocninfcilly i k``d djil 4: 25 ;6 49 4; 22?

[jrj f`nvcnfjd tmj pr krihhj wùldpr`vcdj sckncocfint jdufitc`nil bjnjocts 2 6 99 45 9;5 22?

Bjlcjvjd tmit oifclcty wctm tjfmn`l`ky wùldbj chp`rtint cn w`rgcnk lcoj cn tmj outurj 5 5 6 92 299 22?

Tiblj ?.6.9 ‖ Rjis`ns o`r a`cncnk tmj Ur`krihhj

Ittctudjs

Isgjd ibùt tmjcr ittctudjs, Tiblj ?.6.2 sm`ws m`w tmj ljvjls ò jntmuscish, f`hhcthjnt,

f`nocdjnfj ind bjlcjo cn tmj viluj ò tmj Ur`krihhj dr`p or`h tmj mckmjr cntjrvils, cndcfitcnk i

h`rj f`nsjrvitcvj ittctudj, s`hj jvjn smcotcnk cnt` tmj unfjrticn ind njkitcvj ittctudj cntjrvils.

9 2 6 4 :

Sùr jntmuscish o`rtmj pr`krihhj


vjryjntmuscistcf

T`til%

Hirfm 5.4% 5.3% ?.?% 24.=% ?;.6% 955%

Hiy 5.4% 5.4% 92.=% 49.2% 4:.9% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.5% 5.4% 96.6% 49.2% 4:.9% 955% Sùr f`hhcthjnt t`tmj pr`krihhj


mckmlyf`hhcttjd

Hirfm 5.4% 5.4% ?.?% 2:.2% ?;.6% 955%

Hiy 5.4% 5.4% =.5% 2;.3% ?6.6% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.4% 5.3% =.4% 2;.3% ?2.4% 955%



;:

Sùr f`nocdjnfj cntmj chpift ò tmj pr`krihhj

n`tf`nocdjnt unfjrticn

mckmlyf`nocdjnt

Hirfm 5.5% 5.5% 9?.=% 6?.6% 4?.3% 955%

Hiy 5.3% 9.6% 9=.9% 6;.2% 42.:% 955%Djfjhbjr 5.3% 9.6% 93.5% 6=.3% 63.=% 955% Sùr bjlcjo cn tmj viluj ò tmj pr`krihhj n` viluj unfjrticn mckm viluj

Hirfm 5.5% 5.5% :.=% 69.5% ?6.6% 955%

Hiy 5.4% 5.3% ;.9% 6:.5% :?.?% 955%

Djfjhbjr 5.4% 5.3% =.5% 6:.5% ::.=% 955%

Tiblj ?.6.2 ‖ Ittctudjs prc`r t` ind iotjr pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n

Tjifmcnk Hjtm`d`l`kcjs

Uirjnts wjrj isgjd ibùt tmjcr pjrfjptc`ns ò tjifmcnk it Hirgmih cn Hirfm 2559, prc`r tmj

pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n. H`rj tmin ;5% ilrjidy f`nscdjrjd tmj tjifmcnk h`djrn `r vjry

h`djrn.

Tjifmcnk it Hirgmih

6

9:%

4

63%

vjry

h`djrn

:

42%

vjrytridctc`nil

9

2%

2

2%

Ockurj ?.6.9 ‖ Uirjnt–s vcjw ò tjifmcnk it Hirgmih

Tmcs ctjh wis n`t o`ll`wjd up cn tmj jviluitc`n sjssc`ns ò Hiy ind Djfjhbjr is C rjilczjd

tmit tmjy wùld n`t bj iblj t` pr`vcdj ocrst-mind, rjlciblj cno`rhitc`n7 tmjy wùld `nly bj

issuhptc`ns bisjd `n wmit tmjy mjir or`h tmjcr fmcldrjn `r wmit tmjy sjj it m`hj.



;?

M`hj-Vfm``l F`hhuncfitc`ns

Tmcs ispjft cs vjry chp`rtint o`r pirjnts. [ctm tmj chpljhjntitc`n ò tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj

tmjrj wjrj h`rj jljftr`ncf f`hhuncfitc`ns, s` ct wis chp`rtint t` sjj wmjtmjr tmjrj wis in

chpift cn tmcs rjspjft.

Cn Hirfm 2559 h`rj tmin :5% ò pirjnts f`nscdjrjd tmj m`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`ns

sitcsoift`ry `r mckmly sitcsoift`ry, is cllustritjd by tmj fmirt cn Ockurj ?.6.21

M`hj-Vfm``l F`hhuncfitc`ns

4

69%

6

64%

mckmly

sitcsoift`ry

:

29%

unsitcsoift`ry

9

:% 2

3%

Ockurj ?.6.2 ‖ Uirjnt–s vcjw ò tmj quilcty t` m`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`ns

By Hiy, 69% ò pirjnts rjf`kncsjd tmit tmj m`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`ns mid chpr`vjd,

ockurj wmcfm r`sj t` i sckncocfint ;6.3% cn Djfjhbjr. Tmcs mukj auhp cs i rjsp`nsj t` tmj pirjnts

kjttcnk usjd t` uscnk tmj Cntrinjt ind tmj njw `n-lcnj sjrvcfjs ivicliblj t` tmjh.

Mis tmjrj bjjn in chpr`vjhjnt cnm`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`ns0 Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

Sjs ;5 69.5% 9?; ;6.3%N` ?? 23.2% 2: 99.9%

D`n't gn`w 35 63.=% 64 9:.5% T`til 22? 955.5% 22? 955.5%

Tiblj ?.6.6 ‖ Chpr`vjhjnts cn m`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`ns iotjr pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n



;;

Tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj

Vjvjril cssujs f`nfjrncnk tmj lipt`p ind cts chplcfitc`ns wjrj jviluitjd. Cn tjrhs ò ittctudjs

t`wirds tmj lipt`p ind sfm``lw`rg wj fin sjj ikicn tmj tjndjnfy t` dr`p or`h tmj mckm viluj

cntjrvil (:) t` h`rj f`nsjrvitcvj cntjrvils (6-4). [mjn isgjd ibùt m`w tmjy tmùkmt tmjcr fmcldrjn

vilujd mivcnk i lipt`p, tmjcr ojjlcnks wjrj f`nscstjnt wctm tmj studjnt–s. Tiblj ?.6.4 cllustritjs tmcs1

M`w hufm d`js yùr fmcld viluj kjttcnk tmj lipt`p

9 2 6 4 : T`til

n`t i l`ti krjit

djil

Hirfm 2.2% 5.4% 4.3% 3.;% =2.;% 955.5%

Hiy 5.4% 5.3% =.=% 26.3% ?:.3% 955.5%Djfjhbjr 5.5% 5.4% 3.;% 24.=% ?:.5% 955.5%

Tiblj ?.6.4 ‖ Ujrfjcvjd viluj ò lipt`p prc`r t` pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n

@n isgjd ibùt m`w hufm tmjy pjrfjcvjd tmjcr fmcldrjn jna`yjd sfm``lw`rg, prc`r t` ind

iotjr chpljhjntitc`n, tmj rjsp`nsjs `n Tiblj ?.6.: cndcfitjd i smcot or`h tmj l`wjr cntjrvils

t`wirds tmj hcd-mckmjr ljvjl (4). Tmcs hjint tmit pirjnts tmùkmt tmjcr fmcldrjn wjrj jna`ycnk

sfm``lw`rg h`rj ind cn i krjitjr djkrjj tmin tmj studjnts tmjhsjlvjs cndcfitjd.

9 2 6 4 : T`tilM`w hufm d`js yùr fmcldjna`y sfm``lw`rg n`t i l`t

i krjitdjil

Hirfm 4.4% 4.3% 26.5% 64.:% 66.2% 955.5%Hiy 6.:% 4.5% 9:.5% :6.9% 24.6% 955.5%

Djfjhbjr 5.5% 5.3% 9?.4% :4.5% 2=.=% 955.5%

Tiblj ?.6.: ‖ Uirjnts vcjw `n m`w hufm studjnts jna`y sfm``lw`rg

Cn tjrhs ò lipt`p usj wj fin sjj i sckncocfint cnfrjisj cn tmj nuhbjr ò studjnts uscnk tmj

f`hputjr h`rj tmin tw` mùrs is f`hpirjd t` Hirfm, sm`wcnk schclir rjsults t` tm`sj jxprjssjd

by studjnts. Tmcs hjins tmit pirjnts irj iwirj ò tmj usj tmjcr fmcldrjn irj kcvcnk t` tmj lipt`p

durcnk tmj iotjrn``ns, nckmts ind wjjgjnds. Tmcs cs sm`wn `n Tibljs ?.6.? ind ?.6.;1



;=

M`w hufm tchj pjr diy `n ivjrikjd`js yùr fmcld usj tmj f`hputjr Hirfm % Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

< 9 mùr 2= 92.4% : 2.2% 2 5.3%

9 mùr :6 26.:% 2: 99.9% 25 =.=%

9 - 2 mùrs 956 4:.?% 34 49.?% 959 44.;%

> 2 mùrs 42 9=.?% 952 4:.9% 956 4:.?% T`til 22? 955.5% 22? 955.5% 22? 955.5%

Tiblj ?.6.: ‖ Uirjnts vcjw `n m`w hufm studjnts usj tmj lipt`p it m`hj

[mjn d`js yùr fmcld usjtmj f`hputjr h`st Hirfm % Hiy % Hiy %

Iotjrn``ns 99: :9% 925 :6% 925 :6%

Nckmts :2 26% :6 26% ?5 2;%

[jjgjnds 6= 9;% 45 9=% 6: 9:%

M`lcdiys 29 3% 96 ?% 99 :% T`til 22? 955% 22? 955% 22? 955%

Tiblj ?.6.; ‖ Uirjnts vcjw `n tmj tchjs studjnts usj tmj lipt`p it m`hj

Cn tjrhs ò usjs ind ipplcfitc`ns, m`hjw`rg f`ntcnujs t` bj tmj prjojrrjd usj, o`ll`wjd by tmj

Cntrinjt ind tmj Cntjrnjt. Tmjrj mis bjjn i djfrjisj cn tmj usj ò kihjs, fmit ind jhicl h`st

pr`bibly t` pirjnts fl`sjr h`nct`rcnk ind f`ntr`l it m`hj1

Hicn usjs yùr fmcld kcvjst` tmj f`hputjr Hirfm % Hiy % Djfjhbjr %

M`hjw`rg 93= ==.= 29= 3?.: 29= 3?.:

Cntjrnjt [[[ 9:; ;5.4 34 49.? 34 49.?

Cntjrnjt Jhicl 953 4=.3 :4 26.3 :4 26.3

Cntjrnjt Fmit 6: 9:.; 9= =.5 9= =.5

Drcll & priftcfj 9? ;.2 2; 99.3 2; 99.3

Tut`rcils : 2.2 = 6.: = 6.:

Kihjs 942 ?6.; =9 6:.= =9 6:.=Cntrinjt 5 5.5 3; 42.3 3; 42.3

@tmjr ipplcfitc`ns 4 9.= 5 5.5 5 5.5

Huscf 6 9.6 99 4.3 99 4.3

_cdj s 5 5.5 2 5.3 2 5.3

Tiblj ?.6.= ‖ Uirjnts vcjw `n tmj ipplcfitc`ns studjnts usj it m`hj



;3

Uirjnts wjrj ils` isgjd ibùt tmj pr`bljhs tmjy mivj pjrfjcvjd s` oir wctm tmj pr`krihhj.

H`st ò tmj pr`bljhs sm`wn cn Tiblj ?.6.3 irj rjlitjd t` tjfmncfil brjigd`wns ind m`hj-sfm``l

f`nnjftc`n (iffjss t` tmj Cntrinjt or`h m`hj). O`r hiny, tmj m`hj-sfm``l pr`bljh ljssjnjd by

Djfjhbjr but tmj tjfmncfil brjigd`wns cnfrjisjd, is dcd `tmjr tjfmncfil cssujs (bittjry pr`bljhs,

tjfmncfil supp`rt). V`hj pr`bljhs wjrj n`t hjntc`njd by Djfjhbjr wmcfm sm`wjd tmit tmj

sfm``l t``g iftc`n t` rjs`lvj tmjh wmclj `tmjrs cnfrjisjd sckncocfintly, lcgj prcntcnk, fmcldrjn

spjndcnk h`rj tchj `n tmj f`hputjr it m`hj, h`rj f`ntr`l ò iffjss t` unwintjd hitjrcil

njjdjd, dcoocfulty t` study or`h lipt`p ind `tmjrs. In jxplinitc`n o`r tmcs wùld bj tmit, by

Djfjhbjr, pirjnts wjrj h`rj iwirj ò pr`krihhj djticls ind wjrj iblj t` pirtcfcpitj cn tmcs

qujstc`nnicrj wctm h`rj gn`wljdkj ind fjrticnty.

[mit pr`bljhs mivj y u pjrfjcvjd s` oir wctm tmj pr`krihhj0Hiy%

Djfjhbjr%

M`hj-sfm``l iffjss pr`bljhs 45.;% 26.:%

Tjfmncfil brjigd`wns 66.?% 6?.6%

Lifg ò fljir p`lcfcjs ind rjkulitc`ns 94.2% 4.4%

Uupcl dcs`rkinczitc`n 96.6% 95.2%Cnsuoocfcjnt tjfmncfil supp`rt 3.;% 99.9%

Bittjry pr`bljhs 4.5% ?.?%

hifmcnj t`` sl`w 6.:% 2.2%

bifgpifg t`` mjivy 2.2% :.6%

h`rj f`ntr`l cn iffjss ò unwintjd hitjrcil, kihjs, p`rn, jtf. 9.=% 6.:%

h`rj f`ntr`l cn fliss 9.=% 9.=%

tigj l`nkjr d`cnk M[ 5.3% 2.2%

M[ `n Cntrinjt dcoojrjnt t` kcvjn cn fliss/n`t ill M[ `n cntrinjt 5.3% 5.5%

tjifmjrs n`t fmjfgcnk jhicl, n`t rjfjcvcnk w`rg `r ifgn`wljdkcnkrjfjcpt ò w`rg

5.4% 5.5%

tjifmjrs rjouscnk t` usj lipt`ps 5.4% 5.3%

mivj tjxtb``gs t`` 5.4% 5.5%

dcoocfult t` study or`h lipt`p 5.4% 4.4%

Urcntcnk 5.4% 95.2%

fmcldrjn n`t bjcnk t` idipt wjll t` pr`krihhj 5.4% 9.6%

jrk`n`hcf cssujs/ bid p`sturj / jyj stricn 5.4% 5.5%

fmcldrjn spjndcnk t`` hufm tchj `n lipt`ps, n`t mivcnk brjigs, n`tmivcnk lunfm

5.4% 9:.:%

Tiblj ?.6.3 ‖ Uirjnts vcjw `n tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj pr`bljhs



=5

Ocnilly, pirjnts wjrj isgjd o`r tmj pjrfjcvjd bjnjocts ind driwbifgs ò tmj Ur`krihhj. Cn tjrhs

ò tmj jdufitc`nil bjnjocts, tmj lirkjst pjrfjntikjs k` t` chpr`vjd CT ind prjsjntitc`n sgclls

sm`wcnk h`rj jntmuscish t` ljirn. Cn tjrhs ò tmj jdufitc`nil driwbifgs, tmj lcst cs l`nkjr but

h`stly o`fusjd `n tmj pupcl dcstriftc`n, tmj f`hpircs`n ò pr`krjss bjtwjjn lipt`p ind n`n-

lipt`p krùps ind tmj ippirjnt l`ss ò ifqucrjd sgclls. Tibljs ?.695 ind ?.6.99 sm`w tmcs vcjw1

[mit jdufitc`nil bjnjocts mivj yù pjrfjcvjd s oir0Hiy-Djf

%

Chpr`vjd CT sgclls ??.6;%

Chpr`vjd prjsjntitc`n sgclls ?5.9=%

H`rj jntmuscish t` ljirn :;.:2%Uupcls w`rgcnk oistjr 6;.?9%

Uupcls jxtjndcnk tmjcr gn`wljdkj 6?.2=%

Chpr`vjd pr`bljh-s`lvcnk sgclls 26.59%

N`nj 2.?:%

Uupcls o`rfjd t` i mckmjr ljvjl ò rjsp`nscbclcty 5.44%

Uupcls rjfjcvcnk ljss`n cn i h`rj iffuritj wiy 5.44%

Bjttjr wiys t` sjnd w`rg t` tjifmjrs (jhicl) 5.44%

N` jnùkm cno`rhitc`n t` jviluitj it tmcs p`cnt 5.44%

Tiblj ?.6.95 ‖ Ujrfjcvjd bjnjocts

[mit jdufitc`nil driwbifgs mivj y u pjrfjcvjd sòir0

Hiy ‖ Djf%

Lipt`ps ljidcnk t` dcstriftc`n 69.=?%

N`nj 2;.==%

Lipt`ps ljidcnk t` l``scnk ifqucrjd sgclls 25.6:%

Lipt`p kridjs irj l`wjr tmin n`n-lipt`p 93.39%

Lipt`p krùps n`t higcnk tmj sihj pr`krjss is n`n-lipt`p 9:.54%

pupcls n`t jnkikcnk cn s`fcil/sp`rtcnk iftcvctcjs it brjig 5.==%

iffjss t` cno`rhitc`n cs sl`w ind pupcls wistj tchj 5.==%

kihjs smùld N@T bj ill`wjd 5.==%

ifidjhcf pjro`rhinfj l`wjr tmin yjir's 5.44%

n` tjifmjr's f`hhjnts ibùt pupcl's pr`krjss 5.44%

lifg ò f`nscstjnfy, n`t ill tjifmjrs iffjpt lipt`p w`rg 5.44%

pupcls d`n't gn`w m`w t` rjsjirfm 5.44%

lifg ò f`ntr`l cn fliss 5.44%

sl`wjr t` w`rg 5.44%

h`rj ind l`nkjr m`hjw`rg 5.44%

n`n-lipt`p krùps bjcnk dcsfrchcnitjd 5.44%

Tiblj ?.6.99 ‖ Ujrfjcvjd driwbifgs



=9

@tmjr cdjis/f`hhjnts ind sukkjstc`ns

I vjry l`nk lcst ò f`hhjnts, p`sctcvj ind njkitcvj, ind s`hj cdjis t` chpr vj tmj

pr`krihhj wis pr`vcdjd by pirjnts. V`hj ò tmj f`nfjrns ils` cndcfitj tmit pirjnts njjd tchj t`

idaust t` tmcs njw tjifmcnk-ljirncnk hjtm`d`l`ky. Ct cs ils` i njw piridckh o`r tmjh ind ct cs

cntjrjstcnk t` n`tcfj m`w s`hj stcll wint t` mivj tmj pmyscfil jvcdjnfj ò fmcldrjn–s ljirncnk cn tmj

o`rh ò wrcttjn hitjrcil. Cntjrjstcnkly jnùkm, ocninfcil cssujs wjrj n`t i hia`r f`nfjrn.

Vfm``l F`hhuncfitc`ns

Vjnd orjqujnt f`hhjnts, lcgj cn tmj prjp b``g

F`hhuncfitc`ns njjd t` bj h`rj olucd Tjifmjrs smùld f`hhuncfitj h`rj wctm pirjnts, jspjfcilly co fmcld cs oiclcnk H`rj cno`rhitc`n t` pirjnts `n m`w tmcs njw jdufitc`nil hjtm`d`l`ky smùld w`rg D` n`t rjly `nly `n f`hputjr f`hhuncfitc`n wctm pirjnts

Vystjhs

Lipt`p brjigikjs F`ntr`l ipplcfitc`ns wmcfm fiusj dcstriftc`n cn fliss Bittjry dcsfmirkjs iotjr milo i diy Cnsuoocfcjnt tjfmncfil supp`rt

Vl`w iffjss t` cno`rhitc`n cn flissjs M`hj-sfm``l f`nnjftc`n t` bj chpr`vjd / pr`bljhs Chpr`vj f`ntr`l `vjr j-hicl ind hjssikjs sjnt Ill`w Fmit but usj ct ippr`prcitjly, ct cs i p`wjroul t``l H`rj spirj pirts Hifmcnj mis w`rn òo t`` s``n, picnt, hinuoifturcnk djojfts, jtf. Hifmcnj t`` sl`w, cnfrjisj lipt`p hjh`ry Ujrc`dcf rind`h rjvcsc`ns, lipt`p fmjfgs

FVO / Cntrinjt

Idd iftcvcty ittjndinfj rjf rd F`nstint upditjd cno`rhitc`n `n tmj Cntrinjt Hirgcnk Bcn dcoocfult t` usj Idd i Mjlp r Tut rcil n m`w t` usj tmj Cntrinjt F`nocrhitc`n ò w`rg sjnt vci jhicl `r Hirgcnk Bcn Rj-strufturj fùrsj pikjs s` tmit ct cs jiscjr t` w`rg, n`w `pjncnk t`` hiny pikjs t` d` i

pcjfj ò w`rg, cnjoojftcvj Bin kihjs FVO t` shill ind fr`wdjd Ur`vcdj ittjntc`n iotjr :ph, or`h m`hj, vci jhicl, tjljpm`nj, jtf.

