Amsterdam 1

Amsterdam

Amsterdam—  Municipality/city  —

From left to right and top to bottom: Rijksmuseum, Statue in the Vondelpark, Keizersgracht, Zuiderkerk, Royal Palace (Amsterdam), ING House

Flag Coat of arms

Nickname(s): Mokum, Venice of the North

Motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig(Valiant, Steadfast, Compassionate)

Location of Amsterdam

Coordinates: 52°22′23″N 4°53′32″E

Country Netherlands

Province North Holland

COROP Amsterdam

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Boroughs Centrum (Centre)Noord (North)West (West)Nieuw-West (New-West)Zuid (South)Oost (East)Zuidoost (South-East)Westpoort (Westgate)

Government

 • Mayor Eberhard van der Laan (PvdA)

 • Aldermen Eric van der BurgAndrée van EsCarolien GehrelsPieter HilhorstFreek OsselMaarten van PoelgeestEric Wiebes

 • Secretary Henk de Jong

Area[1][2]

 • Municipality/city 219 km2 (85 sq mi)

 • Land 166 km2 (64 sq mi)

 • Water 53 km2 (20 sq mi)

 • Metro 1815 km2 (701 sq mi)

Elevation[3] 2 m (7 ft)

Population (6 May 2012)[4][5]

 • Municipality/city 820,654

• Density 3506/km2 (9,080/sq mi)

• Urban 1,209,419

• Metro 2,289,762

 • Demonym Amsterdammer (♂), Amsterdamse (♀)

Time zone CET (UTC+01)

 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+02) (UTC)

Postal codes 1011–1109

Area code(s) 020

Website www.amsterdam.nl [6]

Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] ( listen)) is the largest city and the capital of theNetherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution.[7] Amsterdam has apopulation of 820,256 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of2,289,762.[8] The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises thenorthern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately7 million.[9]

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Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme,[10] indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel.Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in theworld during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city wasthe leading center for finance and diamonds.[11] In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many newneighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'),located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.As Netherlands' commercial capital and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered analpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) study group. The city is also cultural capital of theNetherlands.[12] Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and 7 of the world's top 500 companies,including Philips and ING, are based in the city.[13] In 2010, Amsterdam was ranked 13th globally on quality ofliving[14] by Mercer, and previously ranked 3rd in innovation by 2thinknow in the Innovation Cities Index 2009.[15]

The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. Amsterdam'smain attractions, including its historic canals, the Rijksmuseum, the Van Gogh Museum, Stedelijk Museum,Hermitage Amsterdam, Anne Frank House, Amsterdam Museum, its red-light district, and its many cannabis coffeeshops draw more than 3.66 million international visitors annually.

HistoryThe earliest recorded use of the name "Amsterdam" is from a certificate dated 27 October 1275, when theinhabitants, who had built a bridge with a dam across the Amstel, were exempted from paying a bridge toll by CountFloris V.[16] The certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme (people living nearAmestelledamme).[17] By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam.[16] Amsterdam's founding is relativelyrecent compared with much older Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008,historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as thelate 10th century. This does not necessarily mean that there was already a settlement then since reclamation of landmay not have been for farming—it may have been for peat, used as fuel.[18]

A woodcut depicting Amsterdam asof 1544. The famous Grachtengordel

had not yet been established.

Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306.[19] From the 14thcentury on, Amsterdam flourished, largely because of trade with the HanseaticLeague. In 1345, an alleged Eucharistic miracle in the Kalverstraat rendered thecity an important place of pilgrimage until the adoption of the Protestant faith.The Stille Omgang—a silent procession in civil attire—is today a remnant of therich pilgrimage history.[20]

In the 16th century, the Dutch rebelled against Philip II of Spain and hissuccessors. The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition of new taxes,the tenth penny, and the religious persecution of Protestants by the SpanishInquisition. The revolt escalated into the Eighty Years' War, which ultimately ledto Dutch independence.[21] Strongly pushed by Dutch Revolt leader William theSilent, the Dutch Republic became known for its relative religious tolerance.

Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, Huguenots from France, prosperous merchants and printers from Flanders, andeconomic and religious refugees from the Spanish-controlled parts of the Low Countries found safety in Amsterdam.The influx of Flemish printers and the city's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a centre for the European freepress.[22]

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Dam Square in the late-17th century: painting byGerrit Adriaenszoon Berckheyde

The 17th century is considered Amsterdam's Golden Age, during whichit became the wealthiest city in the world.[23] Ships sailed fromAmsterdam to the Baltic Sea, North America, and Africa, as well aspresent-day Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, and Brazil, forming the basisof a worldwide trading network. Amsterdam's merchants had thelargest share in both the Dutch East India Company and the DutchWest India Company. These companies acquired overseas possessionsthat later became Dutch colonies. Amsterdam was Europe's mostimportant point for the shipment of goods and was the leadingFinancial Centre of the world.[24] In 1602, the Amsterdam office of theDutch East India Company became the world's first stock exchange by

trading in its own shares.[25]

Amsterdam lost over 10% of its population to plague in 1623–1625, and again in 1635–1636, 1655, and 1664.Nevertheless, the population of Amsterdam rose in the 17th century (largely through immigration) from 50,000 to200,000.[26]

Amsterdam's prosperity declined during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The wars of the Dutch Republic withEngland and France took their toll on Amsterdam. During the Napoleonic Wars, Amsterdam's significance reachedits lowest point, with Holland being absorbed into the French Empire. However, the later establishment of the UnitedKingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 marked a turning point.

The Singel with the Munttoren in the background,ca. 1900.

The end of the 19th century is sometimes called Amsterdam's secondGolden Age.[27] New museums, a train station, and the Concertgebouwwere built; in this same time, the Industrial Revolution reached thecity. The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal was dug to give Amsterdam a directconnection to the Rhine, and the North Sea Canal was dug to give theport a shorter connection to the North Sea. Both projects dramaticallyimproved commerce with the rest of Europe and the world. In 1906,Joseph Conrad gave a brief description of Amsterdam as seen from theseaside, in The Mirror of the Sea. Shortly before the First World War,the city began expanding, and new suburbs were built. Even though theNetherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food

shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. Theseriots are known as the Aardappeloproer (Potato rebellion). People started looting stores and warehouses in order toget supplies, mainly food.[28]

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National Monument – a memorial tothe war victims

Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 and took control of thecountry. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselvesand their families to the high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentrationcamps. More than 100,000 Dutch Jews were deported to Nazi concentrationcamps. Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl Anne Frank,who died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.[29] At the end of the SecondWorld War, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and foodand fuel became scarce. Many citizens traveled to the countryside to forage.Dogs, cats, raw sugar beets, and Tulip bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumedto stay alive.[30] Most of the trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and allthe wood was taken from the apartments of deported Jews.

Many new suburbs, such as Osdorp, Slotervaart, Slotermeer, and Geuzenveld,were built in the years after the Second World War.[31] These suburbs containedmany public parks and wide, open spaces, and the new buildings providedimproved housing conditions with larger and brighter rooms, gardens, and balconies. Because of the war and otherincidents of the 20th century, almost the entire city centre had fallen into disrepair. As society was changing,politicians and other influential figures made plans to redesign large parts of it. There was an increasing demand foroffice buildings and new roads as the automobile became available to most common people.[32] A metro startedoperating in 1977 between the new suburb of Bijlmer and the centre of Amsterdam. Further plans were to build anew highway above the metro to connect the Central Station and city centre with other parts of the city.

Subway station Nieuwmarkt with historic imagesof the Nieuwmarkt riots

The incorporated large-scale demolitions began in Amsterdam'sformerly Jewish neighbourhood. Smaller streets, such as theJodenbreestraat, were widened and saw almost all of their housesdemolished. During the destruction's peak, the Nieuwmarktrellen(Nieuwmarkt riots) broke out,[33] where people expressed their furyabout the demolition caused by the restructuring of the city.

