work-family balance of knowledge workers in poland
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IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Work-family balance of KnowledgeWorkers in Poland
Aleksandra Wilczynska
Thesis Coordinators:Dr. Joan Torrent Sellens & Dr. Dominik Batorski
Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3)Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC)
Warsaw, 6 June 2014
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Knowledge workers
3 Work-family balance
4 Research Objectives
5 Methodology
6 Preliminary Results
7 Other Studies
8 References
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
A few words about mePhD project
A few words about me
Master Degree at the University of Warsaw, Faculty ofEconomic Sciences (2011)
PhD Candidate at the Interdisciplinary Internet Institute(IN3), UOC (2012-present)
Member of Interdisciplinary Research Group on ICT’s (i2TIC)
Visiting Scholar at the University of Warsaw (March-June2014)
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
A few words about mePhD project
The research project
The presented research is apart of a PhD project:
From standard of living toquality of life. Assessmentof objective and subjective
well-being of knowledgeworkers. Figure 1 : Simplified version of SEM
model
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
A few words about mePhD project
Work-family balance as one of thecapabilities.
RESOURCES CONVERSIONFACTORS
CAPABILITIES PERSONALITY LIFE SATISFACTION
Income Age Mental health Beliefs Partial SatisfactionsSavings Gender Physical health Attitudes Cognitive Well-being
Material Goods Marital Status Work-family balance Actions Emotional Well-beingChildren Social relations Life DesirePlace of living Job security
Personal Security
Table 1 : Draft list of variables used in SEM
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Definition
Knowledge workers: Conceptualization vsOperationalization
ConceptualizationSomeone whose work requires levels of creativity, intellectiveskills and theoretical rather than purely contextual knowledge.
OperationalizationAll those
who work in the top three standard occupationalclassifications (managers, professionals, associateprofessionals)with high levels skills, indicated by degree or equivalentqualificationswho perform tasks that require expert thinking andcomplex communication skills with the assistance ofcomputers.
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Definition & ModelsWork-Family Balance in numbersMeasures of Work-family balance
Work-family balance
Work-family Balance
Work-family balance can be defined as(. . . ) satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home,
with a minimum role of conflict
Main models of work-family balance
Segmentation model
Spillover model
Compensation model
Instrumental model
Conflict modelAleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Definition & ModelsWork-Family Balance in numbersMeasures of Work-family balance
Work-life balance in Poland
Time worked per week - 40.7h (37.2h)
Time worked per week (self-employed)- 53h (44.8h)
Time spent on leisure activities - 14.2h (15h)
Time spent on domestic activities (including care) - 31.4h(32.8h)
Part-time jobs - 7.1% (19.1%)
Shift work - 31.6% (18%)
Temporary contracts - 26.8% (13.8%)
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Definition & ModelsWork-Family Balance in numbersMeasures of Work-family balance
WFB in Knowledge Economy
Time spent on working increases with earnings
Work-life balance problems grow together with education
Managers and professionals report work-family conflictmorefrequently than other occupational groups
Use of information and communication technologies blurs theboundary between work and home sphere
Although ICT’s enhance work performance, they casueshrinkage of family time and lower its quality
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Definition & ModelsWork-Family Balance in numbersMeasures of Work-family balance
Measures of Work-family balance
Time use variables
Time devoted to workTime spent on commuting between work and homeDays spent away from home due to work tripsTime devoted to familyTime spent on domestic activities. . .
Subjective measures
Being able to relax and forget about workHarmony between work and familyInterference of work into family life. . .
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Definition & ModelsWork-Family Balance in numbersMeasures of Work-family balance
Our Approach
Problem No sufficient data to construct a standard measure ofwork-family balance (no time use variables measuring”family time”, no variables measuring work-familyinteraction)
Solution We model causal relationship between problems infamily sphere and work sphere, time devoted to workand working from home with use of ICTs
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Research ObjectivesResearch Questions
Research Objectives
To investigate if extended work dimensionmay harm quality of family life.
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Research ObjectivesResearch Questions
Research questions
Are the family problems triggered by work problems?
Are family problems caused by the extended amount of timespent at work?
Is the family life of persons who work long hours moreadversely influenced if they report work problems?