Zsj mjidjrs, n`t binnjr pikj



=2

Urcntùt f`lljftc`n t`` sl`w Ill`w f`lùr prcntcnk Ill`w prcnt ut f`lljftc`n it iny tchj H`rj prcntjrs , djfjntrilcsj prcntcnk

Ocninfcil

Cntrinjt iffjss cnfrjisjs pm`nj bcll

Vf`pj

[`rrcjd ibùt dcoojrjnfjs bjtwjjn lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p krùps. H`rj cno`rhitc`n `n lipt`p vs. n`n-lipt`p krùps Ill pupcls smùld bj cn tmj pr`krihhj

Tjifmcnk Lifg ò tjifmjr oljxcbclcty wm` d`n't undjrstind lifg ò tjfmncfil sgclls or`h fmcldrjn N`t ill tjifmjrs h`tcvitjd t` usj tmj lipt`p cn fliss Cno`rhitc`n `n tmj Cntrinjt dcoojrjnt t` tmj `nj kcvjn cn fliss T`` hufm chp`rtinfj kcvjn t` prjsjntitc`n cnstjid ò f`ntjnt Tjifmjrs smùld bj h rj pr iftcvj Ill smùld usj tmj Hirgcnk Bcn Ill smùld wrctj tmj M`hjw rg `n tmj Cntrinjt Bjttjr ind h`rj orjqujnt usj ò f`hputjrs by tjifmjrs H`rj rjsjirfm N`tj-tigcnk chpriftcfil, bjttjr study or`h b``gs. Lifg ò tricncnk, s`hj tjifmjrs w`rg bjttjr tmin `tmjrs

Tricncnk

Gjybìrdcnk sgclls irj jssjntcil Lifg ò hjtm`d t` idipt t` njw systjh Chpr`vj Cntjrnjt surocnk sgclls Dcoojrjnt ljvjls ò CT sgclls ih`nkst stioo ind pupcls

Vjfurcty

Rcsgy t` firry lipt`p irùnd sfm``l it ill tchjs Mckm rcsg cn trinsp`rtcnk lipt`p or`h m`hj t` sfm``l ind vcfj vjrsi Bjttjr cntjrnil sjfurcty

Or`h tmj Flissr``h

T` study or`h lipt`ps cs h`rj dcoocfult Zsj lipt`ps h`rj Zsj lipt`p cn in cntjkritjd o`rh N`n-lipt`p pupcls higcnk h`rj pr`krjss tmin lipt`p pupcls

H`rj f`ntr`l cn tmj flissr``h, pupcls pliy wmjn ljss`ns irj b`rcnk



=6

L`wjr kridjs L`ss ò sgclls, j.k. mindwrctcnk M[ tigjs l`nkjr t` d` Chpr`vjd CT sgclls Jnfùrikj krùp w`rg

Jnfùrikj rjidcnk Idd Hitms jxjrfcsjs, jxihpljs ind m`hjw`rg sfmjdulj Vtudjnts ljirncnk t`` hufm t`` oist, dcoocfult t` f`pj Dicly pr`krjss kridjs t` bj publcsmjd T`` hufm m`hjw`rg kcvjn H`rj usjoul ind cntjrjstcnk cno`rhitc`n `n tmj Cntrinjt [`rg h`rj it sfm``l ind ljss it m`hj

Jrk`n`hcfs, mjiltm cssujs ind ittctudjs

Jyj stricn, mjidifmjs Inxcjty, strjss, tjnsc`n, prjssurj Vjnsj ò l`ss ò f`ntr`l, fmcld cs`litc`n, d`jsn't wint t` smirj wctm mcs pirjnts lifg ò `rkincsitc`n o`r s`hj Fmcldrjn l`sj ljss pipjrs, tmjrj cs h`rj f`ntr`l N`t jna`ycnk brjigs, s`fcil ind sp`rtcnk lcoj is bjo`rj N`t l`nkjr jna`y d`cnk m`hjw`rg o`r s`hj H`rj jntmuscish cn d`cnk m`hjw`rg ind ljirncnk o`r s`hj Bifgpifg t`` mjivy (95gk) Vljjp ljss bjfiusj tmjy stiy litj d`cnk w`rg Uupcls kjt jiscly dcstriftjd

Lcttlj `r n` orjj tchj Fmcld bjf`hcnk `bsjssjd wctm kihjs ind Cntjrnjt surocnk Ljss oihcly lcoj, t`` hufm tchj `n f`hputjrs F`ntr`l iffjss t` unwintjd hitjrcil j.k. p`rn sctj Oihcly `rkincsitc`n pr`bljhs, pcfgcnk up duj t` sjfurcty rcsgs V`n cs n`t mippy, wints t` fminkj t` n`n-lipt`p sjt V`n n`t hiturj jnùkm t` kjt tmj h`st ùt ò tmj pr`krihhj Uupcls bjf`hj h`rj cndjpjndjnt Ifqucrjd sjnsj o rjsp`nscbclcty ind sjfurcty cn mcs w`rg ind studcjs

@tmjrs _jry sitcsocjd wctm tmj cnctcitcvj ind chplcfitc`n cn tmj prjsjnt ind outurj ò tmj fmcldrjn's

jdufitc`n F`nkritulitj tmj sfm``l's joo`rt t` chpljhjnt tmcs pr`krihhj _iluiblj pr krihhj is ct djvjl`ps sgclls njjdjd o`r tmj 29st fjntury Tmjy mivj tmj `pp`rtuncty t higj tmj dcoojrjnfj ifidjhcfilly Rjil idvintikjs wcll sm`w cn tmj f`hcnk yjirs, it uncvjrscty ind it w`rg Mippy wctm chpljhjntitc`n. V`n sm`ws h`rj jntmuscish ind cntjrjst. @ur s`n cs w`rgcnk wjll wctm tmj lipt`p B`tm ùr diukmtjrs irj mippy wctm tmj pr`krihhj, n` pr`bljhs

[j irj `ptchcstcf, s` oir ct mis bjjn idvintikjùs o`r ur diukmtjr



=4

Ur`krihhj hust f`ntcnuj C bjlcjvj ct cs k`cnk t` bj i suffjss, oibulùs cdji. Tmj pr`krihhj cs vjry k``d, vjry k``d cnctcitcvj F`nkritulitc`ns! Joojftcvj joo`rt wmcfm bjnjocts hy s`n. Vfm``l's rjsp`nscbclcty t` hicnticn i susticnjd pr`krjss wctm tmj pr`krihhj

Ur`krihhj n`t yjt f`ns`lcditjd N` rjil ifidjhcf bjnjocts n`tcfjd L`ss ò f`ntr`l, finn`t fmjfg hirgjd f`pyb``gs `r w`rg

Ocnilly, tmj pirjntil `vjrill ritcnk ò tmj pr`krihhj, sm`wn `n Tiblj ?.6.92, wis ils` p`sctcvj,

cn lcnj wctm tmj tjifmjr–s pjrspjftcvj, wctm ;=.=% ritcnk tmj pr`krihhj ?+1

Vf`rj Orjqujnfy T`til9 5 52 5 56 4 924 9? ?4: 2= 945? :; 642; :5 6:5= 66 2?43 29 9=3

95 9; 9;5

T`til 22? 9:69

Ivjrikj ?.;;H`dj (t`` l`w) ?Hjdcin ;

Tiblj ?.6.92 ‖ Ur`krihhj `vjrill sf`rj

?.4 Ljss`n @bsjrvitc`ns

Ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns wjrj d`nj tmrùkmùt tmj yjir, is plinnjd cn tmj hjtm`d`l`ky, trycnk t`

oct tmj `bsjrvitc`n ljss`ns cn hy orjj pjrc`ds, ind trycnk t` sjljft tmjh it rind`h but jnsurcnk i

sprjid ò ljss`ns or`h dcoojrjnt ibclcty ljvjls is wjll. M`wjvjr, i pr`bljh ir`sj cn V2 duj t` tmj

oift tmit tmjrj wjrj oùr lipt`p sjts, n`t tmrjj, s` `nly i ojw ljss`ns, or`h jifm ibclcty sjt cn V2,

wjrj `bsjrvjd. Cdjilly, C smùld mivj `bsjrvjd in ibclcty sjt or`h jifm lipt`p krùp pjr subajft

but tchj f`nstricnts hidj ct dcoocfult, co n`t chp`sscblj, t` `rkincsj.



=:

Tmj rjsults wjrj sckncocfint is cn jvjry ljss`n C ittjndjd, tmjrj wis `nj o`rh `r in`tmjr ò

lipt`p ind tjfmn`l`ky usj. Tmj o`rh wis ils` usjoul t` mjlp rjf`rd cno`rhitc`n qucfgly but wis, cn

h`st `ffisc`ns, usjd t` rjf`rd diti iotjr tmj ljss`n jndjd is C jndjd spjndcnk s`hj tchj wilgcnk

irùnd witfmcnk tmj studjnts it w`rg, jspjfcilly cn ljss`ns wjrj krùp w`rg wis sjt `r wjrj

cndcvcduils mid t` firry ùt rjsjirfm `r cndcvcduil iftcvctcjs.

Tiblj ?.4.9 sm`w tmj usj ò rjsùrfjs cn tmj `bsjrvjd flissr``hs. Djspctj tmj pjrfjptc`n tmit

n`t ill tjifmjrs usj lipt`ps, cn ill ljss`ns C `bsjrvjd lipt`ps bjcnk usjd. M`wjvjr, tmjy wjrj n`t

usjd 955% ò tmj tchj. Cn s`hj ljss`ns, tjifmjrs spjnt s`hj n`n-lipt`p tchj (dcsfussc`ns,

jxplinitc`ns, jtf) prc`r t` stirtcnk lipt`p iftcvctcjs. Cn `tmjrs, tjifmjrs usjd tmj ljss`n kucdjlcnjs

publcsmjd `n tmj Cntrinjt t` stirt tmjcr fliss s` lipt`ps wjrj priftcfilly usjd or`h stirt t` jnd. I

h`rj tm`rùkm lipt`p usj study wùld mivj pr`bibly usjd tmj Olindjrs– tilly systjh t` rjf`rd

orjqujnfy ò cntjriftc`n wctm tmj djvcfj, j.k., jvjry 9: sjf`nds (Kiy, 933?). But tmcs wùld mivj

prjvjntjd hj or`h `bsjrvcnk `tmjr ojiturjs ò tmj ljss`n wmcfm C f`nscdjrjd chp`rtint o`r tmcs

rjsjirfm.

Rjsùrfj % usjLipt`ps 955.5%Uràjft`r :6.=% [mctjbìrd 9;.3%Jxpjrchjnt jqucphjnt ;.;%Vfinnjr 2.?%Dckctil fihjri 2.?% Tjxtb``gs 2.?%F`ntr`l djvcfjs 5.5%

Tiblj ?.4.9 ‖ Zsj ò rjsùrfjs cn tmj flissr``h

Rjkirdcnk tmj typjs ò iftcvctcjs cn wmcfm studjnts irj jnkikjd wmclj w`rgcnk wctm tmj

lipt`ps, ct cs cntjrjstcnk t` sjj tmit tmj hia`rcty ò iftcvctcjs irj fliss jxjrfcsjs, wmjtmjr `n-lcnj `r

or`h [`rd w`rgsmjjts, ind tmjn n`tj-tigcnk ind rjsjirfm. [rctcnk ò tjxts `r jssiys dcdn–t

mippjn hufm, f`ntriry t` wmit C jxpjftjd.



=?

It tmj sihj tchj, `tmjr iftcvctcjs wmcfm C dcdn–t f`nscdjr undjr tmj cnctcil `ptc`n lcst wjrj

`bsjrvjd. Tmjsj wjrj1 fliss prjsjntitc`ns, `ril/kucdjd dcsfussc`ns, rjvcsc`n iftcvctcjs, lcstjncnk

f`hprjmjnsc`n, studjnt krùp djbitjs, gn`wljdkj-bucldcnk, pr`krihhcnk, dcrjftjd priftcfils, drcll

& priftcfj ind vcdj`s. Tmcs cs cllustritjd cn Tiblj ?.4.21

Iftcvctcjs %Jxjrfcsjs :9.6%N`tj-tigcnk 66.6%Rjsjirfm 65.=%Rjidcnk 26.9%Jssiy/Tjxt wrctcnk 9:.4%@ril/kucdjd dcsfussc`ns 9:.4%Gn`wljdkj-bucldcnk 9:.4%Drcll & Uriftcfj 92.=%Dcrjftjd priftcfils/jxpjrchjnts 95.6%Fliss prjsjntitc`ns :.9% _cdj s :.9%Rjvcsc`n iftcvctcjs 2.?%Lcstjncnk f`hprjmjnsc`n 2.?%Vtudjnt/krùp djbitjs 2.?%Ur`krihhcnk 2.?%

Tiblj ?.4.2 ‖ Flissr``h iftcvctcjs

Tmj `tmjr ispjft `bsjrvjd wis rjlitjd t` tmj sòtwirj t``ls `r ipplcfitc`ns. Is jxpjftjd,

w`rd-pr fjsscnk ind tmj Cntjrnjt irj tmj h`rj orjqujntly usjd. Lcgj cn tmj ib`vj fisj, `tmjr t` ls

wjrj jhpl yjd wmcfm wjrj n`t `n tmj `ptc`n lcst, s` tmjy mivj ils` bjjn cnfludjd cn Tiblj ?.4.6

`n tmj o`ll`wcnk pikj1

Vòtwirj ipplcfitc`ns % usj [`rd pr`fjsscnk :3.5%Cntjrnjt 4=.;%Cntrinjt 49.5%

U`wjrU`cnt 26.9%Drcll & priftcfj 92.=%Kripmcfs ;.;%HcndHin Ujrs`nil ;.;%Vprjidsmjjts :.9%H`djllcnk/schulitc`ns :.9%Djsgt`p Uublcsmcnk 2.?%@hnckripm 2.?% _csc` 2.?%L`k` 2.?% _csuil Biscf 2.?%

Tiblj ?.4.6 ‖ Zsj ò sòtwirj ipplcfitc`ns cn fliss



=;

@n tmj cssuj ò ljss`n hinikjhjnt, wmcfm sjjgs t` cndcfitj tmj stylj ind hjtm`d`l`ky usjd by

tjifmjrs, ct wis chp`rtint t` sjj tmit, ikrjjcnk wctm studjnt, tjifmjr ind pirjntil pjrfjptc`n, h`st

ljss`ns wjrj studjnt-fjntrjd. It tmj sihj tchj, i krjit djil ò cndcvcduil w`rg wis `bsjrvjd. Tmcs

sprjid cs sm`wn `n Tiblj ?.4.41

Ljss`n stylj %Vtudjnt-fjntrjd ;4.4%Cndcvcduil w`rg ??.;% Tjifmjr-fjntrjd 26.9%Krùp w`rg 25.:%Uràjft w`rg 9;.3%Ljfturjs 2.?%

Tiblj ?.4.4 ‖ Ljss`n hinikjhjnt

Tmj ocnil ctjhs `n tmj ljss`n `bsjrvitc`n o`rh wjrj ritcnk sfiljs o`r studjnt ittctudjs ind

`vjrill joojftcvjnjss ò usj ò tmj lipt`ps ind CFT cn tmj flissr``h. Tmjsj irj ill subajftcvj ctjhs

s` tmj p`cnts ò vcjw wjrj dcsfussjd litjr wctm tmj tjifmjr, jspjfcilly tm`sj kridjd 6 `r ljss, prc`r

t` cnfludcnk tmjh is pirt ò tmj study. Tmj ittctudj sfilj rinkjd or`h 9 (njvjr) t` : (ilwiys). Tmj

ritcnk ò tmj usj ò lipt`ps cn ljss`ns rinkjd or`h 9 (n`t usjd) t` : (vjry joojftcvj). Tiblj ?.4.:

sm`ws tmj ivjrikj rjsults1

Vtudjnt Ittctudjs Ivjrikj sf`rj@n tisg 6.;2 Iftcvj 6.;4F`nocdjnt 6.;;

@vjrill usj ind ipplcfitc`n o lipt`ps Ivjrikj sf`rj Joojftcvjnjss 6.;4

Tiblj ?.4.: ‖ Ittctudj ind Lipt`p usj ritcnks

F`hcnk ùt ò tmj ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns C irrcvjd it s`hj chp`rtint sukkjstc`ns t` chpr`vj tmj

ljirncnk pr`fjss1

tmj njjd o`r idjquitj tchcnk ò iftcvctcjs, wctm i pr`vcsc`n o`r studjnts wm` ocncsm

bjo`rj tmj ill`fitjd tchj7



==

cnstruftc`ns o`r lipt`p iftcvctcjs njjd t` bj vjry fljir t` iv`cd f`nstint dcsruptc`n cn

tmj ljirncnk iftcvcty, ind tmjy smùld bj cntjrjstcnk ind sckncocfint t` tmj studjnts7

wmjn nivckitcnk tmrùkm tmj wjb, i k``d cdji cs t pr`vcdj i lcst o rjljvint wjb sctj t`

iv`cd unnjfjssiry dcstriftc`n or`h orjj wjb surocnk7

f`ntr`l dcstriftc`n tmrùkm jnkikcnk cn n`n-ifidjhcf iftcvctcjs cs o`r tmj tjifmjr t`

wilg irùnd tmj flissr `h ind iv cd scttcnk d`wn r i pisscvj r`lj7

wmjn d`cnk lcstjncnk f`hprjmjnsc`n, studjnts smùld usj mjidpm`njs t iv`cd ourtmjr

dcstriftc`n7

ljfturcnk ind tjifmjr d`hcnitjd ljss`ns irj t` bj iv`cdjd is tmj lipt`p tmjn bjf`hjs

i hjfmincfil djvcfj, n`t i tmùkmt-pr`v`gcnk, gn`wljdkj-bucldcnk t``l.

?.: Cntjrvcjws

Is jxplicnjd cn tmj prjvcùs sjftc`n, cntjrvcjws wjrj njjdjd t` flircoy s`hj ò tmj rjsp`nsjs

or`h tmj qujstc`nnicrjs ind trcinkulitj tmjsj wctm wmit wis `bsjrvjd cn tmj flissr``h. Bjfiusj ò

tchjtiblj f`nstricnts, tmjsj mid t` bj sfmjduljd durcnk brjig tchjs o`r studjnts ind durcnk brjig

tchjs `r orjj pjrc`ds o`r tjifmjrs. Tmj `nly cno`rhil cntjrvcjws wjrj tmj `njs mjld wctm pirjnts.

Or`h tmj cntjrvcjws C hinikjd t` `bticn sckncocfint cno`rhitc`n tmit flircocjd s`hj ò tmj

ocndcnks or`h tmj qujstc`nnicrjs. Bjfiusj cntjrvcjws wjrj mjld cn tmj h`tmjr t`nkuj ò

rjsp`ndjrs, C mivj tigjn tmj lcbjrty t` trinslitj ill studjnt cntjrvcjws ind tm`sj or`h Ujruvcin

stioo.

Durcnk tjifmjr cntjrvcjws, tmj qujstc`n ibùt m`w tmjy ojlt ibùt mivcnk tmj lipt`p t` tjifm

wis usjd is in cfj-brjigjr but C oùnd tmit ct `pjnjd up t` ljnktmy rjplcjs, h`st o wmcfm f vjrjd

sjvjril `tmjr qujstc`ns. O`r jxihplj,

“ C ojjl lipt`ps irj i plus cn sfm``l. Tmjy ill`w o`r i h`rj pjrs`nilcsjd ipprìfm t` tjifmcnk, wmcfm mjlps hj

rjsp`nd t` cndcvcduil dcoocfultcjs cn i h`rj joocfcjnt wiy‘ (hilj, o`rjckn tjifmjr).



=3

“C lcgj uscnk lipt`ps t` tjifm bjfiusj ct kcvjs hj iffjss t` i wcdj vircjty ò rjsùrfjs, n`t aust `nj b``g‘

(ojhilj, Ujruvcin tjifmjr).

“ C tmcng lipt`ps ljid t` dcstriftc`n, jspjfcilly cn b`tt`h sjts. Tmjy smùldn–t bj usjd tmjrj‘ (ojhilj, o`rjckn

tjifmjr).

“C lcgj tmj l ipt`p o`r idhcncstritc`n purp`sjs, ct cs i vjry usjoul diti f`lljftcnk ind inilyscs t``l, but o`r

tjifmcnk… wj stcll mivj i l`nk wiy t` k`‘ (hilj, Ujruvcin tjifmjr).

Tmj inswjrs wjrj f`nscstjnt t` tm`sj jxprjssjd cn tmj qujstc`nnicrjs. H`rj tmin `nj

hjntc`njd tmj dcstriftc`n oift`r is tmj hia`r f`nfjrn, wctm pirtcfulir jhpmiscs cn tmj b`tt`h

ibclcty sjts. Tmcs cssuj brùkmt ibùt tmj njjd o`r bjttjr t``ls `r stritjkcjs t` h`nct`r studjnt

lipt`p usj cn tmj fliss.

“Ct cs vjry dcoocfult t` f`ntr`l wmit studjnts irj d`cnk `n tmj sfrjjn ind jnsurj tmjy irj `n-tisg cn tmj

flissr``h‘ (hilj, Ujruvcin tjifmjr).

“Vtudjnts mivj i tjndjnfy t` kjt l`st wmclj surocnk tmj Cntjrnjt, tmjy wistj viluiblj fliss tchj‘ (ojhilj,

o`rjckn tjifmjr).

“Fin wj mivj i systjh t` bl`fg tmj lipt`ps co studjnts irj d`cnk s`hjtmcnk ”clljkil– cn tmj flissr``h0‘

(ojhilj, Ujruvcin tjifmjr).

“[j njjd h`rj tricncnk ind stritjkcjs t` djtjft studjnt clljkil iftcvcty. C ojjl tmit tmj h`hjnt C turn hy bifg t`

tmjh, tmjy irj d`cnk ill s`rts ò n`n-if idjhcf stuoo‘ (hilj, o`rjckn tjifmjr).