As a result, the demolition was stopped, and the highway was neverbuilt, with only the metro being finished. Only a few streets remainedwidened. The new city hall was built on the almost completelydemolished Waterlooplein. Meanwhile, large private organisations,such as Stadsherstel Amsterdam, were founded with the aim of restoring the entire city centre. Although the successof this struggle is visible today, efforts for further restoration are still ongoing.[32] The entire city centre hasreattained its former splendor and, as a whole, is now a protected area. Many of its buildings have becomemonuments, and in July 2010 the Grachtengordel (Herengracht, Keizersgracht, and Prinsengracht) was added to theUNESCO World Heritage List.[34]

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Geography

Satellite image of Amsterdam

Astronaut View of Amsterdam

Topography

Amsterdam is part of the province of North Holland and is located inthe west of the Netherlands next to the provinces of Utrecht andFlevoland. The river Amstel terminates in the city centre and connectsto a large number of canals that eventually terminate in the IJ.Amsterdam is situated 2 metres above sea level.[3] The surroundingland is flat as it is formed of large polders. To the southwest of the citylies a man-made forest called het Amsterdamse Bos. Amsterdam isconnected to the North Sea through the long North Sea Canal.

Amsterdam is intensely urbanized, as is the Amsterdam metropolitanarea surrounding the city. Comprising 219.4 square kilometres of land,the city proper has 4,457 inhabitants per km2 and 2,275 houses perkm2.[35] Parks and nature reserves make up 12% of Amsterdam's landarea.[36]

Climate

Amsterdam has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classificationCfb), strongly influenced by its proximity to the North Sea to the west,with prevailing westerly winds. Winters are mild. Amsterdam, as wellas most of the North-Holland province, lies in USDA Hardiness zone8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly windsfrom the inner European continent. Even then, because Amsterdam issurrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, as well as having asignificant heat-island effect, nights rarely fall below −5 °C (23 °F),while it could easily be in Hilversum, 25 kilometres southeast.Summers are moderately warm but rarely hot. The average daily highin August is 22.1 °C (71.8 °F), and 30 °C (86 °F) or higher is onlymeasured on average on 2.5 days, placing Amsterdam in AHS HeatZone 2. The record extremes range from −24 °C (−11 °F) to 36.8 °C(98.2 °F).[37] Days with measurable precipitation are common, onaverage 187 days per year. Amsterdam's average annual precipitationis 915 millimetres (36 in). A large part of this precipitation falls aslight rain or brief showers. Cloudy and damp days are common during the cooler months of October through March.

Climate data for Amsterdam (1981–2010 data)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high°C (°F)

5.8(42.4)

6.3(43.3)

9.6(49.3)

13.5(56.3)

17.4(63.3)

19.7(67.5)

22.0(71.6)

22.1(71.8)

18.8(65.8)

14.5(58.1)

9.7(49.5)

6.4(43.5)

13.8(56.8)

Daily mean°C (°F)

3.4(38.1)

3.5(38.3)

6.1(43)

9.1(48.4)

12.9(55.2)

15.4(59.7)

17.6(63.7)

17.5(63.5)

14.7(58.5)

11.0(51.8)

7.1(44.8)

4.0(39.2)

10.2(50.4)

Average low°C (°F)

0.8(33.4)

0.5(32.9)

2.6(36.7)

4.6(40.3)

8.2(46.8)

10.8(51.4)

13.0(55.4)

12.8(55)

10.6(51.1)

7.5(45.5)

4.2(39.6)

1.5(34.7)

6.4(43.5)

Precipitationmm (inches)

78.5(3.091)

57.3(2.256)

72.8(2.866)

46.2(1.819)

59.3(2.335)

70.8(2.787)

77.6(3.055)

85.5(3.366)

85.3(3.358)

100.1(3.941)

93.7(3.689)

87.5(3.445)

914.6(36.008)

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Meanmonthlysunshine

hours

63.2 87.5 126.3 182.7 221.9 205.7 217.0 197.0 139.4 109.1 61.7 50.5 1,662

Source #1: KNMI[38]

Source #2: KNMI[39]

Cityscape and architecture

A bird's-eye view of Amsterdam's city centre

Amsterdam fans out south from the Amsterdam Centraal railwaystation. The Damrak is the main street and leads into the street Rokin.The oldest area of the town is known as de Wallen (the quays). It liesto the east of Damrak and contains the city's famous red light district.To the south of de Wallen is the old Jewish quarter of Waterlooplein.The 17th century canals of Amsterdam, known as the Grachtengordel,embraces the heart of the city where homes have interesting gables.Beyond the Grachtengordel are the former working class areas ofJordaan and de Pijp. The Museumplein with the city's major museums,the Vondelpark, a 19th century park named after the Dutch writer Joostvan den Vondel, and the Plantage neighbourhood [40], with the zoo, are also located outside the Grachtengordel.

Several parts of the city and the surrounding urban area are polders. This can be recognised by the suffix -meerwhich means lake, as in Aalsmeer, Bijlmermeer, Haarlemmermeer, and Watergraafsmeer.

Canals

Boat on the Prinsengracht in 2006

The Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious cityplanning.[41] In the early 17th century, when immigration was at apeak, a comprehensive plan was developed that was based on fourconcentric half-circles of canals with their ends emerging at the IJ bay.Known as the Grachtengordel, three of the canals were mostly forresidential development: the Herengracht (where "Heren" refers toHeren Regeerders van de stad Amsterdam (ruling lords ofAmsterdam), and gracht means canal, so the name can be roughlytranslated as "Canal of the lords"), Keizersgracht (Emperor's Canal), and Prinsengracht (Prince's Canal).[42] Thefourth and outermost canal is the Singelgracht, which is often not mentioned on maps, because it is a collective namefor all canals in the outer ring. The Singelgracht should not be confused with the oldest and most inner canal Singel.The canals served for defence, water management and transport. The defences took the form of a moat and earthendikes, with gates at transit points, but otherwise no masonry superstructures.[43] The original plans have been lost, sohistorians, such as Ed Taverne, need to speculate on the original intentions: it is thought that the considerations of thelayout were purely practical and defensive rather than ornamental.[44]

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A woodcut (1885) of the NieuwezijdsVoorburgwal, a canal that is now filled in

Construction started in 1613 and proceeded from west to east, acrossthe breadth of the layout, like a gigantic windshield wiper as thehistorian Geert Mak calls it – and not from the centre outwards, as apopular myth has it. The canal construction in the southern sector wascompleted by 1656. Subsequently, the construction of residentialbuildings proceeded slowly. The eastern part of the concentric canalplan, covering the area between the Amstel river and the IJ bay, hasnever been implemented. In the following centuries, the land was usedfor parks, senior citizens' homes, theatres, other public facilities, andwaterways without much planning.[45]

Over the years, several canals have been filled in, becoming streets or squares, such as the Nieuwezijds Voorburgwaland the Spui.[46]

ExpansionAfter the development of Amsterdam's canals in the 17th century, the city did not grow beyond its borders for twocenturies. During the 19th century, Samuel Sarphati devised a plan based on the grandeur of Paris and London at thattime. The plan envisaged the construction of new houses, public buildings and streets just outside thegrachtengordel. The main aim of the plan, however, was to improve public health. Although the plan did not expandthe city, it did produce some of the largest public buildings to date, like the Paleis voor Volksvlijt.[47][48][49]

Following Sarphati, Van Niftrik and Kalff designed an entire ring of 19th century neighbourhoods surrounding thecity’s centre, with the city preserving the ownership of all land outside the 17th century limit, thus firmly controllingdevelopment.[50] Most of these neighbourhoods became home to the working class.[51]

In response to overcrowding, two plans were designed at the beginning of the 20th century which were very differentfrom anything Amsterdam had ever seen before: Plan Zuid, designed by the architect Berlage, and West. These plansinvolved the development of new neighbourhoods consisting of housing blocks for all social classes.[52][53]

After the Second World War, large new neighbourhoods were built in the western, southeastern, and northern partsof the city. These new neighbourhoods were built to relieve the city's shortage of living space and give peopleaffordable houses with modern conveniences. The neighbourhoods consisted mainly of large housing blocks situatedamong green spaces, connected to wide roads, making the neighbourhoods easily accessible by motor car. Thewestern suburbs which were built in that period are collectively called the Westelijke Tuinsteden. The area to thesoutheast of the city built during the same period is known as the Bijlmer.[54][55]

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Architecture

Built in the Renaissance style,designed by the Dutch architect

Hendrick de Keyser, the Westertoren(1637) is the highest church tower

(85m) in Amsterdam.