Does using ICT’s at home for professional reasons increasesfamily problems?
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
MeasuresModelData
Measures
Family Problems Index
Problems in marriage (self-reported and reported bypartner)Problems with childrenProblems with elderly relatives
Work Problems Index
Feeling the job is dirty, tiring or dangerousOverload of dutiesUnjust treatment at work
Other work-related measures
Average number of hours worked weeklyUsing the Internet and e-mail at home for workreasons reasonsManagerial position
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
MeasuresModelData
Model
f .problemsi = β0 + β1sexi + β2agei + β3inci + β4childreni
+β5manageri + β6w .hoursi + β7w .problemsi
+β8w .hours ∗ w .problemsi + εi
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
MeasuresModelData
Social Diagnosis 2013
13,000 Workers in the sample
Out of which 2,490 Knowledge workers
1,731 cases used in the analysis (married or living withpartner)
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Samply Description
Sample description
Type of Worker
Other Worker Knowledge WorkerMean Column % Mean Column %
Income 2124 3385Age 44 41Children 1.2 1.14Working hours 42 40Family Problems 25.87 25.42Work Problems 7.08 7.28Manager 9.3% 25.9%
SexFemale 40.1% 58.3%Male 59.9% 41.7%
InternetNever 53.0% 15.4%Sometimes 25.8% 38.3%Last week 21.1% 46.2%
Work Type No WP, ≤45h 45.7% 53.3%WP, ≤45h 23.8% 21.1%Workaholics 16.7% 15%Overworkers 13.7% 10.5%
Table 2 : Characteristics of Knowledge Workers and Other workers
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Samply Description
Sample Description
Figure 2 : Usage of the Internet at home for work reasons
46,22%
38,37%
15,41%
Usage of Internet at home for professional reasons
last weeksometimesnever
Strona 1
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Samply Description
Sample Description
Figure 3 : Workers classification according to working time and workproblems
Worker Type
OverworkersWorkaholicsProblems, working less then 45h
No problems, working less than 45h
Perc
ent
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
0,0%
10,54%15,03%
21,14%
53,29%
Strona 1
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Samply Description
Sample Description
Figure 4 : Using the Internet for work at home and family problems
26.29
25.78
25.60
26.33
25.89
25.93
Never Sometimes Regularly
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
26.0
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
Frequency of working from home using the Internet
Fam
ily p
robl
ems
scor
e
Knowledge WorkersOther Workers
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Job Satisfaction of knowledge workers
Employment Flexibility and Job Security asDeterminants of Job Satisfaction. The Caseof Polish Knowledge Workers I
Aim of the study
To investigate relationships between job security,employment flexibility and job satisfactionTo show how these factors impact groups of knowledgeworkers and other workers differently
Methods
Data from Social Diagnosis 2011Two logistic models, separate for knowledge workers andother workersJob Satisfaction as a dependent variable
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Job Satisfaction of knowledge workers
Employment Flexibility and Job Security asDeterminants of Job Satisfaction. The Caseof Polish Knowledge Workers II
Type of contract, insecure source of income, overload ofduties andunjust treatment at workplace as independentvariables
Results
For all employees job insecurity is the most influentialdeterminant of job satisfactionFlexible workers much more vulnerable to job insecuritiesJob satisfaction of knowledge workers more influenced byjob security
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
References I
Clark, S. C. (2000).Work/Family Border Theory: A New Theory of Work/FamilyBalance.Human Relations, 53(6):747–770.
Eurofund (2012).Working time and work – life balance in a life courseperspective.Technical report, Eurofund, Dublin.
European Comission (2013).Labour Force Survey.
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
References II
Guest, D. E. (2002).Perspectives on the Study of Work-life Balance.Social Science Information, 41(2):255–279.
OECD (2014).Better Life Index. Poland.
Pichler, F. (2008).Determinants of Work-life Balance: Shortcomings in theContemporary Measurement of WLB in Large-scale Surveys.Social Indicators Research, 92(3):449–469.
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
IntroductionKnowledge workersWork-family balanceResearch Objectives
MethodologyPreliminary Results
Other StudiesReferences
Thank you for your attention
Aleksandra Wilczynska Work-family balance of Knowledge Workers in Poland
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