Tmcs vcjw ibùt dcstriftc`n wis smirjd by tmj studjnts is wjll. “Sù kjt dcstriftjd wmclj sjirfmcnk `n

tmj wjb… ind tjifmjrs d`n–t gn`w m`w t` h`nct`r `r f`ntr`l tmcs‘ (hilj studjnt). @tmjrs sukkjstjd tmit tmj

sfm``l smùld put cn plifj h`rj strcft rjstrcftc`ns, “bl`fgcnk h`rj pikjs `r frjitcnk iffjss t` i ”wmctj lcst– ò

iutm`rcsjd sctjs‘ (hilj studjnt) ind “jstiblcsm h`rj sjvjrj sinftc`ns o`r ocrst tchj òojndjrs s` tmit m`pjoully tmjy

wcll ljirn t` bjmivj‘ (ojhilj studjnt).



35

Tmcs kivj in cnsckmt t wird studjnt ojjlcnks is tmjcr mckmly p`sctcvj ittctudj t wirds rjfjcvcnk i

lipt`p, djfrjisjd by tmj jnd ò tmj yjir. Milo ò tmj cntjrvcjwjd hjntc`njd tmit “ct cs t`` hufm ò i

rjsp`nscbclcty, t`` jxpjnscvj co s`hjtmcnk mi ppjns ind t`` dcstriftcnk‘. Tmjrj wis fjrticnly in jljhjnt ò ojir

wmcfm prjvjntjd tmjh or`h oully jna`ycnk tmj bjnjocts o mivcnk tmj lipt`p.

[mjn ct fihj t` f`hhjnt `n tmj kridjs, h`st tjifmjrs ojlt tmit lipt`p studjnts wjrj

undjrifmcjvcnk bjfiusj ò tmj dcstriftc`n oift`r ind bjfiusj ct cs h`rj dcoocfult t` study or`h tmj

lipt`p. But wmjn f`nor`ntjd wctm tmj kridj jvcdjnfj sukkjstcnk tmcs wis n`t quctj s`, tmjy stufg

t` tmj oift tmit tmjy bjlcjvjd tmit “co studjnts wjrjn–t tmit dcstriftjd tmjy wùld miv j ifmcjvjd jvjn bjttjr

rjsults ‘ (hilj Ujruvcin tjifmjr), tmus ifgn`wljdkcnk tmj lipt`p–s p`tjntcil is i ljirncnk t``l. Ct wis

ils` sukkjstjd tmit “Vtudjnts cn tmj t`p ibclcty sjts bjnjoct h`rj or`h tmj usj ò lipt`ps tmin b`tt`h sjts‘ (hilj

o`rjckn tjifmjr) but tmcs stitjhjnt wis n`t supp`rtjd by tmj kridj jvcdjnfj is ct sm`ws tmit cn

h`st subajfts, lipt`p b`tt`h sjt studjnts d` hirkcnilly bjttjr tmin n`n-lipt`p studjnts.

U`sctcvj ojjlcnks wjrj ils` smirjd wctm rjspjft t` tmj studjnt–s ljirncnk . O`r cnstinfj,

“Cntjriftcvj iftcvctcjs `n tmj Cntjrnjt ind Cntrinjt ill`w o`r h`rj rjsp`nscblj, sjlo pifjd djvjl`phjnt ò studjnts

ljirncnk‘ (hilj, o`rjckn tjifmjr).

“Vtudjnts irj bjf`hcnk h`rj cndjpjndjnt ljirnjrs ind w`rgjrs‘ (hilj, Ujruvcin tjifmjr).

“Ct pr`vcdjs krjitjr idvintikjs cn pjjr issjsshjnt, krùp w`rg ind f`llib`ritc`n‘ (ojhilj, o`rjckn

tjifmjr).

“Vtudjnts chpr`vj tmjcr rjsjirfm sgclls wmcfm mjlps tmjh ljirn h`rj ind bjttjr‘ (ojhilj, Ujruvcin

tjifmjr).

V`hj ils` studjnts smirjd tmcs p`sctcvj ojjdbifg, stitcnk tmit “lipt`ps irj bjttjr, yùr kridjs k`

up… yù ljirn h`rj‘ (ojhilj studjnt) `r “yù mivj ill tmj cno`rhitc`n yù njjd it mind ind yù fin w`rg wctm



39

hultcplj wcnd`ws it tmj sihj tchj‘ (hilj studjnt) `r “yù h`vj oistjr tmrùkm tmj syllibus, ljirn cnk h`rj tmcnks

ind yù mivj h`rj rjsùrfjs t` d` bjttjr w`rg‘. @nj jvjn sicd tmit “C ljirn h`rj ind bjttjr n`w bjfiusj C lcgj

t` w`rg wctm tmj lipt`p, C lcgj m`w hy w`rg l``gs. Ct cs ncfjr ind C higj ojwjr hcstigjs‘ (ojhilj studjnt).

B`tm, tjifmjrs ind studjnts ils` rjf`kncsj tmj sckncocfint chpr`vjhjnt cn CT sgclls ind

prjsjntitc`n ò w`rg1

“tmjrj cs in `vjrill chpr`vjhjnt cn tmj quilcty ò prjsjntitc`n ind `rkinczitc`n ò studjnts– w`rg‘ (hilj

Ujruvcin tjifmjr).

“tmjrj cs in chpr`vjhjnt cn studjnts– sjlo - jstjjh is tmjy fin sjj h`rj ”pròjssc`nil– rjsults‘ (ojhilj

Ujruvcin tjifmjr).

“C ojjl h`rj f`nocdjnt ibùt hy CT sgclls, C n`w gn`w wmit t` d` ct ind C fin d` ct oistjr‘ (hilj studjnt)

“C mivj ljirnt t` d` hiny njw tmcnks uscnk hy lipt`p. Tming yù!‘ (hilj studjnt)

Tmj pr`bljhs hjntc`njd durcnk tmj cntjrvcjws wjrj biscfilly ill hjntc`njd cn tmj

qujstc`nnicrjs, f`rr`b`ritcnk tmj ocndcnks. M`wjvjr, i f`hhuncfitc`ns cssuj ippjirjd wmcfm wis

n`t hjntc`njd bjo`rj. Ct wis flichjd tmit “studjnts d` n`t usj tmj sfm``l j-hicl systjh but tmjcr `wn

pjrs`nil `njs j.k. m`thicl, ind tmjy hcss chp`rtint sfm` l `r tjifmjr f`hhuncfitc ns‘ (ojhilj o`rjckn tjifmjr)

ind tmit “studjnts irj n`t k``d f`hhuncfit`rs, cn wrctcnk `r vjrbilly, ind tmj Cntjrnjt `nly w`rsjns tmcs‘ (ojhilj

Ujruvcin tjifmjr). Tmcs fùld n`t bj `bsjrvjd durcnk ljss`n tchj is iffjss t` tm`sj sjrvcfjs cs

o`rbcddjn cn sfm``l t` mjlp rjdufj dcstriftc`n. [mjn studjnts wjrj isgjd ibùt tmjsj cssujs

durcnk tmjcr cntjrvcjw, tmjy dcd ifgn`wljdkj rjidcnk tmjcr pjrs`nil j-hicls hufm h`rj tmin tmj

sfm``l `nj “bjfiusj C mivj ill hy f`ntifts tmjrj‘ (hilj studjnt), ind “bjfiusj ct cs h`rj usjr - orcjndly ind ncfj‘

(ojhilj studjnt). M`wjvjr, wmjn tilgcnk ibùt tmjcr f`hhuncfitc`n styljs tmjy sicd tmit “jvjryb`dy

tilgs lcgj tmit n`w‘ (hilj studjnt), “tmjrj cs n`tmcnk wr`nk wctm ct7 wj ill undjrstind jifm `tmjr‘ (hilj

studjnt) `r “ct djpjnds wmit tmjy isg us t` tilg `r wrctj ibùt… s`hjtchjs wj irj schply n`t cnspcrjd!‘ (ojhilj

studjnt).



32

Cn kjnjril, b`tm tjifmjrs ind studjnts ojlt prjpirjd t` w`rg wctm lipt`ps, jspjfcilly it tmj jnd

ò tmcs ocrst yjir bjfiusj tmjy mivj ifqucrjd ocrst-mind jxpjrcjnfj7 ct cs n` l`nkjr ibùt pj`plj

tjllcnk tmjh m`w ct smùld bj but n`w tmj mivj tmjcr `wn suffjss-oiclurj st`rcjs t` smirj. “[j irj

k jnjrilly `n tmj rckmt trifg, tmùkmt ct hckmt bj tw` h`rj yjirs bjo`rj wj sjj ct oully chpljhjntjd‘ (hilj o`rjckn

tjifmjr ).‘C tmcng tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj smùld stiy, C finn`t sjj hysjlo f`hcnk t` sfm``l wctmùt hy lipt`p!‘

(ojhilj studjnt).

M`wjvjr, tigcnk `nj ò tmj cssujs wmcfm ir`sj or`h tmj qujstc`nnicrjs, tw` ò tmj tjifmjrs

wm` inswjrjd tmit tmjy mid n` rjsp`nsj is t` wmjtmjr tmjcr tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`ky mid fminkjd

tmrùkmùt tmj yjir, jxplicnjd tmit tmjcr tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`ky biscfilly fminkjd o`rh ljss`n t`

ljss`n ind tmit tmjy fùldn–t pcnp`cnt ct t` in chpift ò tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj.

Tw` `tmjr tjifmjrs wm` rjplcjd t` tmcs sihj qujstc`n is mivcnk n` fminkjs cn tmjcr tjifmcnk

hjtm`d`l`ky jxplicnjd tmit tmjy ilwiys mid i studjnt-fjntrjd ipprìfm, biscfilly w`rgcnk `n

pràjfts ind priftcfil iftcvctcjs ind tmit tmj lipt`p iftuilly ljnt ctsjlo t` tmjcr tjifmcnk stylj. @nj ò

tmjsj tjifmjrs wis in CT tjifmjr ind tmj `tmjr i Vfcjnfj tjifmjr, f`rr`b`ritcnk cn i wiy hy

prjvcùs myp`tmjscs.

In`tmjr ctjh wmcfm njjdjd fr`ss-jxihcncnk wis tmj f`ntridcftc`n bjtwjjn s`hj tjifmjrs

flichcnk tmit tmjy mid t` spjnd h`rj tchj cn jxplinitc`ns wmclj `tmjr sicd tmit tmjy spjnt ljss.

@nj ò tmj cntjrvcjwjd tjifmjrs or`h Hitms, iftuilly ojlt orustritjd t` wistj ippr`xchitjly 95

hcnutjs `r h`rj rjpjitcnk cnstruftc`ns bjo`rj iny sckncocfint w`rg fùld bj d`nj. Mj wjnt `n

jxplicncnk tmit “n`t `nly d` C njjd t` jxplicn tmj hitmjhitcfil f`nfjpt but n`w C ils` njjd t` jxplicn tmj CT

pirt, C wcsmjd tmj studjnts gnjw jxiftly wmit t` d`‘ (hilj Ujruvcin tjifmjr). @n tmj `tmjr mind, i Mcst`ry

tjifmjr sicd tmit “bjfiusj ct cs ill n`w publcsmjd `n tmj Cntrinjt, C fin stirt hy ljss`n strickmt iwiy, wctm lcttlj

jxplinitc`n‘ (ojhilj Ujruvcin tjifmjr)



36

In`tmjr f`ntridcftc`n or`h tmj qujstc`nnicrjs rjojrrjd t` tmj tchj spjnt cn plinncnk r pr dufcnk

hitjrcil. [mclj s`hj tjifmjrs flichjd ct wis h`rj tchj f`nsuhcnk, `tmjrs flichjd ct wis jiscjr

ind oistjr. @n cntjrvcjwcnk stioo, ct bjfihj fljir tmit tmcs djpjndjd `n sjvjril ispjfts1

tjifmjr–s CT sgclls ‖ tmj h`rj sgclljd, tmj jiscjr ind oistjr ct wis t` plin ind djvjl`p

lipt`p-bisjd ljss`ns, wctm `r wctmùt tmj mjlp ò tmj FVO djscknjrs

tmj niturj ò tmj fùrsj ‖ s`hj subajfts rjqucrjd schplj, strickmt o`rwird hitjrcil lcgj

w`rgsmjjts, `nlcnj ocll-cn tmj kips hultcplj fm`cfj jxjrfcsjs, wmclj `tmjr rjqucrjd f`hpljx

ljirncnk pitms `r idvinfjd rjsùrfjs sufm is inchitc`ns, vcdj`s ind/`r iudc`.

Tmj nuhbjr o ljss`ns pjr wjjg ‖ djpirthjnts wctm `nj `r tw` pjrc`ds i wjjg mid bjttjr

fminfj t` plin `r prjpirj ljss`ns o`r tmj Cntrinjt tmin subajfts wctm dicly ljss`ns.

Tmj iviclibclcty ò FVO djscknjrs ‖ s`hjtchjs tmj djscknjrs wùld bj burdjnjd wctm w`rg

ind uniblj t` isscst tjifmjrs cn tmj plinncnk ind djvjl`pcnk ò hitjrcil.

@n isgcnk tjifmjrs ibùt tmj ippirjnt djflcnj cn tmj usj ò [`rd-pr`fjsscnk ind tmj Cntjrnjt

o`r rjsjirfm, tmjy stitjd tmit it tmj bjkcnncnk tmjy usjd wmit tmjy ojlt h`st f`ho`rtiblj ind

gn`wljdkjiblj wctm ‖ tmj [`rd-pr`fjss`r. But is tmj yjir pr`krjssjd tmjy stirtjd uscnk `tmjr

ipplcfitc`ns, wjb sctj rjsùrfjs, hitjrcil `n tmj Cntrinjt ind cn s`hj fisjs spjfcilcst sòtwirj.

Rjkirdcnk tmj Cntjrnjt, tmjy sicd tmit tmjy trcjd t` gjjp rjsjirfm t` `nly wmjn njfjssiry t` prjvjnt

dcstriftc`n is hufm is p`sscblj ind cn s`hj fisjs tmjy prjojrrjd t` ljivj tmj rjsjirfm o`r

m`hjw`rg.

@nj ispjft hjntc`njd by tmj studjnts wis tmit lipt`ps wjrjn–t usjd hufm cn Hitms ind tmcs

wis f`rr b`ritjd durcnk tmj cntjrvcjw t` tmj Mjid ò Hitms, jvjn tmùkm `n jvjry ljss`n

`bsjrvjd tmjrj wis jvcdjnfj ò lipt`p usj ò `nj s`rt `r in`tmjr. Mj jxplicnjd tmit ct wis

Djpirthjntil p`lcfy t` usj tmj lipt`ps `nly `nfj i wjjg ind t` usj drcll & priftcfj `r spjfcilcst

Hitms sòtwirj t` f`hpljhjnt tmj tridctc`nil tjifmcnk bjfiusj tmjy bjlcjvjd tmit tmcs subajft cs



34

bjst ljirnt by pjro`rhcnk hjntil ind hinuil filfulitc`ns, driwcnk dcikrihs, s`lvcnk pr`bljhs `n

tmj f`pyb``g ind mivcnk tmit mirdf`py t` rjojr t` o`r ourtmjr priftcfj ind studycnk. Mj ils`

hjntc`njd tmit ct wis n`t f`hpuls`ry o`r tmj Hitms tjifmjrs t` f`hply wctm tmit `nj-pjrc`d i

wjjg lipt`p usj bjfiusj mj dcdn–t wint t jno rfj inytmcnk up`n tmjh o`r tmj sigj ò d`cnk wmit

jvjr jvjryb`dy jlsj wis d`cnk. Tmjy wùld tigj `nj stjp it i tchj ind h`vj fiutcùsly bjfiusj

Hitms mis ilwiys bjjn i dcoocfult subajft o`r hiny studjnts ind tmjy dcdn–t wint t` rcsg mivcnk

h`rj oicls.

@n tmj cssuj `n pr`krih kjnjrilcsitc`n, ill tjifmjrs cntjrvcjwjd sicd tmit tmjy wjrj p`sctcvj

ind cn oivùr ò tmj pr`krihhj but tmit tmjy wùld ritmjr k` sl`wly ind mivj in`tmjr yjir o`r

f`ns`lcditcnk t` cr`n ùt is hiny pr`bljhs is p`sscblj bjo`rj h`vcnk `nt` jxtjndcnk ct t` tmj

`tmjr studjnts `r tmj `tmjr yjirs.

Tiblj ?.:.9 sm`ws i lcst o sukkjstc`ns wmcfm ir sj or`h ill tmjsj cntjrvcjws1

TJFMNCFIL / RJV@ZRFJV IFIDJHCF / U@LCFSDjsckn bjttjr, ljss mjivcjr lipt`p biks Lipt`ps or`h V6 `nwirds, V9 ind V2 t`` yùnkFminkj flissr``h djsg liyùt t` oifclctitjh`nct`rcnk

Ourtmjr tricncnk is t` m`w t` study joojftcvjly wctm tmj lipt`p

Chpr`vj prcntùt f`lljftc`n Ipp`cnt in CT f`hpjtjnt tjifmjr wctmcn jifmdjpirthjnt t` djvjl`p/plin hitjrcils o`r tmjCntrinjt, njjds i lckmtjr tchjtiblj tmùkm

V`lvj tmj p`wjr jxtjnsc`n pr`bljh, ocx pluks`n ol``r

Ur`vcdj iffjss t` publcsm `wn hitjrcil `n tmjCntrinjt wctmùt mivcnk t` rjqujst FVOisscstinfj

Rjdjocnj prcntcnk p`lcfy ind chpr`vj oifclctcjs Djvjl`p h`rj iftcvctcjs wmcfm jnfùrikj litjril

tmcngcnk, pr`bljh s`lvcnk ind truj f`llib`ritc`nOcnd i systjh t` mjlp tjifmjrs f`ntr`l wmitstudjnts d` wctm tmjcr lipt`ps cn fliss

H`rj strcft puncsmhjnts or`h tmj bjkcnncnk

Djocnj i vjry strcft intc-plikcircsh p`lcfy@oojr fùrsjs o`r tjifmjrs `n ipplycnk CT cn tmjfurrcfuluhF`ntcnuj wctm CT tjifmjr tricncnk fùrsjs (wjbjdctcnk, chikcnk, inchitc`ns, sprjidsmjjts,prjsjntitc`ns, jtf)F`ntcnuj wctm CT studjnt tricncnk `r sgcllsrjcno`rfjhjnt tmrùkm tmj CT subajft

Tiblj ?.:.9 ‖ Vukkjstc`ns ircscnk or`h cntjrvcjws



3:

Durcnk pirjntil cno`rhil cntjrvcjws tmj hittjrs ircscnk wjrj prchircly o`fusjd `n dcstriftc`n,

ifmcjvjhjnt, f`hhuncfitc`ns ind tjfmncfil pr`bljhs/brjigikjs. Uirjnts wint us t` jnsurj tmit

dcstriftc`n cs prjvjntjd `r gjpt t` i hcnchuh t` iv`cd undjrifmcjvjhjnt ind dcsfcplcniry

sinftc`ns. Tmjy ils` sukkjstjd firrycnk ùt pjrc`dcf iudcts `n tmj lipt`p f`ntjnts t` djtjft iny

pr`bljhs `r clljkil usj jirly cn tmj yjir.

@n tmj hittjr ò ifmcjvjhjnt, tmjcr hicn f`nfjrn cs tmit bjfiusj ill w`rg cs gjpt cn tmj lipt`p,

tmjy d`n–t mivj jisy iffjss t` fmjfg `n tmjcr fmcld–s pr`krjss ind tmj cno`rhitc`n `n tmj Cntrinjt

cs n`t jnùkm o`r tmjh. Tmjy wint t` sjj tmj w`rg, lcgj tmjy dcd `n f`pyb``gs.

Rjkirdcnk f`hhuncfitc`ns, pirjnts irj vjry mippy wctm tmj Cntrinjt ind tmj wiy ct cs

f`nstintly upditjd tmùkm ct cs kr`wcnk oist ind tmjrj irj h`duljs tmit pirjnts irj n`t jvjn iwirj

tmjy jxcst. Tmj sukkjstjd in `n-lcnj fùrsj `n tmj usj ò tmj Cntrinjt o`r pirjnts, t` supp`rt tmjcr

fmcldrjn cn tmj pr`krihhj. In`tmjr f`nfjrn cs tmj j-hicl f`hhuncfitc`n. Tmjy rjqujstjd tmj

sfm``l n`t t` higj i dcrjft fminkj`vjr or`h pipjr f`hhuncfitc`n t` jljftr`ncf hjins bjfiusj

n`t ill pirjnts mivj iffjss t` i f`hputjr, t` in j-hicl iddrjss ind n`t ill pirjnts fmjfg j-hicls

rjkulirly. Tmjy sukkjst runncnk i pirilljl systjh untcl pirjnts irj tricnjd ind mivj tmj oifclctcjs.

Ocnilly, tmj tjfmncfil cssujs irj wmit fiusj fjrticn inxcjty bjfiusj ò tmj rjpicr f`st cnv`lvjd co

tmj cnfcdjnts irj duj t` njklckjnfj, `r tmj f`st ò rjplifcnk i lipt`p co l`st `r st`ljn duj t`

njklckjnfj. Tmcs cssuj cs wmit hidj pirjnts h`vj t`wirds tmj h`rj f`nsjrvitcvj cntjrvils cn tmj

ittctudjs sfiljs `n tmj qujstc`nnicrjs or`h Hiy t` Djfjhbjr.



3?