The old city houses on Damrak

Amsterdam has a rich architectural history. The oldest building inAmsterdam is the Oude Kerk (Old Church), at the heart of the Wallen,consecrated in 1306.[56] The oldest wooden building is het HoutenHuys[57] at the Begijnhof. It was constructed around 1425 and is one ofonly two existing wooden buildings. It is also one of the few examplesof Gothic architecture in Amsterdam. In the 16th century, woodenbuildings were razed and replaced with brick ones. During this period,many buildings were constructed in the architectural style of theRenaissance. Buildings of this period are very recognisable with theirstepped gable façades, which is the common Dutch Renaissance style.Amsterdam quickly developed its own Renaissance architecture. Thesebuildings were built according to the principles of the architectHendrick de Keyser.[58] One of the most striking buildings designed byHendrick de Keyer is the Westerkerk. In the 17th century baroquearchitecture became very popular, as it was elsewhere in Europe. Thisroughly coincided with Amsterdam’s Golden Age. The leadingarchitects of this style in Amsterdam were Jacob van Campen, PhilipVingboons and Daniel Stalpaert.[59]

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Early 20th century houses in the architecture ofthe Amsterdam School

Philip Vingboons designed splendid merchants' houses throughout thecity. A famous building in baroque style in Amsterdam is the RoyalPalace on Dam Square. Throughout the 18th century, Amsterdam washeavily influenced by French culture. This is reflected in thearchitecture of that period. Around 1815, architects broke with thebaroque style and started building in different neo-styles.[60] MostGothic style buildings date from that era and are therefore said to bebuilt in a neo-gothic style. At the end of the 19th century, theJugendstil or Art Nouveau style became popular and many newbuildings were constructed in this architectural style. Since Amsterdamexpanded rapidly during this period, new buildings adjacent to the citycentre were also built in this style. The houses in the vicinity of the

Museum Square in Amsterdam Oud-Zuid are an example of Jugendstil. The last style that was popular inAmsterdam before the modern era was Art Deco. Amsterdam had its own version of the style, which was called theAmsterdamse School. Whole districts were built this style, such as the Rivierenbuurt.[61] A notable feature of thefaçades of buildings designed in Amsterdamse School is that they are highly decorated and ornate, with oddlyshaped windows and doors.

The old city centre is the focal point of all the architectural styles before the end of the 19th century. Jugendstil andGeorgian are mostly found outside the city’s centre in the neighbourhoods built in the early 20th century, althoughthere are also some striking examples of these styles in the city centre. Most historic buildings in the city centre andnearby are houses, such as the famous merchants' houses lining the canals.

GovernmentThe administration of the municipality of Amsterdam used to be divided into 15 boroughs or stadsdelen; the centralone, Centrum, being circled by Westerpark, Bos en Lommer, De Baarsjes, Oud-West, Oud-Zuid,Oost/Watergraafsmeer, Zeeburg and Amsterdam-Noord, with the six outer boroughs (Westpoort,Geuzenveld-Slotermeer, Osdorp, Slotervaart, Zuideramstel, and Zuidoost) creating a further encirclement.[62] On 1May 2010, the number of boroughs was reduced to eight (Centrum, Noord, Oost, Zuid, West, Nieuw-West,Zuidoost, and Westpoort).

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Definitions

The 8 boroughs of Amsterdam

"Amsterdam" is mostly understood torefer to the municipality ofAmsterdam. Colloquially, some areaswithin the municipality, such as thevillage of Durgerdam, may not beconsidered part of Amsterdam.Statistics Netherlands uses three otherdefinitions of Amsterdam:metropolitan agglomerationAmsterdam (GrootstedelijkeAgglomeratie Amsterdam, not to beconfused with Grootstedelijk GebiedAmsterdam, a synonym of GrootAmsterdam), Greater Amsterdam(Groot Amsterdam, a COROP region)and the urban region Amsterdam(Stadsgewest Amsterdam).[4] Thesedefinitions are not synonymous withthe terms urban area and metropolitan area, which are commonly used in English speaking countries for the purposeof defining large conurbations. The Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics uses a fourth conurbation,namely the City region Amsterdam. This region is similar to Greater Amsterdam but includes the municipalitiesZaanstad and Wormerland. It excludes Graft-De Rijp.

The smallest of these areas is the municipality, with a population of 742,981 in 2006.[63] The metropolitanagglomeration had a population of 1,021,870 in 2006.[63] It includes the municipalities of Zaanstad, Wormerland,Oostzaan, Diemen and Amstelveen only, as well as the municipality of Amsterdam.[64] Greater Amsterdam includes15 municipalities,[65] and had a population of 1,211,503 in 2006.[63] Though much larger in area, the population ofthis area is only slightly larger, because the definition excludes the relatively populous municipality of Zaanstad. Thelargest area by population, the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (Dutch: Metropoolregio Amsterdam), has a populationof 2,22 million.[63] It includes for instance Zaanstad, Wormerveer, Muiden, Abcoude, Haarlem, Almere and Lelystadbut excludes Graft-De Rijp. Amsterdam is part of the conglomerate metropolitan area Randstad, with a totalpopulation of 6,659,300 inhabitants.[5]

City governmentAs with all Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and the municipal council.However, unlike most other Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is subdivided into seven "stadsdelen" (boroughs), asystem that was implemented in the 1980s to improve local governance. The stadsdelen are responsible for manyactivities that had previously been run by the central city. The city had initially been divided into 15 stadsdelen. 14of those had their own council, chosen by a popular election. The 15th, Westpoort, covers the harbour ofAmsterdam, had very few residents, and was governed by the central municipal council. Local decisions are made atborough level, and only affairs pertaining to the whole city, such as major infrastructure projects, are handled by thecentral city council.

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National governmentAmsterdam is the capital of the Netherlands in a technical legal sense. The present version of the Dutch constitutionmentions "Amsterdam" and "capital" only in one place, chapter 2, article 32: The king's confirmation by oath and hiscoronation take place in "the capital Amsterdam" ("de hoofdstad Amsterdam"). Previous versions of the constitutionspoke of "the city of Amsterdam" ("de stad Amsterdam"), without mention of capital.[66] In any case, the seat of thegovernment, parliament and supreme court of the Netherlands is (and always has been, with the exception of a briefperiod between 1808 and 1810) located at The Hague. Foreign embassies are also in The Hague. The capital ofNorth Holland is Haarlem.

Symbols

The coat of arms of Amsterdam

The coat of arms of Amsterdam is composed of several historicalelements. First and centre are three St Andrew's crosses, aligned in avertical band on the city's shield (although Amsterdam's patron saintwas Saint Nicholas). These St Andrew's crosses can also be found onthe cityshields of neighbours Amstelveen and Ouder-Amstel. This partof the coat of arms is the basis of the flag of Amsterdam, flown by thecity government, but also as civil ensign for ships registered inAmsterdam. Second is the Imperial Crown of Austria. In 1489, out ofgratitude for services and loans, Maximilian I awarded Amsterdam theright to adorn its coat of arms with the king's crown. Then, in 1508, this was replaced with Maximilian's imperialcrown when he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. In the early years of the 17th century, Maximilian's crown inAmsterdam's coat of arms was again replaced, this time with the crown of Emperor Rudolph II, a crown that becamethe Imperial Crown of Austria. The lions date from the late 16th century, when city and province became part of theRepublic of the Seven United Netherlands. Last came the city's official motto: Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig("Heroic, Determined, Merciful"), bestowed on the city in 1947 by Queen Wilhelmina, in recognition of the city'sbravery during the Second World War.

Economy

The Zuidas district is the main business district ofAmsterdam and is still largely under construction.

Many Dutch multinationals have theirheadquarters here, like ABN AMRO and Akzo

Nobel.

Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands.[67]

Amsterdam is currently one of the best European cities in which tolocate an International Business. It is ranked fifth in this category andis only surpassed by London, Paris, Frankfurt and Barcelona.[68] Manylarge corporations and banks have their headquarters in Amsterdam,including The Royal Bank of Scotland, Akzo Nobel, HeinekenInternational, ING Group, Ahold, TomTom, Delta Lloyd Group andPhilips. KPMG International's global headquarters is located in nearbyAmstelveen, where many non-Dutch companies have settled as well,because surrounding communities allow full land ownership, contraryto Amsterdam's land-lease system.

Though many small offices are still located on the old canals, companies are increasingly relocating outside the citycentre. The Zuidas (English: South Axis) has become the new financial and legal hub.[69] The five largest law firmsof the Netherlands, a number of Dutch subsidiaries of large consulting firms like Boston Consulting Group andAccenture, and the World Trade Center Amsterdam are also located in Zuidas.

There are three other smaller financial districts in Amsterdam. The first is the area surrounding Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station, where several newspapers like De Telegraaf have their offices. Also, Deloitte, the

Amsterdam 13

municipal public transport company (Gemeentelijk Vervoersbedrijf) and the Dutch tax offices (Belastingdienst) arelocated there. The second Financial District is the area surrounding Amsterdam Arena. The third is the areasurrounding Amsterdam Amstel railway station. The tallest building in Amsterdam, the Rembrandt Tower, issituated there, as is the headquarters of Philips.[70][71]

The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX), nowadays part of Euronext, is the world's oldest stock exchange and is oneof Europe's largest bourses. It is situated near Dam Square in the city's centre.

Tourists near Munttoren

Tourism

De Wallen, the largest red-light district ofAmsterdam, is a major tourist attraction.

Amsterdam is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe,receiving more than 4.63 million international visitors annually, this isexcluding the 16 million day trippers visiting the city every year.[72]

The number of visitors has been growing steadily over the past decade.This can be attributed to an increasing number of European visitors.Two thirds of the hotels are located in the city's centre. Hotels with 4 or5 stars contribute 42% of the total beds available and 41% of theovernight stays in Amsterdam. The room occupation rate was 78% in2006, up from 70% in 2005.[73] The majority of tourists (74%)originate from Europe. The largest group of non-European visitorscome from the United States, accounting for 14% of the total.[73]

Certain years have a theme in Amsterdam to attract extra tourists. Forexample, the year 2006 was designated "Rembrandt 400", to celebrate the 400th birthday of Rembrandt van Rijn.Some hotels offer special arrangements or activities during these years. The average number of guests per yearstaying at the four campsites around the city range from 12,000 to 65,000.[73]

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Red light district

De Wallen, also known as Walletjes or Rosse Buurt, is a designated area for legalised prostitution and isAmsterdam's largest and most well known red-light district. This neighborhood has become a famous attraction fortourists. It consists of a network of roads and alleys containing several hundred small, one-room apartments rentedby sex workers who offer their services from behind a window or glass door, typically illuminated with red lights.

RetailShops in Amsterdam range from large department stores such as De Bijenkorf founded in 1870 and Maison deBonneterie a Parisian style store founded in 1889, to small specialty shops. Amsterdam's high-end shops are found inthe streets Pieter Cornelisz Hooftstraat and Cornelis Schuytstraat, which are located in the vicinity of theVondelpark. One of Amsterdam's busiest high streets is the narrow, medieval Kalverstraat in the heart of the city.Another shopping areas are the Negen Straatjes and Haarlemmerdijk and Haarlemmerstraat. Negen Straatjes are ninenarrow streets within the Grachtengordel, the concentric canal system of Amsterdam. The Negen Straatjes differfrom other shopping districts with the presence of a large diversity of privately owned shops. The Haarlemmerstraatand Haarlemmerdijk were voted best shopping street in the Netherlands in 2011. These streets have as the NegenStraatjes a large diversity of privately owned shops. But as the Negen Straatjes are dominated by fashion stores theHaarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk offer a very wide variety of all kinds of stores, just to name some specialties:candy and other food related stores, lingerie, sneakers, wedding clothing, interior shops, books, Italian deli's, racingand mountain bikes, skatewear, etc.The city also features a large number of open-air markets such as the Albert Cuypmarkt, Westerstraat-markt, TenKatemarkt, and Dappermarkt. Some of these markets are held on a daily basis, like the Albert Cuypmarkt and theDappermarkt. Others, like the Westerstraat-markt, are held on a weekly basis.

FashionFashion brands like G-star, Gsus, BlueBlood, Iris van Herpen, 10 feet and Warmenhoven & Venderbos, and fashiondesigners like Mart Visser, Viktor & Rolf, Sheila de Vries, Marlies Dekkers and Frans Molenaar are based inAmsterdam. Modelling agencies Elite Models, Touche models and Tony Jones have opened branches in Amsterdam.Supermodels Yfke Sturm, Doutzen Kroes and Kim Noorda started their careers in Amsterdam. Amsterdam has itsgarment centre in the World Fashion Center. Buildings which formerly housed brothels in the red light district havebeen converted to ateliers for young fashion designers, AKA eagle fuel .

DemographicsAmsterdam has a population of 790,654 inhabitants. On 1 January 2012, the ethnic makeup of Amsterdam was49.5% Dutch and 50.5% foreigners. In the 16th and 17th century non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostlyHuguenots, Flemings, Sephardi Jews and Westphalians. Huguenots came after the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685,while the Flemish Protestants came during the Eighty Years' War. The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly foreconomic reasons – their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries. Before the Second World War, 10%of the city population was Jewish.The first mass immigration in the 20th century were by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the Dutch East Indies in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s guest workers from Turkey, Morocco, Italy and Spain emigrated to Amsterdam. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the Bijlmer area. Other immigrants, including refugees asylum seekers and illegal immigrants, came from Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like Almere and Purmerend, prompted by the third planological bill of the Dutch government. This bill promoted suburbanisation and arranged for new developments in so called "groeikernen", literally "cores of growth". Young professionals and artists moved into neighbourhoods de Pijp and the Jordaan abandoned by these

Amsterdam 15

Amsterdammers. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the social housing projects in Amsterdam-West andthe Bijlmer. Today, people of non-Western origin make up approximately one-third of the population of Amsterdam,and more than 50% of children.[74][75][76]

Immigration has led to demographic changes inmany neighbourhoods in Amsterdam, such as

Osdorp pictured here.

The Church of St. Nicholas (SintNicolaaskerk)

The largest religious group are Christians (17% in 2000), who aredivided between Roman Catholics and Protestants. The next largestreligion is Islam (14% in 2000), most of whose followers areSunni.[77][78]

In 1578 the previously Roman Catholic city of Amsterdam joined therevolt against Spanish rule, late in comparison to other major northernDutch cities. In line with Protestant procedure of that time, all churcheswere converted to Protestant worship. Calvinism became the dominantreligion, and although Catholicism was not forbidden and priestsallowed to serve, the Catholic hierarchy was prohibited. This led to theestablishment of schuilkerken, covert churches, behind seeminglyordinary canal side house fronts. One example is the current debatecentre de Rode Hoed.

The Amsterdam Esnoga

A large influx of foreigners of many religions came to 17th-centuryAmsterdam, in particular Sefardic Jews from Spain and Portugal,Huguenots from France, and Protestants from the SouthernNetherlands. This led to the establishment of manynon-Dutch-speaking religious churches. In 1603, the first notificationwas made of Jewish religious service. In 1639, the first synagogue wasconsecrated. The Jews came to call the town Jerusalem of the West, areference to their sense of belonging there.