?.? Kridj Inilyscs

Cn `rdjr t` dcsfuss studjnt ifmcjvjhjnt, tmrjj sjts ò diti wjrj inilysjd1 ivjrikj jnd ò yjir

jxih rjsults, ivjrikj ocnil yjir pjro`rhinfj ind studjnt oicls. T` undjrstind ind cntjrprjt tmcs

riw diti, ct cs prjsjntjd by yjir krùp, f`hpircnk n`n-lipt`p vjrsus lipt`p sjts. Tw` subajfts,

Umyscfil Jdufitc`n ind Irt, wjrj n`t f`nscdjrjd cn tmcs study is tmjy d` n`t mivj stindirdczjd

tjstcnk it tmj jnd ò tmj yjir ind hidj n` usj ò tmj lipt`ps o`r ljirncnk tmrùkmùt tmj yjir.

Tmj stitcstcfil hjtm`d fm`sjn t` inilysj tmj sf`rjs cs tmj hjin `r irctmhjtcf ivjrikj is wj irj

djilcnk wctm dcoojrjnt sczj sjts pjr yjir krùp ind tmjrj irj n` jxtrjhj sf`rjs wmcfm fùld ioojft

sckncocfintly tmj rjsult (Kiy, 933?).

Jnd ò Sjir Jxihcnitc`n ind Ocnil Sjir Ujro`rhinfj Rjsults

Duj t` tmj schclir pittjrn sm`wn by tmj kridj jvcdjnfj rjsultcnk or`h inilyscnk b`tm sjts

ò diti, C djfcdjd t` prjsjnt tmjh t`kjtmjr t` djh`nstritj tmj rjlitc`n ind f`nscstjnfy

bjtwjjn tmjh.

Vjf`ndiry 9

L``gcnk cnt` tmj jnd ò yjir jxihcnitc`n rjsults, ct fin bj cnojrrjd tmit tmjsj irj hirkcnilly

bjttjr cn h`st subajfts o`r tmj n`n-lipt`p sjts, jxfjpt cn Vpincsm, Vfcjnfj ind, prjdcftibly, cn

CT. Jvjn tmùkm tmcs cs n`t jnùkm jvcdjnfj t` djtjrhcnj i sckncocfint chpift ò tmj lipt`ps

`n studjnt pjro`rhinfj jctmjr wiy, or`h tmj fmirt `n Ockurj ?.?.9, ct fin bj sjjn tmit tmj

kridjs rjoljft tmj ljvjl ò pjro`rhinfj jxpjftjd o`r jifm ibclcty sjt, wmjrj t`p sjts ifmcjvjd

mckmjr kridjs tmin tmj hcddlj, hcxjd-ibclcty sjts cn b`tm lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p krùps. Vjts

V9B9 ind V9L2, o`ll`w i schclir ifmcjvjhjnt trjnd, ind s` d` sjts V9B2 ind V9L6.

Rjkirdcnk tmj ocnil ivjrikj yjir kridjs, is sm`wn `n Ockurj ?.?.2, tmjsj cllustritj i schclir

pittjrn ò ifmcjvjhjnt t` tmj jnd ò yjir jxihs, wmjrj ikicn, tmj lipt`p sjts ifmcjvj mckmjr



3;

tmin n`n-lipt`p sjts cn Vpincsm, CT ind Vfcjnfj. Tmj rjsults ò tmj hcddlj ibclcty binds irj

ils` f`nscstjnt wctm tmj jnd ò yjir jxihcnitc`n rjsults tmùkm tmj kip bjtwjjn sjts

dchcncsmjd cn h`st subajfts.

J@S Jxihs F`hpiritcvj Fmirt - Vjf`ndiry 9

5

2

4

?

=

95

92

94

9?

9=

25

VUI

JNK

ORJ

KJ@

MCV CT

HIT

HZV

RJL

VFC

Vubajft

Kridj

V9I

V9L9

V9B9

V9L2

V9B2

V9L6

Ockurj ?.?.9 ‖ V9 Jnd ò Sjir Jxih Ivjrikj Rjsults.

Ocnil Kridj F`hpiritcvj Fmirt - Vjf`ndiry 9

5.5

2.5

4.5

?.5

=.5

95.5

92.5

94.5

9?.5

9=.5

25.5

VUI

JNK

ORJ

KJ@

MCV CT

HIT

HZV

RJL

VFC

Vubajft

Kridj

V9I

V9L9

V9B9

V9L2

V9B2

V9L6

Ockurj ?.?.2 ‖ V9 Ivjrikj Ocnil Sjir Kridjs

In`tmjr ispjft l``gjd it wis tmj nuhbjr ò jxihcnitc`n oicls pjr subajft pjr sjt. Vcnfj

n`n-lipt`p ind lipt`p sjts dcoojrjd cn sczj, ct wis chp`rtint t` filfulitj tmj pjrfjntikj ò tmj



3=

studjnt p`pulitc`n iftuilly oiclcnk cn jifm fitjk`ry.

Tmcs cno rhitc`n sm`wjd i dcoojrjnt bjmivcùr. Ct fin bj fljirly sjjn tmit cn tmcs fisj, h rj

n`n-lipt`p studjnts oicljd jnd ò yjir jxihcnitc`ns tmin lipt`p studjnts jxfjpt cn Jnklcsm,

Kj`kripmy ind Hitms. Ockurj ?.?.6 sm`w tmcs dcstrcbutc`n1

Ujrfjntikj Jxih Oicls

V9 N`n-lipt`p sjts

VFC, 2?%

RJL, 5%

HZV, 5%

HIT, 9=%CT, =%

MCV, 5%

KJ@, 6%

ORJ, ?%

JNK, 5%

VUI, 9:%


V9 Lipt`p sjts

HZV, 5%

RJL, 5%

CT, ?%

MCV, 5%

KJ@, 4%

ORJ, :%

JNK, :%

HIT, 26%

VFC, 9=% VUI, 99%

Ockurj ?.?.6 ‖ Ujrfjntikj Jxih Oicls o`r V9 Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts

Vjf`ndiry 2

Cn tmcs yjir krùp, tmj rjsults wjrj quctj dcoojrjnt is jvjn tmùkm, `n ivjrikj, ct l``gs lcgj

n`n-lipt`p sjt ifmcjvjd mckmjr ivjrikj kridjs, wmjn f`ntristcnk tmj sihj ibclcty sjts

cndjpjndjntly ct fin bj sjjn tmit lipt`p sjts pjro`rhjd sckncocfintly bjttjr. Ikicn, n`t

surprcscnkly, tmj CT kridjs cn ill lipt`p sjts irj bjttjr tmin tmj n`n-lipt`p sjts o`r tmj sihj

ibclcty bind.

Tmj ifmcjvjhjnt trjnds ils` o`ll`w tmj jxpjftjd pittjrn o`r tmj t`p (V2I ind V2L9) ind

b`tt`h ibclcty sjts (V2B ind V2L4). M`wjvjr, tmj hcddlj-ibclcty sjt V2L6 undjr-pjro`rhjd cn

tmj jxihs. Tmcs ricsjd i p`cnt ò f`nfjrn is tmj ifmcjvjhjnt trjndlcnj sm`wn wis h`rj

f`hpitcblj wctm tmj l`w-ibclcty sjts.

V`hj `tmjr cntjrjstcnk cssujs t` f`nscdjr irj tmit tmj t`p n`n-lipt`p sjt pjro`rhjd bjl`w



33

tmj t`p lipt`p sjt cn ill subajfts but tmj b`tt`h n`n-lipt`p sjt pjro`rhjd bjttjr tmin V2L6

ind V2L4 cn Vpincsm, Jnklcsm ind Hitms. Tmcs cs bjttjr cllustritjd by tmj fmirt cn Ockurj ?.?.4.


5.55

2.55

4.55

?.55

=.55

95.55

92.55

94.55

9?.55

9=.55

25.55

VUI JNK ORJ KJ@ MCV CT HIT HZV RJL VFC

Vubajft

Kridj

V2I

V2L9

V2L2

V2L6

V2B

V2L4

Ockurj ?.?.4 ‖ V2 Jnd ò Sjir Jxih Ivjrikj Rjsults.

Tmj sihj f`nscstjnfy ò rjsults fin bj oùnd cn V2–s ocnil ivjrikj yjir kridjs, is sm`wn cn

tmj fmirt `n Ockurj ?.?.:, wctm tmj lipt`p sjts pjro`rhcnk bjttjr tmin n`n-lipt`p sjts.


5.5

2.5

4.5

?.5

=.5

95.5

92.5

94.5

9?.5

9=.5

25.5

VUI JNK ORJ KJ@ MCV CT HIT HZV RJL VFC I_K

Vubajft

Kridj

V2I

V2L9

V2L2

V2L6

V2BV2L4

Ockurj ?.?.: ‖ V2 Ivjrikj Ocnil Sjir Kridjs



955

@n inilyscnk tmj nuhbjr ò jxihcnitc`n oicls pjr subajft pjr sjt, ct fin bj sjjn tmit tmj

n`n-lipt`p sjts mid ljss oicls tmin tmj lipt`p sjts jxfjpt cn CT ind Vfcjnfj. M`wjvjr, ct d`js

surprcsj tmj f`hpiritcvj mckm nuhbjr ò oicls cn CT cn b`tm lipt`p ind n`n-lipt`p sjts, wmcfm

fùld hjin tmit ct wis is i rjsult ò tmj typj `r tmj ljvjl ò tmj jxihcnitc`n is ct ioojftjd b`tm

krùps. Ockurj ?.?.? sm`w tmcs dcstrcbutc`n.


V2 N`n-Lipt`p sjts

HZV, 5%

RJL, 5%

HIT, 96%

VFC, 2?%

VUI, 99%

JNK, 4%

ORJ, 4%

KJ@, 3%

MCV, 5%

CT, 4?%


V2 Lipt`p sjts

VFC, 2:%

RJL, 5%

HZV, 6%

HIT, 9:%

CT, 26% MCV, 6%

KJ@, 92%

ORJ, ;%

JNK, 9:%

VUI, 9:%

Ockurj ?.?.? ‖ Ujrfjntikj Jxih Oicls o`r V2 Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts

Vjf`ndiry 6

Cn tmcs yjir krùp, tmj rjsults wjrj n`t f`hpirjd `n ibclcty binds bjfiusj tmj sjts wjrj

bisjd `n tmj CKFVJ `ptc`n bl`fgs. V` mjrj ct cs cntjrjstcnk t` n`tcfj tmit m`w, cn ilh`st ill

fisjs, lipt`p sjts pjro`rhjd bjttjr tmin n`n-lipt`p sjts, jspjfcilly cn CT ind Huscf. Tmjrj cs

m`wjvjr i kip cn sjts V6I ind V6L9 rjkirdcnk Huscf is n` studjnts cn tm`sj bl`fgs mid tmcs

subajft is in `ptc`n. Ils`, o`r V6, i njw f`hpuls`ry subajft wis cntr`dufjd o`r ill studjnts,

rjkirdljss ò tmjcr CKFVJ `ptc`ns1 Mcst`rci djl Ujru. Tmjsj rjsults irj cllustritjd cn tmj fmirts

`n Ockurj ?.?.;.

Tmj sihj f`nscstjnfy ò rjsults fin bj oùnd cn tmj sprjid ò V6–s ocnil ivjrikj yjir kridjs

is cllustritjd `n tmj fmirt cn Ockurj ?.?.=, sm`wcnk fl`sj f`rrjlitc`n bjtwjjn tmjh.



959


5.55

2.55

4.55

?.55

=.55

95.55

92.55

94.55

9?.55

9=.55

VUI JNK ORJ KJ@ M djl

U

MCV CT HIT HZV RJL VFC

Vubajft

Kridj

V6IV6J

V6L9

V6L2

V6L6

Ockurj ?.?.; ‖ V6 Jnd ò Sjir Jxih Ivjrikj Rjsults.


5.5

2.5

4.5

?.5

=.595.5

92.5

94.5

9?.5

9=.5

VUI

JNK

ORJ

KJ@

M

djlU

MCV CT

HIT

HZV

RJL

VFC

I_K

Vubajft

Krid

j

V6I

V6J

V6L9

V6L2

V6L6

Ockurj ?.?.= ‖ V2 Ivjrikj Ocnil Sjir Kridjs

@n inilyscnk tmj nuhbjr ò jxihcnitc`n oicls pjr subajft pjr sjt, is sm`wn cn tmj fmirts `n

Ockurj ?.?.3, ct fin bj sjjn tmit tmj n`n-lipt`p sjts mid h`rj oicls tmin tmj lipt`p sjts, jxfjpt

cn CT wmjrj tmjy mid tmj sihj pr`p`rtc`n ò oicls. Tmcs fùld bj jxplicnjd by tmj oift tmit,

f`ntriry t` tmj V9 ind V2 CT fùrsj, tmj CKFVJ F`hputjr Vtudcjs fùrsj mis i tmj`rjtcfil

f`hp`njnt wjckmcnk ;:% ò tmj subajft kridj, s` tmj cnolujnfj ò tmj lipt`p `n tmj priftcfil



952

ispjft cs n`t tmit sckncocfint is wctm tmj `tmjr yjirs cn wmcfm tmj priftcfil f`hp`njnt cs 955%

ò tmj fùrsj.


V6 N`n-lipt`p sjts

HZV, 6%

RJL, 5%

VFC, 23%

HIT, 6%

CT, 99%

MCV, 99%

M djl U, 96% KJ@, 96%

ORJ, 5%

JNK, 2?%

VUI, 64%


V6 Lipt`p sjts

VFC, 9?%

RJL, 5%

HZV, 5%

HIT, 9%

CT, 99%

MCV, ?%

M djl U, 92% KJ@, 3%

ORJ, 5%

JNK, 25%

VUI, 9:%

Ockurj ?.?.3 ‖ Ujrfjntikj Jxih Oicls o`r V6Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts

Nuhbjr ò Vtudjnt Oicls

Is jxplicnjd jirlcjr, tmj Vjnc r Idhcncstritc`n wis ils` cntjrjstjd t` sjj wmjtmjr tmj

pr`krihhj mid iny sckncocfint chpift `n tmj nuhbjr ò studjnt oicls it tmj jnd ò tmj yjir.

Tiblj ?.?.9 sm`ws tmj orjqujnfy ò cndcvcduil studjnt oicls ind tmj ljvjl ò rcsg ò rjpjitcnk tmj

yjir, stirtcnk it tmrjj oicls.

N@. @O OICLV

Rjfupjrifc`n Jxihs Iut`hitcf Sjir Oicl

9 2 626 4 : ? ;

V9 N`n Lipt`p 4 : 2 5 5 5 5

V9 Lipt`p 3 : 9 5 9 5 5

V2 N`n Lipt`p 3 ? 2 5 5 2 5

V2 Lipt`p 94 : 6 5 9 5 5

V6 N`n Lipt`p ; 6 2 9 5 5 5

V6 Lipt`p 95 ? 6 5 9 5 9

Tiblj ?.?.9 ‖ Orjqujnfy ò Sjir Oicls o`r Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts

26 6 oicls plifjs i studjnt undjr rcsg ò oiclcnk tmj yjir. Mj/smj mis t` sct ”rjfupjrifc`n– jxihs. Co tmjy oicl tmj tmrjj, tmjn tmjy

oicl tmj yjir.



956

Or`h tmjsj rjsults wj fin sjj tmit cn V9 n`n-lipt`p, tmjrj wjrj n` yjir oicls but tw`

studjnts it rcsg, wmclj cn tmj lipt`p sjts tmjrj wis `nj iut`hitcf oicl wctm : subajft oicls ind

`nj it rcsg.

O`r V2 tmjrj wjrj tw` n`n-lipt`p studjnts iut`hitcfilly oiclcnk tmj yjir wctm ? subajft oicls

ind `nj lipt`p studjnt wctm : subajft oicls. It rcsg, wctm 6 oicls, tmjrj wjrj tw` n`n-lipt`p ind

tmrjj lipt`p sjt studjnts.

Cn V6, tmjrj wjrj tw` lipt`p studjnts oiclcnk tmj yjir wctm : ind ; subajft oicls rjspjftcvjly

wmclj tmjrj wis `nly nj wctm 4 oicls cn tmj n`n-lipt`p sjts. It rcsg, wctm 6 oicls, tmjrj wjrj tw`

n`n-lipt`p ind tmrjj lipt`p sjt studjnts.

It tmj l`wjr jnd ò tmj oicls stitcstcfs wj fin sjj tmit tmj lipt`p sjts mivj prjd`hcnintly

h`rj studjnts wctm 9 `r 2 oicls.

Tmj oiclcnk studjnt dcstrcbutc`n cs cllustritjd cn tmj o ll`wcnk fmirts `n Ockurjs ?.?.95, ?.?.99

ind ?.?.921

Orjqujnfy ò V9 Cndcvcduil Vtudjnt Oicls

5

9

2

6

4:

?

;

=3

95

9 2 6 4 : ? ;

Nuhbjr ò Oicls

N`.òVtudjnts

V9 N n Lipt p V9 Lipt`p

Ockurj ?.?.95 ‖ V9 Orjqujnfy ò oicls or` Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts



954


59264:?;=395

999296949:

9 2 6 4 : ? ;

Nuhbjr ò Oicls

N`.òVtudjn

ts


Ockurj ?.?.99 ‖ V2 Orjqujnfy ò oicls o`r Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts


59264:

?;=3

9599

9 2 6 4 : ? ;

Nuhbjr ò Oicls

N`.òV

tudjnts


Ockurj ?.?.92 ‖ V6 Orjqujnfy ò oicls o`r Lipt`p ind N`n-lipt`p sjts



95:

F@NFLZVC@NV

Cn firrycnk ùt tmcs rjsjirfm, C wcsmjd t` jstiblcsm tmj chpift ò tmj Ucl`t Lipt`p Ur`krihhj

`n tmj tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk it Hirgmih F`lljkj, hjisurjd by studjnt, tjifmjr ind pirjnt

ittctudjs ind by studjnt ifmcjvjhjnt. Ct wis jssjntcil t` fipturj tmj snipsm`t ò ojjlcnks ind ljvjl

ò supp`rt t` djtjrhcnj pr`krihhj f`ntcnuitc`n ind ourtmjr jxtjnsc`n.

Tmj study o`fusjd `n tmj lipt`p studjnt ind tjifmjr p`pulitc`n ò tmj Zppjr Vfm``l, jxfludcnk

hy `wn flissjs is C usjd tmjh is f`ntr`l krùps t` tjst tmj hjisurjhjnt cnstruhjnts ind t` iv`cd

iny p`sscblj bcis cn tmcs rjspjft.

C fin siy tmit tmj `bajftcvjs ò tmcs study wjrj ouloclljd, cdjntcoycnk i f`hpljtj pcfturj ò

studjnt, tjifmjr ind pirjntil ittctudjs t`wirds tmj pr`krihhj, wmcfm wjrj kjnjrilly p`sctcvj, ind

`bticncnk i sjrcjs ò cndcfit`rs t` hjisurj tmj ljvjls ò suffjss/oiclurj cn rjojrjnfj t` tmj

pjdik`kcfil ispjfts ò tmj pr`krihhj7 tmjsj bjcnk1

Tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`ky1 studjnt-fjntrjd, gn`wljdkj-bucldcnk, pr`bljh-s lvcnk,

jhp`wjrcnk studjnts

Vtudjnt jnkikjhjnt, ittctudjs ind ifmcjvjhjnt1 f`llib`ritcvj w`rg, iftcvj/jntmuscistcf

pirtcfcpitc`n, ljirncnk bjy`nd tmj flissr``h inytchj, inywmjrj , chpr`vjd ifidjhcf

stindirds

CFT/@n-lcnj rjsùrfjs1 quilcty ind vircjty ò tjifmjr-djscknjd rjsùrfjs `n tmj

Cntrinjt, usj ò tmj rjsùrfjs ind ippr`prcitj sòtwirj ipplcfitc`ns, usj ò pràjft`rs

`r `tmjr CFT rjsùrfjs

Jnminfjd CT sgclls oivùrcnk tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk



95?

Ct cs chp`rtint t` hjntc`n it tmcs stikj tmit tmj rjsults kitmjrjd cn tmcs rjsjirfm finn`t bj

kjnjrilcsjd t` `tmjr sfm``ls is tmj diti f`lljftjd ind hjtm`ds usjd irj pirtcfulir t` Hirgmih–s

f`ntjxt ind cts uncquj sctuitc`n ò bjcnk tmj ocrst sfm``l cn Ujru, ind Litcn Ihjrcfi, t` pcl`t sufm i

pr`krihhj o`r studjnts cn 2559.

Tmj rjsjirfm mis bjjn i ritmjr jxtjnscvj ind tchj-f`nsuhcnk jxjrfcsj wmcfm wcll njjd t` bj

rjocnjd o`r outurj jnqucrcjs ibùt tmj pr`krjss ò tmj pr`krihhj, n`w cn cts sjvjntm yjir.

Tmj krjitjst dcoocfulty prjsjntjd wis f`nduftcnk tmj ljss`n `bsjrvitc`ns bjfiusj ò cts tchj-

f`nsuhcnk niturj, but it tmj sihj tchj ct wis tmj h`st rjwirdcnk jxpjrcjnfj bjfiusj C fùld

iftuilly sjj tmj pr`krihhj `pjritcnk cn flissr``hs dcoojrjnt t` hcnj ind C ils` ljirnt s`hj

viluiblj tcps or`h hy f`lljikujs. Cn iddctc`n, C spjnt s`hj tchj djsckncnk ind tjstcnk tmj ljss`n

`bsjrvitc`n o`rh, but is C vcsctjd flissr``hs C oùnd tmit jvjn tmùkm C fùld fmjfg s`hj ctjhs

o`r qucfg diti jntry, C jndjd up ocllcnk tmj o`rh it tmj jnd ò tmj pjrc`d, jspjfcilly co ct wis in

jnkikcnk ljss`n ind C wintjd t` `bsjrvj jvjrytmcnk tmit wis k`cnk `n, jspjfcilly studjnt ittctudjs

ind iftcvctcjs.