Amsterdam 16

Historical populationYear Pop. ±%

1300[79] 1,000 —

1400[80] 3,000 +200.0%

1500[80] 15,000 +400.0%

1600[80] 54,000 +260.0%

1675[81] 206,000 +281.5%

1796[81] 200,600 −2.6%

1810[82] 180,000 −10.3%

1850[83] 224,000 +24.4%

1879[83] 317,000 +41.5%

1900[10] 523,577 +65.2%

1930[82] 757,000 +44.6%

2010[4] 780,152 +3.1%

As they became established in the city, other Christian denominations used converted Catholic chapels to conducttheir own services. The oldest English-language church congregation in the world outside the United Kingdom isfound at the Begijnhof. Regular services there are still offered in English under the auspices of the Church ofScotland.[84] The Huguenots accounted for nearly 20% of Amsterdam's inhabitants in 1700. Being Calvinists, theysoon integrated into the Dutch Reformed Church, though often retaining their own congregations. Some, commonlyreferred by the moniker 'Walloon', are recognizable today as they offer occasional services in French.In the second half of the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced an influx of Ashkenazim, Jews from Central andEastern Europe, which continued into the 19th century. Jews often fled the pogroms in those areas. The firstAshkenazi who arrived in Amsterdam were refugees from the Chmielnicki Uprising in Poland and the Thirty Years'War. They not only founded their own synagogues, but had a strong influence on the 'Amsterdam dialect' adding alarge Yiddish local vocabulary.Despite an absence of an official Jewish ghetto, most Jews preferred to live in the eastern part of the old medievalheart of the city. The main street of this Jewish neighborhood was the Jodenbreestraat. The neighborhood comprisedthe Waterlooplein and the Nieuwmarkt.[85] Buildings in this neighborhood fell into disrepair after the Second WorldWar, and a large section of the neighbourhood was demolished during the construction of the subway. This led toriots, and as a result the original plans for large-scale reconstruction were abandoned and the neighborhood wasrebuilt with smaller-scale residence buildings on the basis of its original layout.Catholic Churches in Amsterdam have been constructed since the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy in 1853. Oneof the principal architects behind the city's Catholic churches, Cuypers, was also responsible for the AmsterdamCentral Station and the Rijksmuseum, which led to a refusal of Protestant King William III to open 'that monastery'.In 1924, the Roman Catholic Church of the Netherlands hosted the International Eucharistic Congress inAmsterdam, and numerous Catholic prelates visited the city, where festivities were held in churches and stadiums.Catholic processions on the public streets, however, were still forbidden under law at the time. Only in the 20thcentury was Amsterdam's relation to Catholicism normalized, but despite its far larger population size, the Catholicclergy chose to place its episcopal see of the city in the nearby provincial town of Haarlem.[86]

Amsterdam 17

In recent times, religious demographics in Amsterdam have been changed by large-scale immigration from formercolonies. Immigrants from Suriname have introduced Evangelical Protestantism and Lutheranism, from theHernhutter variety; Hinduism has been introduced mainly from Suriname; and several distinct branches of Islamhave been brought from various parts of the world. Islam is now the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam.The large community of Ghanaian and Nigerian immigrants have established African churches, often in parkinggarages in the Bijlmer area, where many have settled. In addition, a broad array of other religious movements haveestablished congregations, including Buddhism, Confucianism and Hinduism.Although the saying "Leef en laat leven" or "Live and let live" summarizes the Dutch and especially the Amsterdamopen and tolerant society, the increased influx of many races, religions, and cultures after the Second World War,has on a number of occasions strained social relations. With 176 different nationalities, Amsterdam is home to one ofthe widest varieties of nationalities of any city in the world.[87] The immigrant share of the population in the cityproper now counts about 50%.[88]

Despite the presentation and common perception of Amsterdam as an open and tolerant society, especially thenon-western minorities experience increasing degree of cultural suppression. Among others, in line with the wellpublicized negative attitude changes in Dutch politics towards certain (especially Islamic) minorities,Turkish-language and Arabic-language TV channels (Turks and Moroccans constitute the biggest immigrantcommunities) have been dropped from the basic cable TV package.[89] In recent years, politicians are activelydiscouraged against campaigning in minority languages. In the previous local elections politicians were criticized bycurrent Amsterdam mayor Mr van der Laan (then minister of Integration) for distributing election leaflets in minoritylanguages and in some cases leaflets were collected. Due to this anti-Multicultural stand in a multicultural city, vander Laan has been accused of hypocrisy by its own party's PvdA main candidate.[90] Also during the same period,possibly due to his belief in integration via (possibly not always voluntary) assimilation, Amsterdam has been one ofthe municipalities in the Netherlands which provided immigrants with extensive and totally free Dutch languagecourses. Although this has been largely funded by central Dutch government, in terms efficiency and widespreaduse, Amsterdam has been in the forefronts of this programme. This has benefited many immigrants.

Inhabitants by originIn 2011, 35.0% of the total population and 52.6% of young people under 18 were of non-European origin. [91]

2011 Numbers %

Dutch natives 387,888 49.7

European immigrants 119,157 15.3

Non European immigrants 272,763 35.0

Surinam 68,891 8.8

Morocco 70,604 9.1

Turkey 41,042 5.3

Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 11,765 1.5

Others 80,461 10.3

Amsterdam 18

TransportIn the city centre, driving a car is discouraged. Parking fees are expensive, and many streets are closed to cars or areone-way.[92] The local government sponsors carsharing and carpooling initiatives such as Autodelen andMeerijden.nu.[93]

Regional buses, and some suburban buses, are operated by Connexxion and Arriva. Currently, there are sixteen tramlines, and four metro lines, with a fifth line, the North/South line, under construction. Three free ferries carrypedestrians and cyclists across the IJ to Amsterdam-Noord, and two fare-charging ferries run east and west along theharbour. There are also water taxis, a water bus, a boat sharing operation, electric rental boats (Boaty) and canalcruises, that transport people along Amsterdam's waterways.The A10 ringroad surrounding the city connects Amsterdam with the Dutch national network of freeways.Interchanges on the A10 allow cars to enter the city by transferring to one of the 18 city roads, numbered S101through to S118. These city roads are regional roads without grade separation, and sometimes without a centralreservation. Most are accessible by cyclists. The S100 Centrumring is a smaller ringroad circumnavigating the city'scentre.

A tram crossing a bridge over the river Amstel

Amsterdam was intended in 1932 to be the hub, a kind of KilometreZero, of the highway system of the Netherlands,[94] with freewaysnumbered One to Eight planned to originate from the city.[94] Theoutbreak of the Second World War and shifting priorities led to thecurrent situation, where only roads A1, A2, and A4 originate fromAmsterdam according to the original plan. The A3 road to Rotterdamwas cancelled in 1970 in order to conserve the Groene Hart. Road A8,leading north to Zaandam and the A10 Ringroad were opened between1968 and 1974.[95] Besides the A1, A2, A4 and A8, several freeways,such as the A7 and A6, carry traffic mainly bound for Amsterdam.

Amsterdam is served by ten stations of the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways).[96] Five are intercity stops:Sloterdijk, Zuid, Amstel, Bijlmer ArenA and Amsterdam Centraal. The stations for local services are: Lelylaan, RAI,Holendrecht, Muiderpoort and Science Park. Amsterdam Centraal is also an international railway station. From thestation there are regular services to destinations such as Austria, Belarus, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark,France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia and Switzerland. Among these trains are international trains of theNederlandse Spoorwegen and the Thalys(Amsterdam-Brussels-Paris-Cologne), CityNightLine, andInterCityExpress.[97]

A bicyclist crossing a bridge over theLeidsegracht.

Eurolines has coaches from Amsterdam Amstel railway station to destinations allover Europe.

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) is less than 20minutes by train from Amsterdam Central Station. It is the biggest airport in theNetherlands, the fifth largest in Europe, and the twelfth largest in the world interms of passengers. It handles about 46 million passengers per year and is thehome base of four airlines, KLM, transavia.com, Martinair and Arkefly. Schipholwas, in 2010, the fourth busiest airport in the world measured by internationalpassengers.[98][99]

Amsterdam 19

CyclingAmsterdam is one of the most bicycle-friendly large cities in the world and is a centre of bicycle culture with goodfacilities for cyclists such as bike paths and bike racks, and several guarded bike storage garages (Fietsenstalling)which can be used for a nominal fee. In 2006, there were about 465,000 bicycles in Amsterdam.[100] Theft iswidespread – in 2005, about 54,000 bicycles were stolen in Amsterdam.[101] Bicycles are used by all socio-economicgroups because of their convenience, Amsterdam's small size, the 400 km of bike paths,[102] the flat terrain, and thearguable inconvenience of driving an automobile.