Tmj cntjrvcjw kucdjs ils` mid t` bj ”rjocnjd– bjfiusj tmj qujstc nnicrjs k ivj lckmt t` s`hj

cssujs wmcfm mid t` bj f`ntristjd `r vilcditjd. C ils` n`tcfjd tmit `n isgcnk tmj ocrst qujstc`n,

ibùt tmjcr ojjlcnks ò uscnk i lipt`p t` tjifm/ljirn, ct pr`v`gjd i sjrcjs ò inswjrs wmcfm f`vjrjd

s`hj ò tmj `tmjr qujstc`ns `n tmj kucdjs, s` cn i fùplj ò cntjrvcjws, wctm tmit `nly qujstc`n C

`bticnjd h`rj cno`rhitc`n tmin jxpjftjd.

Tmcs djh`nstritjs tmj ljvjl ò f``pjritc`n ind cntjrjst or`h tjifmjrs ind studjnts7 wmjtmjr

tmjy wjrj cn oivùr `r mid f`nfjrns ibùt tmj pr`krihhj. Tmjy wintjd t` bj lcstjnjd t` ind tmjy

wjrj gjjn t bj pirt o sufm pjdik kcfil cnn`vitc`n.



95;

Tmj kridj inilyscs rjsults wjrj pr`bibly tmj `njs t` f`nscdjr h`rj fiutcùsly is `nj finn`t

issurj tmit tmj rjsults ò ifmcjvjhjnt wjrj `nly is i rjsult ò tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj. F`hpircnk

kridjs wctm tmj prjvcùs yjirs wùld n`t mivj mjlpjd jctmjr bjfiusj tmj lipt`p/n`n-lipt`p

sctuitc`n wis pirtcfulir t` tmj yjir ò tmj rjsjirfm. Ct wùld pr`bibly tigj i oull oùr-yjir fyflj t`

hjisurj rjsults h`rj iffuritjly, cnf`rp`ritcnk jxtjrnil jxihcnitc`n rjsults is in cntjrnitc`nil

stindird.

Rjkirdcnk tmj qujstc`nnicrjs, tmjsj pr`vjd vjry suffjssoul cn tmj sjnsj tmit wj jnsurjd 955%

rjturn ritj o`r studjnts ind tjifmjrs tmings t` tmjcr publcfitc`n `n tmj Cntrinjt. Uirjnts wjrj ils`

vjry mjlpoul. Iotjr ocllcnk cn tmj ocrst qujstc`nnicrj wctm mjlp durcnk hitrcfulitc`n, tmjy wjrj iblj t

ocll tmj `tmjrs vci tmj Cntrinjt, tmus jnsurcnk tmj mckm rjsp`nsj ritj. Tmj diti cnput `n-lcnj wis

iut`hitcfilly rjf`rdjd `nt` i ditibisj ind or`h tmjrj jxtriftjd cnt` in Jxfjl smjjt o`r tmj

prjsjnt inilyscs. Ct wis stcll tchj-f`nsuhcnk is wj dcd tmrjj qujstc`nnicrj sjssc`ns but ct wis

w`rtmwmclj bjfiusj i krjit djil ò hjincnkoul cno`rhitc`n wis f`lljftjd.

F`nflusc`ns ind Outurj Rjf`hhjnditc`ns

Tmj f`nflusc`ns o`r tmcs rjsjirfm ind outurj rjf`hhjnditc`ns o`r tmj Ur`krihhj mivj bjjn

`rkincsjd irùnd tmj o`ll`wcnk frctjrci, t` mjlp cn outurj djfcsc`n-higcnk ind iftc`n plinncnk1

Chplcfitc`ns o`r Tjifmcnk ind Ljirncnk

Chplcfitc`ns o`r Uròjssc`nil Djvjl`phjnt

Chplcfitc`ns o`r Cnstctutc`nil @rkincsitc`n ind Idhcncstritc`n

Chplcfitc`ns o`r Tjifmcnk ind Ljirncnk

Or`h tmcs rjsjirfm wj fin f`nfludj tmit by tmj jnd ò tmj ocrst yjir ò tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj,

tmj hia`rcty ò tjifmjrs mid id`ptjd tmj studjnt-fjntrjd ipprìfm, h`vcnk iwiy or`h tmj



95=

tridctc`nil tjifmjr-fjntrjd hjtm`d`l`ky. Tmcs hjint tmit ljss`ns wjrj h`rj dynihcf, wctm

studjnts tigcnk in iftcvj pirt cn tmj ljirncnk pr`fjss. Tmcs ils` brùkmt i dcoojrjnt ittctudj t` tmj

hia`rcty ò tmj studjnts wm` rjsp`ndjd t` i h`rj h`tcvitcnk ind jntcfcnk ljirncnk jnvcr`nhjnt

by bjcnk h`rj jntmuscistcf, jnqucrcnk ind furcùs. O`r studjnts wm` t``g tmcs `pp`rtuncty t`

bjf`hj bjttjr ljirnjrs, tmjsj ittctudjs wjrj i rjil idvintikj t` chpr`vj tmjcr ifidjhcf

ifmcjvjhjnt. M`wjvjr, o`r studjnts wm` wjrj t`` yùnk `r chhiturj, `r mid dcoocfultcjs wctm

tmjcr CT ind/`r `rkinczitc`nil sgclls, tmjsj ittctudjs pliyjd ikicnst tmjh is tmjy wjrj h`rj pr`nj

t` dcstriftc`n ind l`w ifmcjvjhjnt.

Tmj kridj inilyscs sm`ws rjsults wctmcn jxpjftjd bùndircjs iff`rdcnk t` tmj dcoojrjnt ibclcty

sjts, wctm lipt`p sjts pjro`rhcnk slckmtly bjttjr tmin n`n-lipt`p sjts cn s`hj subajfts, ind n`n-

lipt`p sjts cn `tmjrs. Djspctj n`t sm`wcnk i sckncocfint chpift `n kridjs jctmjr wiy (p`sctcvj `r

njkitcvj), tmjrj cs i fl`sj rjlitc`n bjtwjjn tmj dcstrcbutc`n ò kridjs ò schclir sjts wmcfm cndcfitjs

i f`nscstjnfy cn ifidjhcf stindirds.

Tmj `tmjr irji tmit rjoljfts in chpift cs `n tmj tjifmcnk stritjkcjs ind cnstruftc`nil iftcvcty

djsckn. Tmjrj cs i sckncocfint smcot t`wirds cntjriftcvj, pràjft-bisjd, f`llib`ritcvj, krùp w`rg but

tmjrj cs ils` in cnfrjisj cn tmj pjrs`nil ljirncnk iftcvctcjs wmcfm oivùr tmj pursucnk ò cndcvcduil

ljirncnk pitms, wmjrj studjnts fin pr`krjss it tmjcr `wn pifj. Bjfiusj tmj hitjrcil cs ivicliblj

tmrùkm tmj Cntrinjt 24-; , ljirncnk d`jsn–t mivj t` st`p `nfj tmj sfm``l diy cs `vjr.

Tmjsj irj ill p`sctcvj sckns ò studjnt jhp`wjrhjnt wmcfm cs `nj o tmj hicn bajftcvjs o tmj

pr`krihhj.

M`wjvjr, wmit mis n`t bjjn `bsjrvjd cs in jljhjnt ò cntjr-dcsfcplcniry cntjkritc`n. Tjifmjrs

irj w`rgcnk mird but wctmcn tmjcr `wn subajfts ind f`llib`ritcvj joo`rts irj ils` firrcjd ùt wctmcn

tmj subajft fcrflj ind tmcs cs in irji t` l``g it cn tmj njir outurj.

Inilyscnk tmj chpift `n tmj usj ò CFT rjsùrfjs ind ljirncnk hitjrcil, wj fin f`nfludj tmit



953

tmj sfm``l mis hidj i trjhjndùs joo`rt t` mivj tmjsj rjidcly ivicliblj o`r usj cn tmj flissr``h

ind tjifmjrs ind studjnts irj tigcnk idvintikj ò tmcs. Tmj publcsmjd hitjrcil cs n`w h`rj

cntjriftcvj, hultchjdci cn niturj, t` higj ct h`rj ittriftcvj ind dynihcf, ippjilcnk t` tmj dcoojrjnt

ljirncnk styljs ind h`vcnk iwiy or`h stitcf w`rgsmjjts ind ljfturjs. Tmjrj cs ils` i rjis`niblj

pr`vcsc`n ò hultchjdci pràjft`rs ind dckctil fihjris wmcfm fin bj b``gjd by tjifmjr or`h tmj

FVO, o`r usj cn tmj flissr``h.

Mjids ò Djpirthjnt mivj ils` pr`vcdjd rjljvint spjfcilcst sòtwirj t` f`hpljhjnt tmj

tjifmcnk-ljirncnk pr`fjss. Tmcs CFT cntjnscvj jnvcr`nhjnt f`ntrcbutjs t` jnminfj studjnt ind

tjifmjr CFT sgclls is wjll, is tmjy irj ipplycnk i vircjty ò CFT rjsùrfjs cn i vircjty ò sctuitc`ns.

Tmjsj sgclls fin bj rjcno`rfjd is njjdjd bjfiusj o tmj oifclcty o mivcnk tmj lipt`p 24-; .

Rjf`hhjnditc`ns1

F`ntcnuj cnv`lvcnk studjnts cn tmj gn`wljdkj-bucldcnk pr`fjss

O`stjr cntjr-dcsfcplcniry cntjkritc`n s` tmit studjnts d` n`t ljirn cn cs`litc`n but fin

cntjkritj gn`wljdkj t` i vircjty ò hjincnkoul usjoul, iftcvctcjs Djvjl`p iftcvctcjs wmcfm fitjr o`r dcoojrjnt ljirncnk styljs ind ibclctcjs s` tmit n` fmcld

ojjls ljot bjmcnd, orustritjd `r b`rjd

Cdjntcoy irjis ò tmj furrcfuluh wmjrj lipt`ps ind CFT smùld bj usjd t` jnminfj

ljirncnk

Tjifmjrs hust ils` tigj in iftcvj r`lj, h`nct`rcnk studjnt iftcvcty cn tmj flissr``h it

ill tchjs ‖ iv`cdcnk scttcnk bjmcnd i djsg cn i pisscvj h`dj.

Djsckn hitjrcils wmcfm irj br`gjn d`wn cnt` sm`rt, f`nfcsj, cntjriftcvj h`duljs, o`r

jisy rjidcnk ind t` iv`cd tmj tjhptitc`n ò bulg prcntcnk.

[`rg `n jxtriftcnk, suhhircscnk ind `rkincscnk cno`rhitc`n or`h i vircjty ò

rjsùrfjs t` iv`cd bulg prcntcnk

Rjcno`rfj studjnt m`njsty ind rjsp`nscbclcty by jstiblcsmcnk fljir p`lcfcjs ind sinftc`n

sfiljs. Djocnj in Iffjptiblj Zsj Ikrjjhjnt O`rh o`r tmj lipt`ps ind sfm``l systjhs



995

Chplcfitc`ns o`r Uròjssc`nil Djvjl`phjnt

Djspctj mivcnk rjfjcvjd tricncnk ind i lipt`p o`r i wm`lj yjir prc`r t` pr`krihhj

chpljhjntitc`n, tmjrj cs i ojjlcnk tmit tjifmjrs njjd ourtmjr tricncnk. Ct cs i smirjd vcjw by tjifmjrs,

studjnts ind pirjnts, tmit n`t ill tjifmjrs gn`w wmit t` d` `r m`w t` tjifm wctm lipt`ps, tmjrj cs i

lifg ò f`nscstjnfy. V`hj d`n–t mivj i fljir cdji ò m`w t` djsckn hitjrcils o`r tmj Cntrinjt `r

m`w t` hinikj i lipt`p ljss`ns, stirtcnk or`h tmj flissr``h liyùt ind tmj sfrjjn h`nct`rcnk.

Cn tmcs pjdik`kcfil h`djl, tmj tjifmjr cs i gjy jljhjnt ind ifts is gn`wljdkj-oifclctit`r `r

gn`wljdkj-hjdcit`r, mjnfj mj/smj hust ojjl vjry sjfurj ò wmit mcs/mjr r`lj cs is tmj fitilyst ò

tmj ljirncnk pr`fjss.

Rjf`hhjnditc`ns

Jstiblcsm i njw tjifmjr tricncnk sfmjhj t` cnf`rp`ritj jljhjnts ò1

` ”smircnk bjst-priftcfj jxpjrcjnfjs–, tjifmcnk stritjkcjs ind flissr``h

hinikjhjnt tjfmncqujs

` djsckncnk `n-lcnj ljss`ns ind hitjrcils

` jljftr`ncf issjsshjnt ò studjnt w`rg

` issjsshjnt ò dckctil rjsùrfjs1 wjb sctjs, hultchjdci, sòtwirj, jtf.

Jstiblcsm i systjh o`r tjifmjrs t` sjt tmjcr `wn kìls wctmcn djpirthjnts

Chplcfitc`ns o`r Cnstctutc`nil @rkincsitc`n ind Idhcncstritc`n

@nj ò tmj str`nkjst rjis`ns kcvjn by tjifmjrs wmcfm prjvjnt tmjh or`h bjcnk iblj t` tigj oull

idvintikj ò tmj pr`krihhj bjnjocts cs tmj lifg ò tchj. Bjtwjjn ill tmj tisgs tjifmjrs it

Hirgmih mivj t` d`, ipirt or`h tjifmcnk, tmjy njjd tchj t` it ljist plin ind djsckn tmj hitjrcils

t` bj usjd, `r sjirfm ind jviluitj jxcstcnk rjsùrfjs t` idd tmjh `nt` tmj Cntrinjt. Tmcs fin `nly

bj d`nj co tmj sfm``l idhcncstritc`n higjs s`hj fminkjs cn tmj tchjtiblj t` fitjr o`r tmit jxtri

tchj njjdjd `r sjts iscdj spjfcocf tchj o`r djpirthjnts t` w`rg `n it ljist `nj `n-lcnj `r j-

ljirncnk pràjft.



999

Tmj `tmjr pr`bljh tmj sfm``l idhcncstritc`n oifjs cs tmit ò cnoristrufturj is tmj furrjnt FVO

l`fitc`n cs cnidjquitj t` sjrvj tmj studjnts ind tjifmjrs cn tmj pcl`t. Tmcs sctuitc`n wcll bjf`hj

w`rsj co tmj pr`krihhj cs kjnjrilcsjd is tmj FVO wùld mivj dùblj tmj nuhbjr ò tjifmjrs ind

studjnts t` ittjnd, n`t `nly o`r tjfmncfil sjrvcfj ind supp`rt but ils` o`r f`llitcnk ind dcstrcbutcnk

prcntùts, ind hinikcnk tmj pràjft`r ind dckctil fihjri b``gcnks.

Ocnilly, tmjrj cs i njjd t` jstiblcsm/rjvcjw tmj rjljvint p`lcfcjs ind plin o`r rjkulir pr`krihhj

jviluitc`ns co tmj pr`krihhj f`ntcnujs ind cs kjnjrilcsjd.

Rjf`hhjnditc`ns

Rjvcjw tmj tchjtiblj ill`fitc`n t` fitjr o`r idjquitj tchj pr`vcsc`n t` djdcfitj ct t` `n-

lcnj hitjrcil plinncnk, djsckncnk, pr`dufcnk, sjirfmcnk ind jviluitcnk.

Ipp cnt `nj hjhbjr ò jifm djpirthjnt wm` fin ift is hjnt r o`r mcs/mjr f`lljikujs

ind wm` fin bj rjsp`nscblj o`r drcvcnk tmj usj ind ipplcfitc`n ò CFT ind lipt`ps wctmcn

tmj djpirthjnt.

Rjvcjw tmj l`fitc`n ò tmj FVO, jctmjr jxpindcnk cts sjrvcfj irji `r rjl`fitcnk tmj wm`lj

òocfj t` i lirkjr bucldcnk. Jstiblcsm fljir p`lcfcjs o`r tmj pr`krihhj t` cnfludj rjkulir pr`krihhj jviluitc`n

@nfj ill tmjsj cssujs irj firjoully iddrjssjd, wj smùld sjj ourtmjr chpr`vjhjnt cn studjnt,

tjifmjr ind pirjnt ittctudjs, kuirintjjcnk jxtjnscvj supp`rt t` tmcs pr`krihhj. Ill ò tmjsj

pr`bljhs fin bj tifgljd wctm i fljir iftc`n plin ind n`t hufm cnvjsthjnt, wmcfm cs njfjssiry t`

jnsurj pr`krihhj f`ntcnucty, kjnjrilcsitc`n ind suffjss.

Tigcnk cnt iffùnt tmit wj irj lcvcnk cn tmj 29st Fjntury, cn wmit Ljwcs (934=) cn [cgcpjdci

( mttp1//jn.wcgcpjdci.`rk/wcgc/Kl`bilPvcllikjP(Cntjrnjt ) ) fills tmj Kl`bil _cllikj, `r tmj

Cno`rhitc`n V`fcjty, wmjrj ùr fmcldrjn irj ill dckctil nitcvjs mind-cn-mind wctm tmj litjst

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_village_(Internet






992

tjfmn`l`kcfil djvjl`phjnts, ind f`nscdjrcnk tmj litjst jdufitc`nil trjnds, Hirgmih–s lipt`p

pr`krihhj smùld bj kjnjrilcsjd t` jlchcnitj tmj lipt`p vs. n`n-lipt`p sctuitc`n but stirtcnk i V2,

n`t V9 is tmjy pr`vjd t`` yùnk ind chhiturj. V2 wùld bj tmj trinsctc`n yjir prc`r t` stirtcnk

CKFVJ, s` by V: (LB `r LN), tmj lipt`p wùld mivj f`hpljtjd cts oùr-yjir fyflj.

Tmcs study mis djh`nstritjd tmit tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj mis tmj p`tjntcil t` frjitj njw wiys

ò ljirncnk ind tjifmcnk, cn lcnj wctm tmj njw jdufitc`nil trjnds ind tmj njw sgclls tmj s`fcjty

djhinds, ind cn lcnj wctm Ucikjt–s, H``rj–s ind Giy–s pjdik`kcfil h`djls wmcfm supp`rt tmjsj

cnctcitcvjs.



996

RJOJRJNFJV

B`ncoiz, I ind Qufgjr, I (2554), Ljss`ns Ljirnjd Ibùt Ur`vcdcnk Lipt`ps o`r Ill Vtudjnts ,Jdufitc`n Djvjl`phjnt Fjntjr, Cnf. (JDF), ZVI

Firnjkcj, A ind U`tts, F (933;), Kjttcnk Vtirtjd1 Chpljhjntcnk N`tjb``g F`hputjrs cn Jdufitc`n, _cft rci, Iustrilci

Fistjlls, H (2555), Tmj Rcsj ò tmj Njtw`rg V`fcjty. Tmj Cno`rhitc`n Ikj1 Jf`n`hy, V`fcjty ind Fulturj ._`luhj 9, 2 nd Jd. Hildjn1 Blifgwjll.

Fistr`, H (933=) CFT Djvjl`phjnt Urjlchcniry Histjr Ulin ‖ Tmj [iy Imjid cn tmj Njxt Hclljnncuh ,Lchi, Hirgmih F`lljkj

F`mjn, L7 Hinc`n, L ind H`rrcs`n, G (2555), Rjsjirfm Hjtm`ds cn Jdufitc`n , Rùtljdkj Oilhjr,L`nd`n

J-ljirncnk N`rdcf (255?), Chpift ò CFT `n Jdufitc`n, Rihb`ll Hinikjhjnt, F`pjnmikjn,Djnhirg

Kiy, L.R (933?), Jdufitc`nil Rjsjirfm ‖ F`hpjtjnfcjs o`r Inilyscs ind Ipplcfitc`n, : tm Jd., Urjntcfj Mill,Njw Ajrsjy, ZVI

Mjrhin, A.A ind Mjrhin, A.L (9334), Higcnk Fminkj Mippjn1 Uriftcfil Ulinncnk o`r Vfm``l Ljidjrs ,F`rwcn Urjss, Filco`rnci, ZVI

Giy, I (93;2), I Ujrs`nil F`hputjr o`r Fmcldrjn ò Ill Ikjs , ]jr`x Uil` Ilt` Rjsjirfm Fjntjr, Uil` Ilt`, Filco rnci, ZVI

Hcfr`sòt F`rp`ritc`n (255:), 919 F`hputcnk. I kucdjb``g t` mjlp yù higj tmj rckmt djfcsc`ns ,mttp1//www.hcfr`sòt.f`h/jdufitc`n/iil.hspx

H`riljs, H (255:), V`p`rtjs jpcstjh`lökcf`s jdufitcv`s , Rjvcsti Lchctj, Iù` _, N`. :, p. 46-4=,Zncvjrscdid Nifc`nil A`rkj Bisidrj, Oifultid dj Fcjnfcis dj li Jdufifcön, Tifni, Ujrñ

NFRJL (2556), 29st Fjntury Vgclls o`r 29st Fjntury Ljirnjrs1 Lctjrify cn tmj Dckctil Ikj , N`rtm FjntrilRjkc`nil Jdufitc`nil Lib`rit`ry ind tmj Hjtcrc Krùp, ZVI

Uipjrt, V (9336), Tmj Fmcldrjn–s Hifmcnj1 rjtmcngcnk sfm``l cn tmj ikj ò tmj f`hputjr , Njw S`rg, ZVI

Riyh`nd, A & Tmj Njw Furrcfuluh (2552), Cntjrvcjw wctm Divcd Lìdjr, O`rhjr Urcnfcpil Hjtm`dcstLidcjs F`lljkj, _cft`rci, Iustrilci - Uirt C , www.njwfurrcfuluh.f`h/2552/cnt3-65.mth

Riyh`nd, A & Tmj Njw Furrcfuluh (2552), Cntjrvcjw wctm Divcd Lìdjr, O`rhjr Urcnfcpil Hjtm`dcstLidcjs F`lljkj, _cft`rci, Iustrilci - Uirt CC , www.njwfurrcfuluh.f`h/2552/cnt95-94.mth



http://www.newcurriculum.com/2002/int9-30.htm










994

BCBLC@KRIUMS

Ilbi, A ind Irdinuy, A. (255:), J-tjifmcnk vs. J-ljirncnk. Rjfurs`s jdufitcv s dckctiljs piri us jn jl iuli ,JDZCNTJR Krup` Ulinjti. Hidrcd, Jspiùi.

Birsiki, J. (255:), Djvjl`pcnk ind Zscnk Cndcfit`rs ò CFT Zsj cn Jdufitc`n,mttp1//www.unjsf`bgg.`rk/ocljidhcn/usjrPuplìd/cft/j-b``gs/cno`smirj4/cno`tjfmPtrjnds.pdo

Bilinsgit, I.7 Blihcrj, R. ind Gjoili, V. (255?), Tmj CFT Chpift Rjp`rt1 I Rjvcjw ò Vtudcjs òCFT Chpift `n Vfm``ls cn Jur`pj, Jur`pjin Vfm``lNjt

Brctcsm Jdufitc`nil Rjsjirfm Iss`fcitc`n (2555), K``d Uriftcfj cn Jdufitc`nil Rjsjirfm [rctcnk,BJRI, ZG

B`yd-Birrjt, @ ind Vfinl`n, J. (9335), F`hputjrs ind Ljirncnk. Iddcs`n-[jsljy. Tmj @pjn

Zncvjrscty Urjss.

Mcll, A7 Rjjvjs, T ind Mjcdjhjcjr, M(2555),Zbcquctùs F`hputcnk o`r Tjifmcnk, Ljirncnk indF`hhuncfitcnk1 Trjnds, Cssujs & Rjf`hhjnditc`ns , Djpirthjnt ò Cnstruftc`nil Tjfmn`l`ky F`lljkj òJdufitc`n, Tmj Zncvjrscty ò Kj`rkci, ZVI

Mctfmf`fg, K7 Mukmjs, D (933:), “Rjsjirfm ind tmj Tjifmjr1 I Yuilctitcvj Cntr`duftc`n t` Vfm``l -BisjdRjsjirfm‘ . Rùtljdkj, Njw S`rg.

A`mnst`n, A7 Birgjr, L (2552) Issjsscnk tmj Chpift ò Tjfmn`l`ky cn Tjifmcnk ind Ljirncnk. I Vùrfjb``g o`r Jviluit`rs , Cnstctutj o`r V`fcil Rjsjirfm, Zncvjrscty ò Hcfmckin

Glcnk I (933=), Cno`rhitc`n Mivjs ind Mivj-N`ts, “Irkucnk cn Hy Vpirj Tchj‘, N`. 24

Hirgmih F`lljkj (933=), Tmj Tmcrd Djvjl`phjnt Ulin1 tmj CFT Rjv`lutc`n , Lchi, Hirgmih F`lljkj

Hcfr`sòt F`rp`ritc`n (933=), Inytchj, Inywmjrj Ljirncnk1 Ulinncnk o`r suffjss ‘ , www.hcfr`s ot.f h/jdufitc`n/iilsupp`rt.hspx

Huncfcpilcdid dj Hcriol`rjs (255?), Jdufifcön y Tjfn`l`kèis dj li Cno rhifcön . Hcriol`rjs,Huncfcpilcdid dj Hcriol`rjs.

Njkr`p`ntj, N (933:), Bjcnk Dckctil , Ilorjd Gn`po, Njw S`rg, ZVI

@sk``d, F. J. 7 Tzjnk, @.F. V. (9335), “Linkuikj, Hjincnk, ind Fulturj1 Tmj Vjljftjd Uipjrs ò F.J.@sk``d.‘, Urijkjr Uublcsmjrs. Njw S`rg.

Uipjrt V (933?), F`hputjrs cn tmj flissr``h1 Ikjnts ò fminkj , Tmj [ismcnkt`n U`st Jdufitc`n Rjvcjw(2;/95/3?)

Uissjy, D., Vtjidhin, V., O`rsytm, G., Mutfmcs`n, D. ind Vf`tt, I. (9333). Inytchj InywmjrjLjirncnk Ucl`t Ur`krihhj1 I Hcfr`sòt ZG Vupp`rtjd Ur`krihhj cn 2= Ucl`t Vfm``ls - Jviluitc`n Vyn`pscs .Hcfr`sòt1 Rjidcnk

http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ict/e-books/infoshare4/infotech_trends.pdf


http://www.microsoft.com/education/aalsupport.mspx






99:

Uissjy, D., O`rsytm, G., Vf`tt, I., Mutfmcs`n, D. ind Vtjidhin, V. (9333). Inytchj InywmjrjLjirncnk Ucl`t Ur`krihhj1 I Hcfr`sòt ZG Vupp`rtjd Ur`krihhj cn 2= Ucl`t Vfm``ls - Jviluitc`n VuhhiryRjp`rt. Hcfr`sòt1 Rjidcnk

R`fghin, V. jt il (933;). Rjp`rt ò i Lipt`p Ur`krih Ucl`t - I Uràjft o`r Inytchj Inywmjrj Ljirncnk by Hcfr sòt F`rp`ritc`n1 N`tjb``g o`r Vfm``ls by T`smcbi Ihjrcfi Cno`rhitc`n Vystjhs, R`fghin jt il1 VinOrinfcsf`, FI

R`fghin, V. jt il (933=). U`wjroul T``ls o`r Vfm``lcnk1 Vjf`nd Sjir Vtudy ò tmj Lipt`p Ur`krih, R`fghin jt il1 Vin Orinfcsf`, FI

Vénfmjz, A. (2555). Nujvis Tjfn l`kèis dj li Cno`hifcön y F`huncfifcön piri li F`nstruffcön djl Iprjndjr,Zncvjrscdid dj Fmclj, Vintcik`.

Tikk, B (933:), Djvjl`pcnk i wm`lj sfm``l CT U`lcfy , L`nd`n, Ucthin Uublcsmcnk.

T`smcbi F . (933=), “ N`tjb``gs o`r Vfm``ls Ur`krih ‘, www.fsd.t`smcbi.f h/jdPk`v/cndjx.mthl

[illjn, N7 Orijngjl, A (2559), “Jdufitc`nil Rjsjirfm1 I Kucdj t` tmj Ur`fjss‘. Liwrjnfj Jrlbiuh Iss`fcitjs, Himwim, NA







99?

IUUJNDC] 9

Ljttjr or`h Vtudjnts



99;

IUUJNDC] 2

2.9 Hirgmih CFT Dcpl`hi Vtrufturj

Tmj Hirgmih CFT Dcpl`hi wis bjjn djscknjd cn `rdjr t` pr`vcdj ill ùr tjifmcnk stioo wctm i ljvjl ò f`hpjtjnfj cn CT sgclls t`1

rjsjirfm ind tjst subajft-spjfcocf sòtwirj rjsjirfm tmj Cntjrnjt o`r jdufitc`nil rjsùrfjs frjitj tmjcr `wn ljirncnk ind tjifmcnk rjsùrfjs uscnk kjnjrcf sòtwirj ipplcfitc`ns frjitj hultchjdci prjsjntitc`ns

Hjhbjrs ò stioo wjrj rjqucrjd t` ittjnd tmj fùrsjs cn tmj iotjrn``n ind sct tmj

jxihcnitc`ns sjt o`r jifm Znct. Iotjr suffjssoul f`hpljtc`n ò tmj uncts, stioo wjrj iwirdjdin CFT Dcpl`hi wctm iny ò tmj o`ll`wcnk kridjs iff`rdcnk t` pjro`rhinfj cn tmjjxihcnitc`ns1

Uiss K``d _jry K``d

TMJ TRICNCNK ORIHJ[@RG Znct 91 Biscf Vgclls

Njtw`rgcnk Biscfs (9 sjssc`n), Tmj [cnd`ws Jnvcr`nhjnt (6 sjssc`ns)Znct 21 Hcfr`sòt @oocfj

[`rd o`r [cnd`ws (: sjssc`ns), Jxfjl o`r [cnd`ws (6 sjssc`ns), U`wjrU`cntUrjsjntitc`ns (2 sjssc`ns)

Znct 61 Cntjrnjt ind Hultchjdci Tmj Cntjrnjt (6 sjssc`ns), Hultchjdci (2 sjssc`ns)

Vtioo Itticnhjnt Ljvjls

I. Biscf Vgclls Njtw`rgcnk Biscfs 1 stioo irj jxpjftjd t`1 gn`w wmit cs i njtw`rg, tmj smircnk ò rjsùrfjs ind iffjss t` sfm``l pr`vcdjd

sjrvcfjs

gn`w m`w t` kicn iffjss t` tmj Vfm``l's Njtw`rg systjh1 usjr nihj, pissw`rd,d`hicn

m`w t` hip t` njtw`rg drcvjs undjrstind jljhjnts ò sjfurcty ind usjr rckmts ljirn ind ipply tmj sfm``l's Iffjptiblj Zsj U`lcfy

Tmj [cnd`ws Jnvcr`nhjnt 1 stioo irj jxpjftjd t` undjrstind tmj f`nfjpt ò KZC (kripmcfil usjr cntjroifj) cdjntcoy tmj jljhjnts ò i KZC jnvcr`nhjnt1 djsgt`p, wcnd`w, hùsj, cf`n, p`cntjr gn`w tmj biscf wcnd`w `pjritc`ns1 `pjn, fl`sj, hixchczj, hcnchczj, rjsczj w`rg wctm sjvjril wcnd`ws schulitcnk hultc-tisgcnk

ljirn ibùt tmj F`ntr`l Uinjl ind hia`r wcnd`w sjttcnks



99=

ljirn t` f`nockurj Urcntjrs ljirn ibùt oclj hinikjhjnt1 sivj, `pjn, rjnihj, djljtj, f`py, prjvcjw, s`rt,

dcrjft`rcjs (o`ldjrs), rjfyflj bcn, sjirfm ljirn ibùt iffjss`rcjs ind systjh t``ls1 dcsg fljinup, dcsg djorikhjntitc`n ljirn t` trinsojr diti or`h `nj st`rikj djvcfj t` in`tmjr.

B. [cnd`ws @oocfj[`rd o`r [cnd`ws 1 stioo irj jxpjftjd t`1 frjitj i njw d`fuhjnt, sjt pikj o`rhit, linkuikj ind styljs jdct i d`fuhjnt, usj sm`rt-futs, cf`ns ind hjnu `ptc`ns usj tmj spjll-fmjfgjr ind tmjsiurus, swctfm linkuikjs sfin ind jdct chikjs cnsjrt syhb`ls, pcfturjs ind @LJ `bajfts cnsjrt tibljs ind f`luhns, mjidjrs ind o``tjr, bulljts ind nuhbjrcnk undjrstind prcntcnk tjfmncqujs ipply hjrkcnk tjfmncqujs t` pr`dufj bulg ljttjrs

Jxfjl o`r [cnd`ws 1 stioo irj jxpjftjd t` mindlj diti `n i sprjidsmjjt1 tjxt, nuhbjrs ind o`rhulis, rjojrjnfcnk o`rhit i sprjidsmjjt1 r`ws, f`luhns, `rdjrs, smidcnk, o`nts, styljs, mcdcnk usj biscf ounftc`ns1 CO, VZH, F@ZNT, I_K, HCN, HI] frjitj fmirts s`rt ind ocltjr diti trinsojr diti t` i [`rd d`fuhjnt

U`wjrU`cnt o`r [cnd`ws 1 stioo irj jxpjftjd t` frjitj i slcdj prjsjntitc`n1 bifgkrùnds, sfmjhjs, tjhplitjs

jdct tjxt cnsjrt chikjs ind `bajfts idd trinsctc`n ind bucld joojfts idd mypjrlcngs ind cntjriftcvcty

F. Cntjrnjt ind Hultchjdci Tmj Cntjrnjt 1 stioo irj jxpjftjd t`1 undjrstind m`w tmj [[[ w`rgs1 wjb sctjs, sjrvjrs, pr`vcdjrs, ocltjrs undjrstind tmj Cntjrnjt njtcqujttj ind airk`n usj br`wsjrs ind sjirfm jnkcnjs d`wnlìd ifidjhcf hitjrcil1 tjxt, chikjs, sùnd, vcdj`, d`fuhjnts, sòtwirj usj j-hicl is i f`hhuncfitc`n t``l1 sjndcnk, rjfjcvcnk, `rkincscnk jhicls,

ittifmhjnts, iddrjss b``g usj j-hicl is in ifidjhcf t``l1 f`llib`ritcvj pràjft djvjl`phjnt

Hultchjdci 1 stioo irj jxpjftjd t` rjf`kncsj hultchjdci rjsùrfjs ind jviluitj ifidjhcf p`tjntcil cnstill hultchjdci pr`krihs `n FD, higj f`pcjs ò FDs frjitj schplj hultchjdci ipplcfitc`ns1 UUT r Dcrjft`r



993

IUUJNDC] 6

Yujstc`nnicrjs, Cntjrvcjws ind @bsjrvitc`n O`rhs

6.9 Vtioo Yujstc`nnicrjChpljhjntitc`n Vtikj 9 ‖ Hirfm 2559

Tjifmjr Yujstc`nnicrj

Lipt`p Ucl`t Ur`krihhj Hirfm 2559 - Tjifmjr Yujstc`nnicrj

Djpirthjnt1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Uljisj ritj yùr ittctudjs t`wirds tmj pr`krihhj prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n by fcrflcnkirùnd tmj bjst ptc`n1

Jntmuscish bjo`rj chpljhjntitc`n 9 2 6 4 : unjntmuscistcf unfjrticn vjry jntmuscistcf

F`hhcthjnt t` tmj pr`krihhj 9 2 6 4 :n`t f`hhcttjd unfjrticn mckmly f`hhcttjd

Chpift ò tmj pr`krihhj 9 2 6 4 : njkitcvj unfjrticn mckmly p`sctcvj

U`tjntcil usj ò lipt`ps 9 2 6 4 : l`w p`tjntcil unfjrticn mckm p`tjntcil

[mcfm irj yùr hia`r ojirs / w`rrcjs /f`nfjrns bjo`rj chpljhjntitc`n0

Dcvcscvj cnolujnfj1 lipt`p sjts vs. n`n-lipt`p sjts Tchj t` prjpirj hitjrcils / ljss`ns Tjfmncfil cssujs Bittjry lcoj L`ss ò tridctc`nil jdufitc`nil sgclls (rjidcnk, wrctcnk, jtf.) Hirgcnk / issjsshjnt hjtm`ds Vtioo tricncnk Mjiltm cssujs

@tmjrs1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

M`w wùld yù bjst djsfrcbj yùr tjifmcnk stylj prc`r t` tmj pr`krihhj chpljhjntitc`n0

Uràjft-bisjd Vtudjnt-fjntrjd Cntjrdcsfcplcniry Tjifmjr-fjntrjd

M`w wùld yù bjst djsfrcbj yùr tjifmcnk hjtm`ds prc`r t` tmj pr`krihhjchpljhjntitc`n0

Cndcvcduil ljirncnk Lirkj krùps

Vhill krùps Ljfturjs



925

M`w f`nocdjnt irj yù ibùt yùr CT sgclls0

9 2 6 4 :n`t f`nocdjnt vjry f`nocdjnt

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

M`w wùld yù ritj yùr prjsjnt ljvjl ò CT f`hpjtjnfy0

9 2 6 4 :n`t f`hpjtjnt vjry f`hpjtjnt

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mcfm mivj bjjn tmj h`st f`hh`n usj ò CT Ipplcfitc`ns cn tmj flissr `h bjo`rjchpljhjntitc`n0

[`rd pr`fjsscnk Vprjidsmjjts

Urjsjntitc`ns (UUT) Ditibisjs Cntjrnjt (rjsjirfm) Cntjrnjt (j-hicl) Cntjrnjt (fmit) Drcll & priftcfj

Tut`rcils Kihjs H`djlcnk @tmjr usjs1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit pjrfjntikj ò flissr `h tchj dcd yù ill`fitj t` f`hputjrs bjo`rj chpljhjntitc`n(usj ò libs, f`hputjrs cn flissr``hs) ind m`w hufm tchj d` yù plin t` ill`fitj durcnktmcs pcl`t0

Urc`r Ulinnjd9 - 2:% 9 - 2:% 2? - :5% 2? - :5% :9 - ;:% :9 - ;:% ;? - 955% ;? - 955%

M`w òtjn dcd yù djhind tmj usj ò f`hputjrs o`r m`hjw`rg, prjsjntitc`n ò w`rg,

pr ajfts, jtf.09 2 6 4 :

njvjr ilwiys

Iddctc`nil F`hhjnts1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

TMING S@Z O@R F@HULJTCNK TMCV YZJVTC@NNICRJ !



929

Chpljhjntitc`n Vtikj 2 & 6 ‖ Hiy/Djfjhbjr 2559Tjifmjr Yujstc`nnicrj

Lipt`p Ucl`t Ur`krihhj Jviluitc`n Hiy / Djfjhbjr 2559 Tjifmjr Yujstc nnicrj

Nihj1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Vubajft1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Uljisj ritj yùr ittctudjs t`wirds tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj iotjr chpljhjntitc`n by fcrflcnkirùnd tmj bjst `ptc`n is ct ipplcjs t` yù1

Jntmuscish iotjr chpljhjntitc`n 9 2 6 4 :unjntmuscistcf unfjrticn vjry jntmuscistcf

F`hhcthjnt t` tmj pr`krihhj 9 2 6 4 : n`t f`hhcttjd unfjrticn mckmly f`hhcttjd

Chpift ò tmj pr`krihhj 9 2 6 4 :njkitcvj unfjrticn mckmly p`sctcvj


D` yù stcll mivj hia`r ojirs / w`rrcjs /f`nfjrns rjkirdcnk tmcs pr`krihhj0 PPPPPPPPPCo SJV, wmcfm0

Dcvcscvj cnolujnfj1 lipt`p sjts vs. n`n-lipt`p sjts Tchj t` prjpirj hitjrcils / ljss`ns Tjfmncfil cssujs Bittjry lcoj L`ss ò tridctc`nil jdufitc`nil sgclls (rjidcnk, wrctcnk, jtf.) Hirgcnk / issjsshjnt hjtm`ds Vtioo tricncnk Mjiltm cssujs @tmjrs1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Mivj yù ojlt prjpirjd t` tjifm wctm lipt`ps0

Sjs N`

H`rj `r ljss PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPMivj yù ojlt yùr tjifmcnk hjtm`d`l`ky fminkj0 PPPPP Co SJV, m`w0

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

M`w f`nocdjnt irj yù ibùt yùr CT sgclls n`w0




922

Mivj yùr CT sgclls bjjn chpr`vjd `r jnminfjd0

Sjs N` H`rj `r ljss

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mcfm irj tmj h st f`hh`n CT Ipplcfitc`ns usjd cn tmj flissr``h n`w0

[`rd pr`fjsscnk Vprjidsmjjts Urjsjntitc`ns (UUT) Ditibisjs Cntjrnjt (rjsjirfm) Cntjrnjt (j-hicl) Cntjrnjt (fmit)

Drcll & priftcfj Tut`rcils Kihjs H`djlcnk @tmjr usjs1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit pjrfjntikj ò flissr``h tchj mivj yù ill`fitjd t` tmj usj ò lipt`ps wctmcn yùrsubajft1

9 - 2:% 2? - :5%

:9 - ;:% ;? - 955%

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP M`w òtjn d` yù n`w djhind tmj usj ò f`hputjrs o`r m`hjw`rg, prjsjntitc`n ò w`rg,

pr ajfts, jtf.09 2 6 4 :

njvjr ilwiys

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit irj tmj pr bljhs yù mivj oifjd s` oir cn tmcs pr`krihhj0

Tjfmncfil brjigd`wns

Cnsuoocfcjnt tjfmncfil supp`rt Vl`w f`hhuncfitc`ns/iffjss t` cno`rhitc`n Bittjry pr`bljhs

Issjsshjnt cssujs Hitjrcil prjpiritc`n Hitjrcil publcfitc`n Urcnt ùt f`lljftc`n Flissr``h hinikjhjnt

Tjifmcnk stritjkcjs Uupcl dcs`rkincsitc`n

@tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP



926

[mit irj tmj jdufitc`nil bjnjocts yù mivj sjjn s` oir tmr ukmùt tmj pr krihhj0

N`nj H`rj jntmuscish t` ljirn Uupcls irj w`rgcnk oistjr

Uupcls irj jxtjndcnk tmjcr gn`wljdkj bjy`nd wmit cs kcvjn t` tmjh cn fliss Chpr`vjd CT sgclls Chpr`vjd prjsjntitc`n sgclls Chpr`vjd pr`bljh-s`lvcnk sgclls @tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)1

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit irj tmj jdufitc`nil driwbifgs yù mivj sjjn s` oir tmrùkmùt tmj pr`krihhj0