Education

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam has two universities: the University of Amsterdam(Universiteit van Amsterdam), and the VU University Amsterdam(Vrije Universiteit or "VU"). Other institutions for higher educationinclude an art school – Gerrit Rietveld Academie, the Hogeschool vanAmsterdam, and the Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten.Amsterdam's International Institute of Social History is one of theworld's largest documentary and research institutions concerning socialhistory, and especially the history of the labour movement.Amsterdam's Hortus Botanicus, founded in the early 17th century, isone of the oldest botanical gardens in the world,[103] with many old andrare specimens, among them the coffee plant that served as the parentfor the entire coffee culture in Central and South America.[104]

Some of Amsterdam's primary schools base their teachings onparticular pedagogic theories like the various Montessori schools. The biggest Montessori High School inAmsterdam is the Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam. Many schools, however, are based on religion. This used to beprimarily Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations, but with the influx of Muslim immigrants therehas been a rise in the number of Islamic schools. Jewish schools can be found in the southern suburbs of Amsterdam.

Amsterdam is noted for having five independent grammar schools (Dutch: gymnasia), the Vossius Gymnasium,Barlaeus Gymnasium, St. Ignatius Gymnasium, Het 4e Gymnasium and the Cygnus Gymnasium where a classicalcurriculum including Latin and classical Greek is taught. Though believed until recently by many to be ananachronistic and elitist concept that would soon die out, the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival, leadingto the formation of a fourth and fifth grammar school in which the three aforementioned schools participate. Mostsecondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety of different levels of education in the same school. The city also hasvarious colleges ranging from art and design to politics and economics which are mostly also available for studentscoming from other countries.

HousingThe housing market is heavily regulated. In Amsterdam, 55% of existing housing and 30% of new housing is ownedby Housing Associations, which are Government sponsored entities.Squat properties are common throughout Amsterdam, due to property law strongly favouring tenants. A number ofthese squats have become well known, such as OT301, Vrankrijk (closed down by city government), and theBinnenpret, and several are now businesses, such as health clubs and licensed restaurants.

Amsterdam 20

Culture and entertainment

Rijksmuseum

During the later part of the 16th century Amsterdam'sRederijkerskamer (Chamber of Rhetoric) organized contests betweendifferent Chambers in the reading of poetry and drama. In 1638,Amsterdam opened its first theatre. Ballet performances were given inthis theatre as early as 1642. In the 18th century, French theatrebecame popular. While Amsterdam was under the influence of Germanmusic in the 19th century there were few national opera productions;the Hollandse Opera of Amsterdam was built in 1888 for the specificpurpose of promoting Dutch opera.[105] In the 19th century, popularculture was centred around the Nes area in Amsterdam (mainlyvaudeville and music-hall). The metronome, one of the most important advances in European classical music, wasinvented here in 1812 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel. At the end of this century, the Rijksmuseum and StedelijkMuseum [106] were built. In 1888, the Concertgebouworkest was established. With the 20th century came cinema,radio and television. Though most studios are located in Hilversum and Aalsmeer, Amsterdam's influence onprogramming is very strong. Many people who work in the television industry live in Amsterdam. Also, theheadquarters of SBS 6 is located in Amsterdam.[107]

Museums

Rembrandt monument onRembrandtplein

The Nachtwacht, by Rembrandt

The most important museums of Amsterdam are located on theMuseumplein (Museum Square), located at the southwestern side of theRijksmuseum. It was created in the last quarter of the 19th century onthe grounds of the former World's fair. The northeastern part of thesquare is bordered by the very large Rijksmuseum. In front of theRijksmuseum on the square itself is a long, rectangular pond. This istransformed into an ice rink in winter.[108] The northwestern part of thesquare is bordered by the Van Gogh Museum, Stedelijk Museum,House of Bols Cocktail & Genever Experience and Coster Diamonds.The southwestern border of the Museum Square is the VanBaerlestraat, which is a major thoroughfare in this part of Amsterdam.The Concertgebouw is situated across this street from the square. Tothe southeast of the square are situated a number of large houses, oneof which contains the American consulate. A parking garage can befound underneath the square, as well as a supermarket. HetMuseumplein is covered almost entirely with a lawn, except for thenortheastern part of the square which is covered with gravel. Thecurrent appearance of the square was realized in 1999, when the squarewas remodeled. The square itself is the most prominent site inAmsterdam for festivals and outdoor concerts, especially in thesummer. Plans were made in 2008 to remodel the square again,because many inhabitants of Amsterdam are not happy with its currentappearance.[109]

Amsterdam 21

The Rijksmuseum possesses the largest and most important collection of classical Dutch art.[110] It opened in 1885.Its collection consists of nearly one million objects.[111] The artist most associated with Amsterdam is Rembrandt,whose work, and the work of his pupils, is displayed in the Rijksmuseum. Rembrandt's masterpiece De Nachtwacht(The Night Watch) is one of top pieces of art of the museum. It also houses paintings from artists like Van der Helst,Vermeer, Frans Hals, Ferdinand Bol, Albert Cuyp, Jacob van Ruisdael and Paulus Potter. Aside from paintings, thecollection consists of a large variety of decorative art. This ranges from Delftware to giant dollhouses from the 17thcentury. The architect of the gothic revival building was P.J.H. Cuypers. At present, the museum is being expanded,renovated, and a new main entrance for the museum created. Only one wing of the Rijksmuseum is currently open tothe public, with a selection of master pieces on display. The full museum will re-open in 2012 or 2013.[112]

Van Gogh lived in Amsterdam for a short while and there is a museum dedicated to his work. The museum is housedin one of the few modern buildings in this area of Amsterdam. The building was designed by Gerrit Rietveld. Thisbuilding is where the permanent collection is displayed. A new building was added to the museum in 1999. Thisbuilding, known as the performance wing, was designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. Its purpose is tohouse temporary exhibitions of the museum. Some of Van Gogh's most famous paintings, like the Aardappeleters(The Potato Eaters) and Zonnebloemen (Sunflowers), are present in the collection. The Van Gogh museum is themost visited museum in Amsterdam.[113][114][115]

Next to the Van Gogh museum stands the Stedelijk Museum. This is Amsterdam's largest museum concerningmodern art. The museum opened its doors at around the same time the Museum Square was created. The permanentcollection consists of works of art from artists like Piet Mondriaan, Karel Appel, and Kazimir Malevich. Thismuseum is also currently being renovated and expanded. The main entrance will be relocated from the PaulusPotterstraat to the Museum Square itself. It will be open again to public in the end of 2011.Amsterdam contains many other museums throughout the city. They range from small museums such as theVerzetsmuseum (Resistance Museum), the Anne Frank Huis (Anne Frank House), and the Rembrandthuis(Rembrandt House), to the very large, like the Tropenmuseum (Museum of the Tropics), Amsterdam Museum(formerly known as "Amsterdams Historisch Museum", Amsterdam Historical Museum), Hermitage Amsterdam (adependency of the Hermitage Museum of Saint Petersburg) and the Joods Historisch Museum (Jewish HistoricalMuseum). The modern-styled NEMO (museum) is dedicated to child-friendly science exhibitions.

Performing arts

Pop, rock, and jazz

The Heineken Music Hall is a concert hall located near the Amsterdam ArenA. Its main purpose is to serve as apodium for pop concerts for big audiences. Many famous international artists have performed there. Two othernotable venues, Paradiso and the Melkweg are located near the Leidseplein. Both focus on broad programming,ranging from indie rock to hip hop, R&B, and other popular genres. Other more subculturally focused music venuesare OCCII, OT301, De Nieuwe Anita, Winston Kingdom and Zaal 100. Jazz has a strong following in Amsterdam,with the Bimhuis being the premier venue. In 2012 Ziggo Dome was opened, also near Amsterdam ArenA, a state ofthe art indoor music arena.