N`nj Lipt`p krùps irj n`t higcnk tmj sihj pr`krjss tmrùkm

tmj syllibus is n`n-lipt`p krùps Lipt`ps ljidcnk t` dcstriftc`n ind lcttlj w`rg fin bj f`vjrjd Lipt`ps ljidcnk t` pupcls l`scnk ifqucrjd sgclls (rjidcnk, wrctcnk) Kridjs or`h lipt`p sjts irj l`wjr tmin n`n-lipt`p sjts @tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)1


D` yù tmcng tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj smùld bj jxtjndjd t` tmj rjst ò tmj sfm``l njxt yjir0

Sjs

N`

D`n–t gn`w

Kcvj in `vjrill ritcnk o`r tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj, or`h 9(w`rst) t` 95 (bjst)1PPPPPPP

Iddctc`nil F`hhjnts/Vukkjstc ns1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP




924

Uupcl–s Nihj1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Lipt`p Vjt1 PPPPPPPPP

6.2 Vtudjnt Yujstc`nnicrjs

Chpljhjntitc`n Vtikj 9 ‖ Hirfm 2559Uupcl Yujstc`nnicrj

Lipt`p Ucl`t Ur`krihhj Jviluitc`n Hirfm 2559Uupcl Yujstc`nnicrj

Uljisj ritj yùr ittctudjs t`wirds tmj pr`krihhj prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n by fcrflcnkirùnd tmj bjst ptc`n1

Jntmuscish bjo`rj chpljhjntitc`n 9 2 6 4 :

unjntmuscistcf unfjrticn vjry jntmuscistcf

F`hhcthjnt t` tmj pr`krihhj 9 2 6 4 : n`t f`hhcttjd unfjrticn mckmly f`hhcttjd




[mit irj yùr hia`r ojirs / w`rrcjs /f`nfjrns rjkirdcnk tmcs pr`krihhj 0 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

M`w f`nocdjnt irj yù ibùt yùr CT sgclls0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w wùld yù ritj yùr prjsjnt ljvjl ò CT f`hpjtjnfy0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w wùld yù djsfrcbj tmj prjsjnt tjifmcnk cn tmj sfm``l0

9 2 6 4 :tridctc`nil h`djrn

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w hufm d` yù viluj kjttcnk tmj lipt`p0

9 2 6 4 :n`t i l`t i krjit djil



92:

M`w hufm d` yù jna`y sfm``lw`rg it prjsjnt0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w f`nocdjnt irj yù ibùt yùr CT sgclls0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w wùld yù ritj yùr prjsjnt ljvjl ò CT f`hpjtjnfy0

9 2 6 4 :n`t f`hpjtjnt vjry f`hpjtjnt

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPCo yù mivj i f`hputjr it m`hj, m`w hufm tchj pjr diy `n ivjrikj d` yù usj ct0

Ljss tmin 9 mùr 9 mùr 9 ‖ 2 mùrs h`rj tmin 2 mùrs

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP [mjn d` yù usj tmj f hputjr h`st0

Iotjrn `ns Nckmts [jjgjnds M`lcdiys

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP [mit irj tmj hicn usjs yù kcvj t` tmj f`hputjr it m`hj0

M`hjw`rg Drcll & priftcfj Cntjrnjt ([[[) Tut`rcils Cntjrnjt (j-hicl) Kihjs Cntjrnjt (fmit) @tmjr usjs1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit pjrfjntikj ò flissr``h tchj d` yù usj f`hputjrs cn subajft irjis `tmjr tmin CT(usj ò libs, f`hputjrs cn flissr``hs)0

9 - 2:% 2? - :5% :9 - ;:% ;? - 955%

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP M`w òtjn d` yùr tjifmjrs djhind tmj usj ò f`hputjrs o`r m`hjw`rg, prjsjntitc`n ò

w`rg, pr ajfts, jtf.09 2 6 4 :

njvjr ilwiys



92?

M`w hufm w`rg d` yù d` f`llib`ritcvjly wctm `tmjr pupcls0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP M`w hufm w`rg d` yù d` `n yùr `wn0


Iddctc`nil F`hhjnts1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP




92;

Uupcl–s Nihj1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Lipt`p Vjt1 PPPPPPPPP

Chpljhjntitc`n Vtikj 2 & 6 ‖ Hiy/Djfjhbjr 2559Uupcl Yujstc`nnicrj

Lipt`p Ucl`t Ur`krihhj Jviluitc`n Hiy /Djfjhbjr 2559Uupcl Yujstc`nnicrj

Uljisj ritj yùr ittctudjs t`wirds tmj pr`krihhj iotjr chpljhjntitc`n by fcrflcnk irùndtmj bjst ptc`n1

Jntmuscish iotjr chpljhjntitc`n 9 2 6 4 : unjntmuscistcf unfjrticn vjry jntmuscistcf

F`hhcthjnt t` tmj pr`krihhj 9 2 6 4 :n`t f`hhcttjd unfjrticn mckmly f`hhcttjd


U`tjntcil usj ò lipt`ps 9 2 6 4 :l`w p`tjntcil unfjrticn mckm p`tjntcil


D` yù stcll mivj iny hia`r ojirs / w`rrcjs /f`nfjrns rjkirdcnk tmcs pr`krihhj0 Co SJV, wmcfm0

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

D` yù ojjl h`rj f`hpjtjnt wctm yùr CT sgclls0

Sjs N`

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP D` yù ojjl yùr tjifmjrs wjrj prjpirjd t` tjifm wctm lipt`ps0

Sjs H`rj `r ljss N`

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP M`w hufm irj yù jna`ycnk sfm``lw`rg it prjsjnt0





92=

[mit cs tmj h st viluiblj ispjft o mivcnk yùr `wn lipt`p it sfm``l0 Ring tmjh cn `rdjr9 (h`st viluiblj) t` = (ljss viluiblj).

- Zscnk tmj w`rdpr`fjss`r cnstjid ò wrctcnk

- Cntjrnjt iffjss cn ill flissjs

- Cntrinjt iffjss cn ill flissjs

- Zscnk lipt`ps o`r rjkulir isscknhjnts, n`t aust spjfcil pràjfts

- Jhicl iffjss - Ljirncnk h`rj CT sgclls

- Ljirncnk t` usj `tmjr sòtwirj

- Mivcnk ill yùr ocljs rjidcly iffjsscblj - @tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)


D` yù ojjl yù irj it dcsidvintikj cn iny rjspjft wctm tmj N`n-Lipt`p krùps0 Co SJV,

hjntc`n m`w. PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit irj tmj pr bljhs yù mivj oifjd s` oir cn tmcs pr krihhj0

- Ujrs`nil / w`rg `rkincsitc`n - Urcnt ùt f`lljftc`n it FVO - Mird dcsg pr`bljhs (djojftcvj) - [crjljss fird pr`bljhs (n` f`nnjftcvcty)

- Vòtwirj pr`bljhs - Mcbjrnitc`n pr`bljhs - Lipt`p orjjzjs - Lipt`p brjigikj1

` Hicnbìrd ` [crjljss fird ` Vfrjjn

- Lipt`p f`nocsfitc`n - L`scnk f`hp`njnts (idiptjrs, firds, jtf) - M`hj-sfm``l f`nnjftc`n (Cntjrnjt/Cntrinjt iffjss)

-

@tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

M`w hufm tchj pjr diy `n ivjrikj d` yù usj yùr lipt`p it m`hj n`w0Ljss tmin 9 mùr 9 mùr 9 ‖ 2 mùrs h`rj tmin 2 mùrs




923

[mjn d` yù usj tmj f hputjr h`st0

Iotjrn``ns Nckmts

[jjgjnds

M`lcdiys PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP [mit irj tmj hicn usjs yù kcvj t` tmj f`hputjr it m`hj0

M`hjw`rg Drcll & priftcfj Cntjrnjt ([[[) Tut`rcils Cntjrnjt (j-hicl) Kihjs Cntjrnjt (fmit)

Cntrinjt

@tmjr usjs1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Durcnk i typcfil sfm``l diy, yù irj rjqucrjd t` usj tmj lipt`p1Cn n` flissjs Cn oùr flissjs Cn `nj fliss Cn ocvj flissjs Cn tw` flissjs Cn ocvj `r h`rj flissjs Cn tmrjj flissjs

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP C usj hy lipt`p cn Jnklcsm

Ljss tmin `nfj i wjjg

Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg

@nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP C usj hy lipt`p cn VpincsmLjss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg @nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg

Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP C usj hy lipt`p cn HitmsLjss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg

@nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP C usj hy lipt`p cn VfcjnfjLjss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg @nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg

Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP C usj hy lipt`p cn Kj`kripmyLjss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg @nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg

Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg



965

C usj hy lipt`p cn Mcst`ryLjss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg @nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg

Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

C usj hy lipt`p cn OrjnfmLjss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg @nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg

Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP C usj hy lipt`p cn HuscfLjss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg @nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg

Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP C usj hy lipt`p cn V`fcil Vtudcjs (Mcs. Djl Ujru, Rjlckc`n, Umcl`s`pmy, Jf`n`hcfs, jtf.)

Ljss tmin `nfj i wjjg Tmrjj tchjs i wjjg @nfj i wjjg Oùr tchjs i wjjg

Twcfj i wjjg Ocvj tchjs i wjjg PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP M`w hufm w`rg d` yù d` f`llib`ritcvjly wctm `tmjr pupcls n`w0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w hufm w`rg d` yù d` `n yùr `wn n`w0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Irj yù klid yù mivj lipt`ps tmcs yjir0 Sjs N` D`n–t gn`w

Kcvj in `vjrill ritcnk o`r tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj, or`h 9 (w`rst) t` 95 (bjst)1 PPPPPPP

Iddctc`nil F`hhjnts/Vukkjstc ns1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP




969

Oihcly Nihj1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPFmcldrjn–s Nihjs

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

6.6 Uirjnts Yujstc`nnicrjChpljhjntitc`n Vtikj 9 ‖ Hirfm 2559

Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrj

Lipt`p Ucl`t Ur`krihhj Jviluitc`n Hirfm 2559Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrj

[mit wjrj yùr rjis`ns o`r `ptcnk t` jntjr tmj lipt p pr`krihhj0 Uljisj fcrflj tmj bjst

`ptc`n o`r jifm qujstc`n. °Fuiljs oujr`n sus riz`njs piri jsf`kjr cnkrjsir il pr`krihi dj p`rtétcljs0 U`r oiv`r p`nki un fèrful` ilrjdjd`r djli hja`r `pfcön sjkñn lj sji iplcfiblj1

Dcd n`t wint t` bj it i dcsidvintikj t` `tmjrstudjnts0/ N` qujrèi jstir jn djsvjntiai f`n rjspjft` i`tr`s jstudcintjs0

9 2 6 4 :n`t it ill unfjrticn djocnctjly

dj ncnkuni hinjri cnsjkur` djocnctcvihjntj

F`nscdjrjd ct i ocninfcilly k``d djil0 / L` f`nscdjröuni òjrti ocninfcjrihjntj bujni0



[jrj f`nvcnfjd tmj pr`krihhj wùld pr`vcdjsckncocfint jdufitc`nil idvintikjs0 / Jstibif`nvjnfcd` dj quj jl pr`krihi cbi i pr`vjjr vjntiaisjdufitcvis sckncocfitcvis0

9 2 6 4 :n`t it ill unfjrticn djocnctjlydj ncnkuni hinjri cnsjkur` djocnctcvihjntj

Bjlcjvjd tmit oifclcty wctm tjfmn`l`ky wùld bjchp`rtint cn w`rgcnk lcoj cn tmj outurj0/ Frjyö qujli oifclcdid f`n tjfn`l`kèi sjrèi chp`rtintj jn li vcdilib`ril jn jl outur`0



PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPUljisj ritj yùr ittctudjs t`wirds tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj prc`r t` chpljhjntitc`n by

fcrflcnk irùnd tmj bjst `ptc`n is ct ipplcjs t` yù1U`r oiv`r jvilñj sus iftctudjs mifci jl pr`krihi dj f`hputid`ris p`rtétcljs intjs dj su chpljhjntifcön p`ncjnd` unfèrful` ilrjdjd`r dj li hja`r `pfcön sjkñn lj sji iplcfiblj1

Sùr jntmuscish o`r tmj pr`krihhj / Vujntuscish` p`r jl pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :unjntmuscistcf unfjrticn vjry jntmuscistcfscn jntuscish` cnsjkur` huy jntuscisti

Sùr f`hhcthjnt t` tmj pr`krihhj / Vuf`hpr`hcs` il pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :n`t f`hhcttjd unfjrticn mckmly f`hhcttjdn` f`hpr`hjtcd` cnsjkur` huy f`hpr`hjtcd`



962

Sùr f`nocdjnfj cn tmj chpift ò tmj pr`krihhj/ Vu f`nocinzi jn jl chpift` djl pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :n`t f`nocdjnt unfjrticn mckmly f`nocdjntscn f`nocinzi cnsjkur` hufmi f`nocinzi

Sùr bjlcjo cn tmj viluj ò tmj pr`krihhj/ Vufrjjnfci jn jl vil`r djl pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :n` viluj unfjrticn vjry mckm vilujscn vil`r cnsjkur` huy ilt` vil`r


[mit irj yùr hia`r ojirs / w`rrcjs /f`nfjrns rjkirdcnk tmcs pr`krihhj0 °Fuéljs s`n sus prcnfcpiljs tjh`rjs /dudis/ prj`fupifc`njs f`n rjspjft` il pr`krihi0

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

M`w wùld yù djsfrcbj tmj prjsjnt tjifmcnk cn tmj sfm``l0 °Föh` djsfrcbcrèi li iftuil

hjt`d`l`kèi dj jnsjùinzi jn jl f`ljkc`0

9 2 6 4 : vjry tridctc`nil vjry h`djrnhuy tridcfc`nil huy h`djrni

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w wùld yù djsfrcbj tmj prjsjnt m`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`n0 °Föh` djsfrcbcrèi lif`huncfifcön fisi-f`ljkc` iftuilhjntj0

9 2 6 4 :unsitcsoift`ry mckmly sitcsoift`ryn` sitcsoift`rci huy sitcsoift`rci


M`w hufm d`js yùr fmcld viluj kjttcnk tmj lipt`p0 °Fuént` vil`ri su mcai/` jl rjfcbcr unif`hputid`ri p`rtétcl0

9 2 6 4 :n`t i l`t i krjit djiln` hufm` bistintj

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w hufm d`js yùr fmcld jna`y sfm``lw`rg it prjsjnt0 °Fuént` dcsoruti su mcai/` djl tribia` jnjl f`ljkc` iftuilhjntj0

9 2 6 4 :n`t i l`t i krjit djiln` hufm` bistintj


Co yù mivj i f`hputjr it m`hj, m`w hufm tchj pjr diy `n ivjrikj d`js yùr fmcld usjct0 Vc tcjnj uni f`hputid`ri jn fisi, °fuént` tcjhp` jn pr`hjdc` il dèi li utclczi su mcai/`0

Ljss tmin 9 mùr/ hjn`s dj 9 m`ri 9 ‖ 2 mùrs/ 9 ‖ 2 m`ris 9 mùr/ 9 m`ri h`rj tmin 2 mùrs/ hés dj 2 m`ris

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP [mjn d`js yùr fmcld usj tmj f`hputjr h`st0 Fuénd` utclczi li f`hputid`ri su mcai/` f`nhiy`r orjfujnfci0

Iotjrn `ns/ Tirdjs [jjgjnds/ Ocn dj sjhini Nckmts/ N`fmjs M`lcdiys/ _ififc`njs




966

[mit irj tmj hicn usjs y`ur fmcld kcvjs t` tmj f`hputjr it m`hj0 Fuéljs s`n l`s prcnfcpiljs us`squj lj di su mcai/` i li f`hputid`ri jn fisi0

M`hjw`rg/ tirjis Drcll & priftcfj/ dcdiftcfiljs

Cntjrnjt ([[[) Tut`rcils/ tut`rjs Cntjrnjt (j-hicl) Kihjs/ aujk`s Cntjrnjt (fmit) @tmjr usjs/ `tr`s1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Iddctc`nil F`hhjnts1 F`hjntirc`s Idcfc`niljs 1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

TMING S@Z O@R F@HULJTCNK TMCV YZJVTC@NNICRJ !KRIFCIV U@R F@HULJTIR JL FZJVTC@NIRC@ !



964

Oihcly Nihj1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPFmcldrjn–s Nihjs

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Chpljhjntitc`n Vtikj 2 & ‖ Hiy/Djfjhbjr 2559Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrj

Lipt`p Ucl`t Ur`krihhj Jviluitc`n Hiy /Djfjhbjr 2559Uirjnt Yujstc`nnicrj

Uljisj ritj yùr ittctudjs t`wirds tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj iotjr chpljhjntitc`n by fcrflcnkirùnd tmj bjst `ptc`n is ct ipplcjs t` yù1U`r oiv`r jvilñj sus iftctudjs mifci jl pr`krihi dj f`hputid`ris p`rtétcljs djspuãs dj su chpljhjntifcön p`ncjnd`

un fèrful` ilrjdjd`r dj li hja`r `pfcön sjkñn lj sji iplcfiblj1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Sùr jntmuscish o`r tmj pr`krihhj / Vujntuscish` p`r jl pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :unjntmuscistcf unfjrticn vjry jntmusicstcfdj ncnkuni hinjri cnsjkur` djocnctcvihjntj

Sùr f`hhcthjnt t` tmj pr`krihhj / Vuf`hpr`hcs` il pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :n`t f`hhcttjd unfjrticn mckmly f`hhcttjdn` f`hpr`hjtcd` cnsjkur` huy f`hpr`hjtcd`

Sùr f`nocdjnfj cn tmj chpift ò tmj pr`krihhj/ Vu f`nocinzi jn jl chpift` djl pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :n`t f`nocdjnt unfjrticn mckmly f`nocdjntscn f`nocinzi cnsjkur` hufmi f`nocinzi

Sùr bjlcjo cn tmj viluj ò tmj pr`krihhj/ Vu

frjjnfci jn jl vil`r djl pr`krihi

9 2 6 4 :

n` viluj unfjrticn vjry mckm vilujscn vil`r cnsjkur` huy ilt` vil`r

Mis tmjrj bjjn in chpr`vjhjnt cn m`hj-sfm``l f`hhuncfitc`ns iotjr tmjchpljhjntitc`n o tmj pr`krihhj0 °Mi mibcd` uni hja`ri jn fuint` i li f`huncfifcön fisi-f`ljkc`djspuãs dj li chpljhjntifcön djl pr`krihi0

Sjs/ Vc N`/ N`

D`n–t gn`w yjt/ N` sã iñn PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w hufm d`js yùr fmcld n`w viluj mivcnk tmj lipt`p0 °Fuént` vil`ri su mcai/` im`ri jl tjnjr

uni f`hputid`ri p`rtétcl0


PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPM`w hufm d`js yùr fmcld jna`y sfm``lw`rg n`w0 °Fuént` dcsoruti su mcai/` djl tribia jn jlf`ljkc` im`ri0





96:

M`w hufm tchj pjr diy `n ivjrikj d`js yùr fmcld usj tmj lipt`p it m`hj0 °Fuént` tcjhp` jn pr`hjdc` il dèi utclczi li lipt`p su mcai/` jn fisi0

Ljss tmin 9 mùr/ hjn`s dj 9 m`ri 9 ‖ 2 mùrs/ 9 ‖ 2 m`ris 9 mùr/ 9 m`ri h`rj tmin 2 mùrs/ hés dj 2 m`ris

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP [mjn d`js yùr fmcld usj tmj lipt`p it m`hj h`st0 °Fuénd` utclczi li lipt`p su mcai/` jnfisi f`n hiy`r orjfujnfci0

Iotjrn `ns/ Tirdjs [jjgjnds/ Ocn dj sjhini Nckmts/ N`fmjs M`lcdiys/ _ififc`njs

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP [mit irj tmj hicn usjs yùr fmcld kcvjs t` tmj lipt`p it m`hj0 °Fuéljs s`n l`s prcnfcpiljs us`squj lj di su mcai/` i li p`rtétcl jn fisi0

M`hjw`rg/ tirjis

Drcll & priftcfj/ dcdiftcfiljs

Cntjrnjt ([[[) Tut`rcils/ tut`rjs Cntjrnjt (j-hicl) Kihjs/ aujk`s Cntjrnjt (fmit) @tmjr usjs/ `tr`s1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit irj tmj pr`bljhs yù mivj pjrfjcvjd s` oir cn tmcs pr`krihhj0 °Fuéljs s n l`s pr`bljhisquj min p`dcd` pjrfcbcr misti jl h`hjnt` f`n jl pr`krihi0

Tjfmncfil brjigd`wns/ Ur`bljhis tãfncf`s

Cnsuoocfjnt tjfmncfil supp`rt/V`p`rtj tãfncf` cnsuocfcjntj

M`hj-sfm``l iffjss pr`bljhs/Ur`bljhis dj iffjs` fisi-f`ljkc` Bittjry pr`bljhs/ Ur`bljhis dj bitjrèi Uupcl dcs`rkincsitc`n/ Djs`rkinczifcön djl iluhn` Lifg ò fljir p`lcfcjs ind rjkulitc`ns/ Oilti dj uni p`lètcfi y rjklihjnt`s flir`s @tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)/@tr`s(jspjfcocfir)1

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP [mit irj tmj jdufitc`nil bjnjocts yù mivj pjrfjcvjd s` oir cn tmcs pr`krihhj0 °Fuéljs s`nl`s bjnjocfc`s jdufitcv`s quj min p`dcd` pjrfcbcr misti jl h`hjnt` f`n jl pr`krihi0

N`nj/ Ncnkun`

H`rj jntmuscish t` ljirn/ hiy`r jntuscish` piri iprjndjr Uupcls irj w`rgcnk oistjr/ l`s iluhn`s tribiain hés répcd` Uupcls irj jxtjndcnk tmjcr gn`wljdkj bjy`nd wmit cs kcvjn t` tmjh cn fliss/ L`s iluhn`s jstén jxpindcjnd` sus f`n`fchcjnt`s, hés illé dj l` vcst` jn flisj

Chpr`vjd CT sgclls / Hja`ri jn lis djstrjzis dj cno`rhétcfis Chpr`vjd prjsjntitc`n sgclls / hja`ri jn lis djstrjzis dj prjsjntifcön Chpr`vjd pr`bljh-s`lvcnk sgclls / Hja`ri jn lis djstrjzis dj s`lufcön dj pr`bljhis

@tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)/@tr`s(jspjfcocfir)1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP



96?

[mit irj tmj jdufitc`nil driwbifgs yù mivj pjrfjcvjd oir tmrùkmùt tmj pr`krihhj0 °Fuéljs s`n l`s cnf`nvjncjntjs jdufitcv`s quj min p`dcd` pjrfcbcr misti jl h`hjnt` f`n jl pr`krihi0

N`nj/ Ncnkun` Lipt`p krùps n`t higcnk tmj sihj pr`krjss tmrùkm tmj syllibus is n`n-lipt`p krùps

L`s krup`s lipt`p n` jstén ivinzind` i trivãs djl syllibus f`h` l`s krup`s scn lipt`pLipt`ps ljidcnk t` dcstriftc`n ind lcttlj w`rg fin bj f`vjrjd Lis lipt`ps dcstrijn i l`s iluhn`s y fubrjn p`f` tribia` jn flisj

Lipt`ps ljidcnk t` pupcls l`scnk ifqucrjd sgclls (rjidcnk, wrctcnk) Lis lipt`ps jstén mifcjnd` quj pcjrdin mibclcdidjs yi idqucrcdis (ljfturi, jsfrcturi)

Kridjs or`h lipt`p sjts irj l`wjr tmin n`n-lipt`p sjts Lis n`tis dj krup`s lipt`p s`n hés biais quj lis dj krup`s scn lipt`p

@tmjrs (pljisj spjfcoy)/@tr`s(jspjfcocfir)1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

[mit tmjr cno rhitc n wùld yù lcgj t` mivj ivicliblj `n tmj Cntrinjt0 °Yuã `tri cno`rhifcön

qucscjri jnf`ntrir dcsp`ncblj jn li Cntrinjt0

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Kcvj in `vjrill ritcnk o`r tmj Lipt`p Ur`krihhj, or`h 9(w`rst) t` 95 (bjst)1PPPPPPPFilcocfifcön kjnjril djl Ur`krihi Lipt`p, dj 9 (pj`r) i 95 (hja`r)1 PPPPPPPPPP

Iddctc`nil F`hhjnts1 F`hjntirc`s Idcfc`niljs1

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

TMING S@Z O@R F@HULJTCNK TMCV YZJVTC@NNICRJKRIFCIV U@R F@HULJTIR JL FZJVTC@NIRC@



96;

6.4 Lipt`p Ljss`n @bsjrvitc`n O`rh

Lipt`p Ljss`n @bsjrvitc`n O`rh Ditj1 / /

Vubajft1 Tjifmjr1

N`. Vtudjnts Fliss1 Tchj bsjrvjd1

Tctlj o Ljss`n1

Rjsùrfjs cn usj1 (fmjfg ill wmcfm ipply) Typj ò Iftcvcty (fmjfg ill wmcfm ipply) 1

Hultchjdci pràjft`r Jssiy/tjxt wrctcnk

Lipt`ps N`tj-tigcnk

[mctjbìrd Rjsjirfm

F`ntr`l djvcfjs Jxjrfcsj s`lvcnk/priftcfj

@tmjr1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP Rjidcnk

@tmjr1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Vòtwirj t``ls1 (fmjfg ill wmcfm ipply)

[`rd pr`fjss`r Ditibisjs

Vprjidsmjjts Kripmcfs

Urjsjntitc`ns Djsgt`p Uublcsmcnk

Drcll & Uriftcfj Tut`rcils

H`djlcnk/Vchulitc`n Jdufitc`nil Kihjs

Cntrinjt (ljss`n) Cntjrnjt (sjirfm)

Cntjrnjt (jhicl) @tmjr1 PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

Ljss`n Hinikjhjnt (tcfg wmjrj ippr`prcitj )1

Tjifmjr-fjntrjd

Vtudjnt-fjntrjd

Cndcvcduil w`rg

Krùp w`rg

Ljfturj

Uràjft-bisjd

Vtudjnt ittctudjs1 (9 ‖ n`t `bsjrvjd, : ‖ ilwiys). Cn kjnjril, studjnts cn tmj fliss wjrj1

@n-tisg 9 2 6 4 :

Uirtcfcpitcnk Iftcvjly 9 2 6 4 :

[`rgcnk f`nocdjntly 9 2 6 4 :

Ritj tmj vjrill usj ind ipplcfitc`n o lipt`ps ind CFT cn tmcs ljss`n (fcrflj bjst ptc`n)1

9 2 6 4 :

N`t Zsjd Cnjoojftcvj Zsjd Joojftcvj _jry joojftcvj

OZRTMJR F@HHJNTV1

Cndcfit`r jxplinitc`n o`r `vjrill usj ind ipplcfitc`n19 - N`t usjd 2 - Cnjoojftcvj 1 usjd, but cnjoojftcvjly, o`r tjifmcnk & ljirncnk. N` rjil purp`sj `r njjd o`r usj6 - Zsjd 1 cts usj pr`vcdjs n` jnminfjhjnt f`hpirjd t` n`n-lipt`p/n`n-CFT hjtm`ds4 - Joojftcvj 1 cts usj jnminfjs tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk: - _jry joojftcvj 1 h`djl ljss`n, cts usj jnminfjs tjifmcnk ind ljirncnk krjitly



96=

6.: Cntjrvcjw Kucdjs

Tmj o`ll`wcnk qujstc`ns irj `nly cntjndjd is kucdjlcnjs cn fisj tmj rjsp`ndjr cs n`t vjry

f`hhuncfitcvj `r f``pjritcvj. Vtudjnts ind stioo wcll bj jnfùrikjd t` jxprjss ill tmjcr

p`cnts ò vcjw `n tmj pr`krihhj.

Vtudjnt cntjrvcjw kucdj

9. M`w d` yù ojjl ibùt mivcnk i lipt`p0

2. [mit irj yùr hia`r ojirs, co iny0

6. D` yù tmcng yù irj ljirncnk h`rj ind/`r bjttjr wctm lipt`ps0

4. M`w irj yùr kridjs0 Bjttjr, w`rsj, tmj sihj0

:. [mit cs yùr hia`r pr`bljh wmjn uscnk lipt`ps cn fliss co iny0

?. D` yù tmcng yùr tjifmjrs irj wjll-prjpirjd t` tjifm wctm lipt`ps 0

;. [mit irj tmj tmcnks yù dcslcgj ibùt lipt`ps0

=. [mit irj tmj tmcnks yù lcgj h`st ibùt lipt`ps0

3. D` yù mivj iny sukkjstc`ns o`r tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj o`r njxt yjir0

Tjifmjr cntjrvcjw kucdj

9. M`w d` yù ojjl ibùt mivcnk i lipt`p t` tjifm0

2. [mit irj yùr hia`r ojirs `r dùbts ibùt tmj pr`krihhj, co iny0

6. D` yù tmcng yùr studjnts irj ljirncnk h`rj `r bjttjr wctm lipt`ps0

4. Mivj yù n`tcfjd iny sckncocfint fminkj cn yùr studjnt kridjs0 Bjttjr, w`rsj, tmj sihj0Cn f`hpircs`n wctm n`n-lipt`p sjts0

:. [mit cs tmj hia`r pr`bljh wmjn uscnk lipt`ps cn fliss, co iny0

?. D` yù tmcng tmj studjnts irj wjll-prjpirjd t` usj lipt`ps is i ljirncnk t``l0

;. [mit irj tmj tmcnks yù dcslcgj ibùt lipt`ps0

=. [mit irj tmj tmcnks yù lcgj h`st ibùt lipt`ps0

3. D` yù mivj iny sukkjstc`ns o`r tmj lipt`p pr`krihhj o`r njxt yjir0



963

IUUJNDC] 4

TIBLJV @O F@LLJFTJD DITI

4.9 TJIFMJR YZJVTC@NNICRJ RJVZLTV (J]FJL J]TRIFT)

l`kcn q9i q9b q9f q9d q9j q9o q9k q9m q9c q9a q9g q2i q2b q2f q2d q2j

zihbrin` 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 6 2 6 6 4 2 6 6

y`unk 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

ycgi 6 6 6 6 4 6 9 9 6 6 6 4 4 4 6 4

wclgcns` 2 6 6 6 6 9 6 6 9 9 9 4 2 4 4 4

wjstpmil 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

wirtniby 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9vjnturi 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 9 6 4 4 4 4 4

vircllis 6 6 6 4 2 9 2 2 9 9 2 4 6 6 6 4

tm`hps`n 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 9 2 6 4 4 4 4 4

tiour 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 : 4

stjll 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

4.2 VTZDJNT YZJVTC@NNICRJ RJVZLTV (J]FJL J]TRIFT)

TZTKR@Z

U OZLLNIHJ l`kcn

q9

i

q9

b

q9

f

q9

d

q9

j

q9

o

q9

k

q9

m

V6I IBDILI FIRRCLL@, Cshijl Jukjnc` ibdilic 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 6

V6I IFFIHJ L@ISQI, Irtur` Indrãs iffihji 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

V2I6 IFFIHJ L@ISQI, Dcjk` Int`nc` iffihjd 6 6 9 4 4 4 2 2

V2I6 IKZCLIR LSNFM, Hirci Krifci ikuclihk 9 6 9 4 6 2 9 9

V6I IKZCRRJ HIRTJNV, Indrji Hircs`l ikucrri 2 6 6 4 6 6 6 6

V6I ILIRFÖN _CLLIRÉN, R`ssini Hirèi ilirf`r 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 6

V6I IL_I BJRNIRDCNC, Dcjk` Iurjlc` ilvid 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6

V2B2 IL_I _JRDZK@, Orinfjsf` ilvio 2 6 9 6 6 6 9 2

V2B6 IL_IRJQ FIRRINQI, R`drck` ilvirjr 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 6

V2I6 IL_CTJV _CLLI, Iljssindri ilvctji 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 4

V2I9 IHIS@ KZCHJT, Hircjl Hcrtmi ihiy`h 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

V2I9 IRIHBZRÑ VIHINJQ, Ncf`lés irihbun 4 4 9 4 4 6 2 9

V6I IRIZA@ KI_CRCI, Dincjli iriua`d 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 6

V2I6 IRJLLIN@ QZBCITJ, Iljaindri irjllii 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6

V6I IRÃ_IL@ TJVTCN@, R`drck` irjvilr 2 6 6 4 6 2 2 2

V2B9 IRRJD@ND@ FIVTR@ HJNDC_CL, Ilorjd` irrjd`i 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4

V2B2 IVFJNQ@ HF FILLZH, Zrsuli Uihjli isfjnzu 6 9 2 6 4 6 6 2

V2I9 ITZJVTI URIDCLLI, Dcjk` Orinfcsf` itujstd 6 6 6 4 4 6 6 6

V2B9 I_CLI UJRJDI, Irhind` ivclii 6 6 9 6 6 6 2 2

V6I BILLÖN-LINDI IHUZJR@, Fihcli bill`nf 4 4 6 4 4 4 4 4



945

4.6 UIRJNT YZJVTC@NNICRJ RJVZLTV (J]FJL J]TRIFT)

l`kcn q9i q9b q9f q9d q9j q9o q9k q9m q9c q9 q2i q2b q2f

iff94=4 6 : : 4 9 4 6 9 4 9 6 6

idi24=? 4 4 4 4 9 4 9 9 9 4 4 4

iku55=6 9 : : 9 9 9 : 9 9 vcsct`

orjfujntjhjntjli cntrinjt

9 4 4

iku55=; 9 4 4 4 9 6 : 9 9 9 6 2

ilb26;5 : : : : 9 : : : : : 9 :

ilh96?9 6 4 : 4 6 6 4 9 : 9 4 4

ilv6=4: 9 : : : 6 2 9 9 6 4 4 6

ihi42:4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 sukcjr` p`njrli pikcni wjbjn d`scdc`his...cnkljsy jspiù`l,

9 9 9

iri52;6 4 : : 9 9 9 9 9 : 6 9 6

iri99=9 : : : : 4 4 4 9 4 : : 4

bir5=3; 9 4 : 9 9 4 9 9 9 9 9 4bjb5=;? 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

b`r5;3= 4 9 6 9 9 9 9 9 4 9 9 9

bus22;: : : : : 4 4 : 9 9 : 9 9

fif99:; 9 4 4 4 9 9 4 9 9 9 4 4

4.4 LJVV@N @BVJR_ITC@N RJVZLTV (J]FJL J]TRIFT)

VZBAJFT

TJI

DITJ

FLIVV

TCHJ

RJV@ZRFJ IFTC_CTS

Uràjft`r

Lipt`ps

[mctjbìrd

F`ntr`l

@tmjr

JssiyPTjxt

N`tjs

Rjsjirfm

Jxjrfcsjs

Rjidcnk

@tmjr

Jnklcsm VMI :-Aun-59 V9jnL6 4: 9 9 9

Jnklcsm FRN26-Hir-

59V9jnL2

4: 9 9 prjsjntitc`n

Jnklcsm R_V 94-Aun-59 V2jnL9 4: 9 9 9 9 9 `ril dcsfussc`ns

Jnklcsm FRN :-Aun-59 V2jnL4 4: 9 9 9

Jnklcsm HVN 92-Aun-59 V6jnL9 4: 9 9 9 rjvcsc`n

Jnklcsm [LG 6-Hiy-59 V6jnL2 4: 9 9 9 9 ojjdbifg ò ocndcnksOrjnfm UIQ 93-Ipr-59 V9orL2 4: 9 9 9 `ril f`hprjmjnsc`n

Orjnfm LIO 6-@ft-59 V2orL6 4: 9 9 9 9

Orjnfm [JV 4-Hiy-59 V6orL6 4: 9 9 9Kj`kripmy MZV

2-Hiy-59 V9kjL94: 9 9 9 `ril dcsfussc`n

Kj`kripmy MZV

2-Ipr-59 V6kjL94: 9 9

w`rgsmjjts, kucdjddcsfussc`n

Kj`kripmy MUG

29-Hir-59

V6kjL64: 9 9 9

w`rgsmjjts, studjntkrùp djbitjs

Mcst`ry IN[9;-Ipr-59 V9mcL6

4: 9 9 9 9d`fuhjnts cn publcfo`ldjrs

Mcst`ry IND 2?-Ipr-59 V2mcL2 4: 9 9 9 f`nstruft hips

Mcst`ry IND94-Hir-

59V6mcL6

4: 9 9dcsfussc`n, f`nfjpthip



949

4.: CNTJR_CJ[V RJF@RDCNK

Hjjtcnks wctm pupcls iotjr Lipt`p Vurvjy

Ditj Nihj Fliss Mùr24/5:/59 Iljaindri Ll`si V9L9 9519524/5:/59 Fihcli Billön-Lindi V9L9 9519:24/5:/59 Cshijl Ibdili V9L9 9512524/5:/59 Vtjoin` Dj Oclcppc V9L2 9214:24/5:/59 K`nzil` Kirfèi Irb`ffö V9L2 921:524/5:/59 Hiurcfc` Kl`vjr V9L2 921::24/5:/59 Ucjrrj H`ntiubin V9L6 915524/5:/59 Hitmcis Mjrnindjz V2L9 915:24/5:/59 _cfjntj Tullcin` V2L2 919524/5:/59 A`minn _irkis V2L6 919:24/5:/59 Aulc` U`ppj V2L6 912524/5:/59 Lufci Vjhcnirc` V2L2 Iny brjig wctm lipt`p24/5:/59 Uihjli Tilljd` V2L2 Iny brjig wctm lipt`p2:/5:/59 Auin Ujdr` dj @shi V2L4 951952:/5:/59 A`nitmin K`ldcn V2L4 9519:

2:/5:/59 Cin Biyly V6L9 95125

@RCKCNIL CNTJR_CJ[ TRINVFRCUTV CN VUINCVM

F`sis quj yi sibcin, n` jri ilk` quj rjf`ntri iyudi… f`nousc`n jn `pfc`njs… Miy pròjs quj tcjnjn hiy`r f`ntr`l quj `tr`s… Rjstrcffc`njs @G…Hiljtcn ‖ hili filcdid pjr` bujn dcsjù`… b`lscll` ioujri…

N` tj kusti lipt`ps ‖ scjntjs quj tj dcstrijs… i li m`ri dj rjsjirfm, @G, pjr` piri

tribiair his dcocfcl, l`s pròjs`rjs n` h`nct`rjin… Kj`krioci… Fcjnfcis… DT… Mubcjri scd` pj`r scn lis rjstrcffc`njs… b`lscll` idjlintj… Furs` utcl, p`f` f`hplcfidi… p`f` f`nousis lis prjkuntis… CNVJT im`ri djspuãs l`s jxéhjnjs…

Cntjrjsintj, his rjsp`nsibclcdid, his iprjndcziaj, p`r jl rjsjirfm, y in` s`l` js jlpròjss`r...ihplcir f`n`fchcjnt`s… iudct`rcis djbjn f`ntcnuir… rjstrcffc`njs @Gpjr` jn tu fisi djbjs p`djr tjnjr his lcbjrtid… njfjsctin iprjndjr iunquj sji ifistck`s… djair aukir… f`h` js su lipt`p pcjnsin quj pujdjn mifjr l` qujqucjrjn… Furs` utcl, @G… jxihjn n` tin njfjsirc`. Hili filcdid, jstufmj quj sji pirtj cntjkril djl hiljtcn ` f`n un kinfm`.

Huy bujn`, ckuil…. His `p`rtuncdidjs… jl iù` his dcocfcl quj jl prchjr`… Ilkun`s n` sibjn rjilhjntj f`h` dcrckcr li iftcvcdid, huy lcbrj, busqujdi… Oiltin tjfncfis piri h`nct`rjir….

Dcocfcl li rjsp`nisibclcdid dj jstir lljvind`li pjr` his oifcl jstudcir, p`r iffjs` iCntjrnjt… n`tis min hja`rid`, iprjndjs his p`r tu fujnti pjr` l`s pròjs`rjsjnsjùjn hjn`s y djain hés tirjis… hjn`s pr`yjft`s…. His rjstrcffc`njs, hufmis dcstriffcön… sc li flisj js Bujni, un` tribiai, scn` sjdcstrij… li hiy`rci dj pròjs sc sibjn pjr` `tr`s n` sibjn f`h` usirli jn flisj… Furs` dj cnduffcön ouj utcl, vilj li pjni, prjkuntis hjn`s fipfc`sis… hjh`ry gjyjs uni `p`rtuncdid piri r`hpjr rjklis y pisir dj t`d`….



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4.: OCNIL SJIR I_JRIKJ RJVZLTV


N`n-lip

t`p

sjts

V9I 94.: 9?.4 9?.? 9;.: 9;.; 94.; 9?.4 9;.; 9?.; 94.5 9?.9

V9B9 92.? 94.6 96.4 94.2 94.= 92.; 92.9 9:.5 96.= 99.= 96.:V9B2 99.= 94.2 92.: 9:.2 9:.9 96.9 92.: 9:.6 9:.? 92.4 96.=

96.5 9:.5 94.2 9:.? 9:.3 96.: 96.; 9?.5 9:.4 92.; 94.:

Lipt`p

sjts V9L9 9:.: 9:.; 9?.2 9?.: 9;.9 9?.5 9:.6 9;.? 9?.; 9:.2 9?.2

V9L2 92.4 96.= 96.? 96.= 9:.= 92.? 92.; 9:.5 94.? 96.: 96.=

V9L6 99.3 96.9 92.3 9:.4 94.4 96.9 92.9 94.3 94.6 92.5 96.4

96.6 94.2 94.2 9:.6 9:.; 96.3 96.4 9:.= 9:.2 96.? 94.:


N`

n-lipt`p

sjts

V9I 96.?6 9?.96 9?.32 9=.9; 9=.2: 9:.:= 9;.55 9=.9; 9?.;4 96.66 9?.23

V9B9 92.=6 96.:6 96.2? 96.44 9:.:= 99.?= 99.22 9:.55 96.;3 95.;2 96.93

V9B2 95.?6 96.4; 92.6; 9?.99 9:.3: 94.4; 99.3: 9:.?6 9:.?6 92.55 96.=2

92.6? 94.6= 94.9= 9:.39 9?.:3 96.39 96.63 9?.2; 9:.63 92.52 94.46

Lipt`p

sjts V9L9 9:.2; 9:.9; 9?.45 9?.;6 9=.65 9;.25 9:.56 9;.45 9?.;2 94.65 9?.2=

V9L2 92.4: 96.95 96.;3 96.:: 9?.56 92.:: 99.35 94.35 94.:: 92.;? 96.?4

V9L6 99.4= 92.46 92.93 9:.:2 9:.94 96.3: 99.:; 9:.4= 94.66 99.5: 96.6:

96.5? 96.:; 94.96 9:.2; 9?.43 94.:; 92.=6 9:.32 9:.25 92.;5 94.46

an analysis of the impact of the laptop programme initiative in the secondary section of markham...

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