Electronic dance music

The Heineken Music Hall is also host to many electronic dance music festivals, alongside many other venues. Arminvan Buuren and Tiesto, some of the worlds leading Trance DJ's hail from The Netherlands and perform frequently inAmsterdam. Each year in October, the city hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) which is one of the leadingelectronic music conferences and one of the biggest club festivals for electronic music in the world. Another populardance festival is 5daysoff, which takes place in the venues Paradiso and Melkweg. In summer time there are severalbig outdoor dance parties in or nearby Amsterdam, such as Awakenings, Dance Valley, Mystery Land, Loveland, ADay at the Park, Welcome to the Future, and Valtifest.

Amsterdam 22

Classical music

The Grote Zaal of the Concertgebouw

Amsterdam has a world-class symphony orchestra, the RoyalConcertgebouw Orchestra. Their home is the Concertgebouw, which isacross the Van Baerlestraat from the Museum Square. It is consideredby critics to be a concert hall with some of the best acoustics in theworld. The building contains three halls, Grote Zaal, Kleine Zaal, andSpiegelzaal. Eight hundred concerts per year are performed there forapproximately 850,000 patrons.[116]

The opera house of Amsterdam is situated adjacent to the city hall.Therefore, the two buildings combined are often called the Stopera.This word is derived from the Dutch words stadhuis (city hall) and opera. This huge modern complex, opened in1986, lies in the former Jewish neighbourhood at Waterlooplein next to the river Amstel. The Stopera is thehomebase of De Nederlandse Opera, Het Nationale Ballet and the Holland Symfonia.

Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ is a concert hall, which is situated in the IJ near the central station. Its concerts performmostly modern classical music. Located adjacent to it, is the Bimhuis, a concert hall for improvised and Jazz music.

Theater

The main theater building of Amsterdam is the Stadsschouwburg Amsterdam at the Leidseplein. It is the home baseof the Toneelgroep Amsterdam. The current building dates from 1894. Most plays are performed in the Grote Zaal(Great Hall). The normal program of events encompasses all sorts of theatrical forms. The Stadsschouwburg iscurrently being renovated and expanded. The third theater space, to be operated jointly with next door Melkweg, willopen in late 2009 or early 2010. Other theaters are: Royal Theatre Carré, Bellevue theatres, the Stopera de kleinekomedie and the re-opened DeLaMar.

Comedy and cabaret

The Netherlands has a tradition of cabaret or kleinkunst, which combines music, storytelling, commentary, theatreand comedy. Cabaret dates back to the 1930s and artists like Wim Kan, Wim Sonneveld and Toon Hermans werepioneers of this form of art in the Netherlands. In Amsterdam is the Kleinkunstacademie (English: CabaretAcademy).Contemporary popular artists are Youp van 't Hek, Freek de Jonge, Herman Finkers, Hans Teeuwen, Theo Maassen,Herman van Veen, Najib Amhali, Raoul Heertje, Jörgen Raymann, De Vliegende Panters and Comedytrain. TheEnglish spoken comedy scene was established with the founding of Boom Chicago in 1993. They have their owntheatre at Leidseplein.

NightlifeAmsterdam is famous for its vibrant and diverse nightlife.Amsterdam has many cafés (bars). They range from large and modern to small and cozy. The typical Bruine Kroeg(brown café) breathe a more old fashioned atmosphere with dimmed lights, candles, and somewhat older clientele.Most cafés have terraces in summertime. A common sight on the Leidseplein during summer is a square full ofterraces packed with people drinking beer or wine.Many restaurants can be found in Amsterdam as well. Since Amsterdam is a multicultural city, a lot of differentethnic restaurants can be found. Restaurants range from being rather luxurious and expensive to being ordinary andaffordable.Amsterdam also possesses many discothèques. The two main nightlife areas for tourists are the Leidseplein and the Rembrandtplein. The Paradiso, Melkweg and Sugar Factory are cultural centres, which turn into discothèques on

Amsterdam 23

some nights. Examples of discothèques near the Rembrandtplein are the Escape and Club Home. Also noteworthyare Panama, Hotel Arena (East), The Sand and The Powerzone.Bimhuis located near the Central Station, with its rich programming hosting the best in the field is considered one ofthe best jazz clubs in the world.The Reguliersdwarsstraat is the main street for the LGBT community and nightlife.

Movie theatersHollywood films are primarily featured at cinemas owned by Pathe. Tuschinski is a heritage art deco building with abeautiful lobby and six screens. Theater One is an architectural treasure with comfortable seats, two balconies andrecently restored ceilings. Pathe De Munt is modern and is located at the Muntplein. Pathe Arena is located a metroride from the centre and includes an IMAX auditorium. Pathe City is scheduled to reopen in 2010. Art films can befound at Tuschinski, and the independent The Movies, Cinecenter, Kriterion, Ketelhuis, Uitkijk, and theFilmmuseum.

Festivals

Koninginnedag 2009 in Amsterdam

In 2008, there were 140 festivals and events in Amsterdam.[117]

Famous festivals and events in Amsterdam include: Koninginnedag(Queen's Day); the Holland Festival for the performing arts; the yearlyPrinsengrachtconcert (classical concerto on the Prinsen canal) inAugust; the 'Stille Omgang' (a silent Roman Catholic eveningprocession held every March); Amsterdam Gay Pride; The CannabisCup; and the Uitmarkt. On Koninginnedag—held each year on 30April—hundreds of thousands of people travel to Amsterdam tocelebrate with the city's residents. The entire city becomesovercrowded with people buying products from the freemarket, orvisiting one of the many music concerts.

The yearly Holland Festival attracts international artists and visitors from all over Europe. Amsterdam Gay Pride is ayearly local LGBT parade of boats in Amsterdam's canals, held on the first Saturday in August. The Gay Pride eventis a frequent source of both criticism and praise.[118] The annual Uitmarkt is a three-day cultural event at the start ofthe cultural season in late August. It offers previews of many different artists, such as musicians and poets, whoperform on podia.[119]

Sports

AFC Ajax's Amsterdam ArenA

Amsterdam is home of the Eredivisie football club Ajax Amsterdam.The stadium Amsterdam ArenA is the home of Ajax. It is located inthe south-east of the city next to the new Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenArailway station. Before moving to their current location in 1996, Ajaxplayed their regular matches in De Meer Stadion.[120] In 1928,Amsterdam hosted the Summer Olympics. The Olympic Stadium builtfor the occasion has been completely restored and is now used forcultural and sporting events, such as the Amsterdam Marathon.[121] In1920, Amsterdam assisted in hosting some of the sailing events for theSummer Olympics held in neighboring Antwerp, Belgium by hostingevents at Buiten Y.

Amsterdam 24

The 2010 Giro d'Italia started off inAmsterdam

The ice hockey team Amstel Tijgers play in the Jaap Eden ice rink. The teamcompetes in the Dutch ice hockey premier league. Speed skating championshipshave been held on the 400-metre lane of this ice rink.

Amsterdam holds two American Football franchises: the Amsterdam Crusadersand the Amsterdam Panthers. The Amsterdam Pirates baseball team competes inthe Dutch Major League. There are three field hockey teams: Amsterdam, Pinokéand Hurley, who play their matches around the Wagener Stadium in the nearbycity of Amstelveen. The basketball team MyGuide Amsterdam competes in theDutch premier division and play their games in the Sporthallen Zuid.[122]

Since 1999 the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen and women at theAmsterdam Sports Awards. Boxer Raymond Joval and field hockey midfielderCarole Thate were the first to receive the awards in 1999.

Kick boxing, Muay Thai and other martial arts are popular in the country andespecially in the city of Amsterdam.

International relations

Twin towns and sister citiesAmsterdam is twinned with the following cities:[123]

City Municipality / District / Canton / Province / State / Region Country Since

AlgiersAlgiers Province Algeria

Athens Attica Greece

BogotáCapital District of Bogotá Colombia

Beijing[124] Beijing Municipality China

Brasília Federal District Brazil

Istanbul[125][126] Marmara Turkey

KievKiev City Municipality Ukraine

ManchesterGreater Manchester United Kingdom

Managua Managua Municipality Nicaragua 1984

Montreal Quebec Canada

Moscow Federal City of Moscow Russia

Nicosia Nicosia District Cyprus

Recife Pernambuco Brazil 2009

Riga Riga Municipality Latvia

Sarajevo Sarajevo Canton Bosnia and Herzegovina

Willemstad Willemstad District Curaçao 2009

Amsterdam 25

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Attribution• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).

"Amsterdam" (http:/ / www. 1911encyclopedia. com/ Amsterdam,_Holland). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).Cambridge University Press.

External links• Tourist information about Amsterdam (http:/ / www. holland. com/ global/ Tourism/ Cities-in-Holland/

Amsterdam. htm) – Website of the Netherlands Board of Tourism and Conventions• (Dutch) Amsterdam.nl (http:/ / www. amsterdam. nl/ ) – Official government site• I amsterdam (http:/ / www. iamsterdam. com/ ) – Portal for international visitors• Amsterdam (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Europe/ Netherlands/ North_Holland/ Amsterdam/ ) at the Open

Directory Project• Amsterdam City Archives (http:/ / stadsarchief. amsterdam. nl/ english/ home. en. html)• Wikimapia Entry (http:/ / wikimapia. org/ #lat=52. 3101579& lon=5. 1594543& z=8& l=0& m=b& show=/

14089968/ Amsterdam)

Article Sources and Contributors 31

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Sights in Amsterdam2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sights_in_Amsterdam2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SisyfusFile:Flag of Amsterdam.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Amsterdam.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alkari, David Kernow, Denelson83,Fry1989, Ilse@, InfantGorilla, Mattes, Mutxamel, Nethunter, Phlegmatic, Rechta, Reisio, Rocket000, Siebrand, Simpleness, Slomox, Urhixidur, YolanC, Yonatanh, 2 anonymous editsFile:Amsterdam wapen.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amsterdam_wapen.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original by User:ArchFile:LocatieAmsterdam.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LocatieAmsterdam.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:Mtcv

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 32

File:Speaker Icon.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous editsFile:Cornelis anthonisz vogelvluchtkaart amsterdam.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cornelis_anthonisz_vogelvluchtkaart_amsterdam.JPG  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: AnRo0002, Donarreiskoffer, Editør, FSII, Fentener van Vlissingen, Geagea, Mattes, Paulbe, Rubenescio, Vincent Steenberg, 1 anonymous editsFile:AmsterdamDamsquar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AmsterdamDamsquar.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: A. Wagner, AnRo0002, Bukk, Ilse@,Matanya (usurped), Mattes, Mcke, Paddy, Shakko, Vincent Steenberg, 1 anonymous editsFile:AmstelAmsterdamNederland.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AmstelAmsterdamNederland.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Finavon, HeraldAlberich, Julia W, Massimo Catarinella, Vincent SteenbergFile:Dam Square. National Monument.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dam_Square._National_Monument.JPG  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors:Vladimir ShelyapinFile:NieuwmarktAmsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NieuwmarktAmsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Massimo CatarinellaFile:Amsterdam 4.89943E 52.37109N.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amsterdam_4.89943E_52.37109N.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Ahonc,BaldBoris, EugeneZelenko, Ilse@, Red devil 666, Rex, SiebrandFile:Amsterdam, Netherlands.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amsterdam,_Netherlands.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Aresceo, PaulbeImage:Amsterdam-topografie.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amsterdam-topografie.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:JanwillemvanaalstFile:AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AmsterdamLuchtfotoBmz.jpg  License: Bmz  Contributors: Original uploader was Siebrand atnl.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by Eriksw at nl.wikipedia.File:Amsterdam Canals - July 2006.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amsterdam_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: DiliffFile:1885 NZVoorburgwal (Christiaan le Blansch).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1885_NZVoorburgwal_(Christiaan_le_Blansch).jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Christiaan le BlanschFile:WestertorenAmsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WestertorenAmsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: MassimoCatarinellaFile:Дамрак.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Дамрак.JPG  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: Владимир ШеляпинFile:Thèrése Schwartzeplein Amsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thèrése_Schwartzeplein_Amsterdam.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Aquilo at nl.wikipediaFile:Amsterdamse stadsdelen 2010.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amsterdamse_stadsdelen_2010.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Michiel1972File:ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Massimo CatarinellaFile:Muntorren.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Muntorren.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Владимир ШеляпинFile:De Wallen.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:De_Wallen.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: RungbachduongFile:PedestriansAmsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:PedestriansAmsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: MassimoCatarinellaFile:Sint-Nicolaaskerk, Amsterdam, Netherlands IMG 1370 edit.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sint-Nicolaaskerk,_Amsterdam,_Netherlands_IMG_1370_edit.jpg License: unknown  Contributors: User:Peter WeisFile:EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MassimoCatarinellaFile:TramAmsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TramAmsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Massimo CatarinellaFile:BicyclistAmsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BicyclistAmsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MassimoCatarinellaFile:GrimburgwalAmsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GrimburgwalAmsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: MassimoCatarinellaFile:RijksmuseumAmsterdamMuseumplein.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RijksmuseumAmsterdamMuseumplein.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Massimo CatarinellaFile:Rembrandt.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rembrandt.JPG  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: Владимир ШеляпинFile:The Nightwatch by Rembrandt.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Nightwatch_by_Rembrandt.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Bjankuloski06en,Darkbosal, DeeMusil, Docu, Duesentrieb, Gräff Matthias, Herald Alberich, Julia W, Mattes, Mcke, Mormegil, QWerk, Rafy, Takabeg, Tony Wills, UpstateNYer, Vincent Steenberg, ŻbiczekFile:Concert18.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Concert18.jpg  License: Bmz  Contributors: www.bmz.amsterdam.nlFile:Koninginnedag2007.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Koninginnedag2007.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Jeroen fromAmsterdam, The NetherlandsFile:Amsterdam Arena Roof Closed.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amsterdam_Arena_Roof_Closed.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Tijs Teulings from Amsterdam, The NetherlandsFile:Girod'Italia2010Amsterdam.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Girod'Italia2010Amsterdam.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Massimo CatarinellaFile:Blason-alger.gif  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blason-alger.gif  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AnonMoos, Dzlinker, EDUCA33E,Hiuppo, Masen, Poudou99, VIGNERON, 5 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Algeria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.File:Flag of Greece.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Greece.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)File:Bogota (escudo).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bogota_(escudo).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: Carlos Eugenio ThompsonPinzónFile:Flag of Colombia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors)File:Brasão do Distrito Federal 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Zscout370File:Coat of arms of Manchester City Council.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Manchester_City_Council.png  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_of_England_(1399-1413).svg: Sodacan Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg: Madden, reworked by F l a n k e rTorse_of_a_British_Gentleman.svg: Sodacan Georgian_heraldry_motto.svg: Gaeser FlagOfLancashire.svg: The Flag Institute Coat_of_arms_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg: PavelD WappenImmenhausen (Kusterdingen).svg: UnreifeKirsche derivative work: Jza84 (talk)File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, GoodOlfactory, MifterFile:Escudo de Managua.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Escudo_de_Managua.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Saloca

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 33

File:Flag of Managua.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Managua.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: VrysxyFile:Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:NightstallionFile:Armoiries de Montréal.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Armoiries_de_Montréal.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SvgalbertianFile:Flag of Quebec.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DarkEvilFile:Flag of Canada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Moscow.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original Author:Vector-Images.com Converted to SVG by: Oren neu dagFile:Flag of Moscow.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Moscow.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original Author: Vector-Images.com Converted toSVG by: Oren neu dagFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370File:Flag of Cyprus.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Vzb83File:Brasaorecife.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brasaorecife.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: 555, Carolinabr, Chatsam, Cholo Aleman, Ed g2s, JotaCartas,SantosgaFile:Bandeira de Pernambuco.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bandeira_de_Pernambuco.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: user:E2mFile:Coat of Arms of Riga.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Riga.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ÓðinnFile:Flag of Latvia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Coat of arms of Sarajevo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sarajevo.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Common Good, User:MesserWolandFile:Flag of Sarajevo Canton.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sarajevo_Canton.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:KseferovicFile:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: KseferovicFile:Flag of Curaçao.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Curaçao.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Dbenbenn

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